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The effects of the solution's dielectric properties on the conformation and dynamics of star-shaped polyelectrolytes in shear flow are investigated using a hybrid simulation method coupling multi-particle collision dynamics and molecular dynamics. The simulation results showed that by modulating the dielectric properties of the solution, star-shaped polyelectrolytes showed a three-step dynamic behavior transition from tumbling to tank-treading to tumbling dynamics under shear flow. The analysis indicated that this distinct transition in dynamics could be attributed to the uneven distribution of counterions induced by shear on the chain, resulting in a change in the polyelectrolyte conformation and degree of segmental alignment in arms. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the non-equilibrium dynamics of star-shaped polyelectrolytes in shear flow and offer a viable approach for controlling the dynamic behavior of star-shaped polyelectrolytes by adjusting the dielectric properties of the solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional machining is transforming to digital and intelligent machining, in which adaptive machining cyber-physical system (CPS) provides a useful approach to control the machining quality of large thin-walled parts. And the running of adaptive machining CPS is a complex multi-processes execution flow, which can be regarded as a continuous–discrete hybrid system. To realise adaptive controlling of machining quality and adaptive managing of process flow, a unified model for continuous–discrete hybrid adaptive machining CPS is constructed. Firstly, an architecture of adaptive machining CPS is proposed. Next, the cutting process in adaptive machining CPS is modelled as a continuous-variable system (CVS), while the process flow in adaptive machining CPS is modelled as a discrete-events system (DES). Then, the finite state machine is adopted to integrate the CVS and DES to form the unified model of adaptive machining CPS. Finally, an adaptive machining CPS is developed based on the unified model, and the machining results demonstrate that machining quality is efficiently controlled, as well as the process flow is orderly managed. The built unified model has four features, respectively universality, integrability, scalability, and reconfigurability, which can be reconstructed to form a new instancing model according to the different machining requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of analytic gradients is presented for the projector-based density functional theory (DFT) embedding approach utilizing the Huzinaga-equation. The advantages of the Huzinaga-equation-based formulation are demonstrated. In particular, it is shown that the projector employed does not appear in the Lagrangian, and the potential risk of numerical problems is avoided at the evaluation of the gradients. The efficient implementation of the analytic gradient theory is presented for approaches where hybrid DFT, second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory, or double hybrid DFT are embedded in lower-level DFT environments. To demonstrate the applicability of the method and to gain insight into its accuracy, it is applied to equilibrium geometry optimizations, transition state searches, and potential energy surface scans. Our results show that bond lengths and angles converge rapidly with the size of the embedded system. While providing structural parameters close to high-level quality for the embedded atoms, the embedding approach has the potential to relax the coordinates of the environment as well. Our demonstrations on a 171-atom zeolite and a 570-atom protein system show that the Huzinaga-equation-based embedding can accelerate (double) hybrid gradient computations by an order of magnitude with sufficient active regions and enables affordable force evaluations or geometry optimizations for molecules of hundreds of atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the rate of rare conformational changes in molecular systems is one of the goals of molecular dynamics simulations. In the past few decades, a lot of progress has been done in data-based approaches toward this problem. In contrast, model-based methods, such as the Square Root Approximation (SqRA), directly derive these quantities from the potential energy functions. In this article, we demonstrate how the SqRA formalism naturally blends with the tensor structure obtained by coupling multiple systems, resulting in the tensor-based Square Root Approximation (tSqRA). It enables efficient treatment of high-dimensional systems using the SqRA and provides an algebraic expression of the impact of coupling energies between molecular subsystems. Based on the tSqRA, we also develop the projected rate estimation, a hybrid data-model-based algorithm that efficiently estimates the slowest rates for coupled systems. In addition, we investigate the possibility of integrating low-rank approximations within this framework to maximize the potential of the tSqRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a theoretical scheme for the generation of nonreciprocal microwave-optical entanglement in a magnon-based hybrid system where an optical photon in a spinning resonator is coupled to a phonon representing the quantum of the mechanical deformation of a yttrium iron garnet crystal via radiation pressure. Meanwhile, the magnon interacts with the phonon and the microwave through the magnetostrictive and magnetic dipole–dipole interactions, respectively. By spinning the resonator, the light driven in opposite directions propagates irreversibly, which leads to the classical nonreciprocity of mean optical photon numbers. Strikingly, the nonreciprocal entanglement between microwave and optical photons can be generated owing to the Fizeau light-dragging effect. Physically, the magnon–phonon entanglement induced by the magnomechanical parametric downconversion interaction is partially transferred to the microwave-optical subsystem through magnon-microwave and optomechanical state-exchange interactions. Moreover, the nonreciprocity of entanglement can be manipulated by properly choosing various system parameters and the ideal nonreciprocal microwave–optical entanglement could be achieved, in which the entanglement depending on the effective optical detuning is present in a chosen direction but disappears in the other direction. Our work could be applied in the multi-task quantum information processing and construction of chiral quantum networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore potential applications in classical and quantum information transfer, the hybrid systems between yttrium iron garnet (YIG) and cavities have been extensively studied, and four coupling regimes have been defined based on the relative strength between the coupling strength and dissipation rate of each subsystem. Achieving the control of magnon–photon coupling between nano-thick YIG films and cavities remains to be explored. We experimentally measure the microwave transmission spectra of a nano-thick yttrium iron garnet/gadolinium gallium garnet (YIG/GGG) film coupled to a superconducting cavity at different temperatures. The dissipation rate of the superconducting cavity increases significantly with decreasing temperature, which is influenced by the temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility of the GGG substrate. Accompanied by the temperature-dependent magnon dissipation rate, a continuous transformation of the coupled system in strong coupling, Purcell and weak coupling regimes is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the theoretical foundations of analogous electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption, which we refer to as coupling induced transparency (CIT) and absorption (CIA), respectively, along with an exploration of the transition between these phenomena. We provide a concise phenomenological description with analytical expressions for transmission spectra and dispersion, elucidating how the interplay of coherent and dissipative interactions in a coupled system results in the emergence of level repulsion (LR) and attraction (LA), corresponding to CIT and CIA, respectively. This theory comprehensively captures both the phenomena while modelling the microstrip line loaded resonators and their couplings systematically. The model is validated through numerical simulations using a hybrid system comprising a split ring resonator (SRR) and an electric inductive-capacitive (ELC) resonator in planar geometry. We analyse two cases while keeping the ELC parameters constant, one involving a dynamic adjustment of the SRR size with a fixed split gap, and the other entailing a varying gap while maintaining a constant SRR size. Notably, in the first case, the dispersion profile of the transmission signal demonstrates LR, while the second case results in LA, effectively showcasing CIT and CIA, respectively. These simulated findings not only align with the theoretical model but also underscore the versatility of our approach. Subsequently, we extend our model to a more general case, demonstrating that a controlled transition from CIT to CIA is achievable by manipulating the dissipation rate of individual modes within the hybrid system, leading to either coherent or dissipative interactions between the modes. Our results provide a pathway for designing hybrid systems that can control the group velocity of light, offering potential applications in the fields of optical switching and quantum information technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for recovering the shear capacity of heat-damaged beams using carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) ropes was investigated using 12 concrete beams (150 × 250 × 1450 mm3) with shear reinforcement deficiency. Six beams were heated for 2 h at a temperature of 400°C; the others were not heated. All the beams were retrofitted with near-surface mounted CFRP ropes as external U-shaped stirrups, inserted in vertical holes (embedded through reinforcement) or implemented as a hybrid system of both. Lateral dowels were implanted in concrete along with schemes involving U-shaped stirrups to improve resistance against cover separation and shear failure, respectively. The mechanical behaviour of the beams was evaluated under three-point loading, with data collected and analysed to characterise the load–deflection relationships. Cracking and failure modes were analysed. For the heat-damaged beams, the adopted schemes restored load capacity and improved toughness and ductility, but not flexural stiffness. Moreover, implementing ropes as U-shaped external stirrups, terminating 20 mm below the top surface of the beams, helped avert side-cover separation, yet resulted in horizontal shear failure at the level of the upper concrete cover of the damaged beams. The residual strain induced in the U-shaped external stirrups was 14–40%, which is compatible with those reported in other works adopting similar repair methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new method for traceability assurance of measurements performed using hybrid measuring systems built using one system that is based on tactile point measurement method (for example: coordinate measuring machine, articulated arm coordinate measuring machine, laser tracker system) and the second one that is based on optical field measurement method (for example: structured light scanners, digital image correlation systems). Within works described in this paper a series of tests aimed at determining task-specific errors for measurements performed using such composed systems were run. Measurement tasks for which such errors were determined include length measurements and measurements of form deviations (roundness, flatness, etc). Measurements were performed using material standards representing various shapes, dimensions and geometric relations. Measurements were run in different orientations and positions of the standards. Types of standards along with orientations and positions used were chosen basing on the guidelines of the ISO 10360 standard, parts 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, VDI/VDE 2634 and longtime experience of authors of this paper. At the end, results of performed measurements were checked for consistency with results of material standards calibration and values of task- specific maximum permissible errors were established. Guidelines for using developed method in other hybrid systems were also presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium‐based batteries have garnered significant attention due to their high energy density, excellent intrinsic safety, and low cost. However, the application process has been hindered by the high Mg2+ ions diffusion barrier in solid‐state structures and solid‐liquid interphase. To address this issue, a hybrid battery technology based on Mg anode and Fe‐based Prussian Blue Analogue cathode doped with functional transition metal ions and N═O bonds is proposed. Combined multiscale experimental characterizations with theoretical calculations, the subtle lattice distortion can create an asymmetric diffusion path for the active ions, which enables reversible extraction with significantly reduced diffusion barriers achieved by synergistic doping. The optimized cathode exhibits a working potential of 2.3 V and an initial discharge capacity of 152 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1. With the preferred electrolyte combined with equivalent concentration [Mg2(µ‐Cl)2(DME)4][AlCl4]2 and NaTFSI salt solution, the hybrid system demonstrates superior cycling performance over 200 cycles at a high current density of 200 mA g−1, maintaining ≈100% coulombic efficiency with superior ion dynamic. The findings are expected to be marked an important step in the further application of high‐voltage cathodes for Mg‐based hybrid batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing demand for fossil fuel resources in modern society, attention is turning towards alternative sources. This paper firstly introduces the importance of the oxidation reaction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its widespread application in the field of biomass conversion. However, precise control over the selective oxidation of biomass-derived platform chemicals remains challenging, necessitating in-depth investigation into the mechanism of this oxidation process. Subsequently, the mechanism of the HMF oxidation reaction is discussed in detail, including the design and performance optimization of both traditional and novel catalysts, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for efficient and selective HMF oxidation. In the field of photocatalysis, strategies such as the introduction of photoresponsive catalysts, surface modification, and synergistic catalysis have been employed to enhance reaction rates and selectivity. In electrocatalysis, efficient conversion of HMF has been achieved through the modulation of catalyst structure and active sites. Meanwhile, photoelectrocatalysis hybrid systems, as emerging technologies integrating the advantages of both photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, demonstrate promising application prospects, with an overview of their research in HMF oxidation provided herein. Furthermore, the paper discusses the challenges faced by current selective HMF oxidation, including catalyst stability, selectivity, and product distribution, and proposes future research directions and prospects, including the design of multifunctional catalysts, optimization of reaction conditions, and in-depth exploration of catalytic mechanisms, to provide important references for achieving efficient biomass conversion. In summary, this paper systematically summarizes the latest research progress in selective photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis for HMF oxidation, and provides prospects for future development, aiming to offer references and insights for relevant research fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a robust optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic-wind-battery (PV/WT/Batt) system in distribution networks to reduce active losses and voltage deviation while also enhancing network customer reliability considering production and network load uncertainties. The best installation position and capacity of the hybrid system (HS) are found via an improved crow search algorithm with an inertia weight technique. The robust optimization issue, taking into account the risk of uncertainty, is described using the gap information decision theory method. The proposed approach is used with 33- and 69-bus networks. The results reveal that the HS optimization in the network reduces active losses and voltage variations, while improving network customer reliability. The robust optimization results show that in the 33-bus network, the system remains resilient to prediction errors under the worst-case uncertainty scenario, with a 44.53% reduction in production and a 22.18% increase in network demand for a 30% uncertainty budget. Similarly, in the 69-bus network, the system withstands a 36.22% reduction in production and a 16.97% increase in load for a 25% uncertainty budget. When comparing stochastic and robust methods, it was found that the stochastic Monte Carlo method could not consistently provide a reliable solution for all objectives under uncertainty, whereas the robust approach successfully managed the maximum uncertainty related to renewable generation and network demand across different uncertainty budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative approach to fabricating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through magnetron sputtering and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). These CNTs serve as a robust structural scaffold for the deposition of molybdenum, which, through thermal annealing, becomes molybdenum carbide (Mo 2 C), which is highly efficient for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Our investigation delves into the physical and chemical attributes of these electrodes, revealing insights into the functionality of Mo 2 C on CNTs hybrid structures. Chemical characterization confirms the exceptional performance of the electrode. Our Mo 2 C on CNT hybrid system showcases remarkable electrocatalytic activity, with an onset potential of 103 mV at 1 mA/cm2 and an overpotential of 176 mV at 10 mA/cm2. Further validation comes from tests revealing a Tafel slope of 95 mV/dec, affirming its superiority in facilitating HER. Unparalleled combination of low charge transfer resistance and accelerated reaction kinetics, Mo 2 C on CNTs hybrid structure is poised to significantly enhance HER activity. [Display omitted] • Fabrication of hierarchical compound of Mo 2 C deposited on CNTs as binder-free electrodes. • In-situ carburization of Mo by C species provided by CNTs template. • Enhanced HER activity, demonstrated by a ∼220 mV decrease in required overpotential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates a sustainable and renewable mobile energy system designed for electricity production, hydrogen generation, and seawater desalination. It targets critical energy and freshwater needs during disaster scenarios, particularly in island nations and coastal cities where infrastructure may be compromised. The system integrates advanced technologies, including wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, solar collectors, and reverse osmosis units, all mounted on a green ship. Simulations using Engineering Equation Solver software indicate that in July, the system can produce 2,201,865 MJ of electricity, 7252 kg of hydrogen, and 3456 tons of fresh and hot water. This output can power 1072 electric vehicles and 1284 hydrogen-powered vehicles while supplying cold water to 57,600 people and hot water to 5760 people. By relying on renewable energy, the system prevents approximately 43,543 kg of carbon emissions in July. The total monthly economic value is estimated at $47,241.36, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable solution for disaster response and coastal communities. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen generation of the combined hybrid renewable system. • Thermodynamic efficiencies of components and overall the system for a green ship. • The comparison of the power generation of the wind turbine, Organic Rankine Cycle, and solar cell. • The monthly carbon saving quantity of the renewable hybrid system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen has become an essential element in the pursuit of sustainable and clean energy solutions. Especially with the fast-paced advancement in demand, supply, and policy environment, its impact on hybrid renewable energy (HRE) management is becoming increasingly relevant. Efficient energy consumption, cost reduction, and enhanced user comfort are now critical factors in energy optimization. The production of green hydrogen, which is generated through water electrolysis using renewable energy sources (RES), has shown great potential as a sustainable energy solution. It offers several advantages, such as zero greenhouse gas emissions, high energy density, and versatile applications. This paper presents a detailed study on the power management and control of a hybrid renewable system (HRES) equipped with a diesel generator (DG) as a backup power source. The main objectives of the hybrid system are to satisfy the load power demand, ensure the most efficient use of the HRES, and keep the battery bank charged to prevent blackouts and extend the battery's life. To guarantee the system's reliability, the DG should be sized to meet the peak load demand when the RES generates less electricity than the load demand. This study explores the feasibility of modified versions of the load following and cycle charging control strategies to overcome the limitations of managing generation and storage systems' operations in different operating modes and to enhance the performance of an HRES with a DG that supplies electricity to a small and remote location. The proposed method not only maximizes the use of RES production but also enables multi-energy source management under different power generation and load demand scenarios. The study's outcomes demonstrate the feasibility of this proposed power dispatch strategy in a remote location environment. The paper includes a detailed discussion of overall control, mathematical models, energy storage in the battery model, and energy dispatching based on load following. To design and simulate the hybrid model system, MATLAB-SIMULINK is used, and the results are analyzed to identify the appropriate operation requirements, component selection, and energy management of the hybrid renewable energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength and permeability to gas of ceramic shells are key factors affecting the quality of castings. This research aims to improve the properties of alumina-based ceramic shells (i.e., Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2) using a combination of pennisetum fiber and AlF 3 •3H 2 O powder. The pennisetum fiber can improve the green strength of ceramic shells, while AlF 3 •3H 2 O powder can improve the high-temperature strength of ceramic shells by inducing the generation of mullite (3Al 2 O 3 •2SiO 2) whiskers at high temperatures. Meanwhile, the mixture of pennisetum fibers and mullite whiskers can also improve the permeability to gas of the ceramic shell. As a result, the modified ceramic shell shows a clear increase in the above-mentioned properties, including 43 % of the green strength, 100 % of the permeability to gas, and 30 % of the thermal diffusion coefficient. In addition, the high-temperature bending strength and deformation under the weight of the ceramic shells are also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid system BiVO4/g-C3N4 is a prospective photocatalyst because of the favorable mutual alignment of the energy bands of both semiconductors. However, the path of the photocatalytic process is still unclear because of contradictory information in the literature on whether the mechanism of charge carrier separation at the BiVO4/g-C3N4 interface is band-to-band or Z-scheme. In this work, we clarified this issue by comparative photocatalytic studies with the use of systems without a mediator and with different kinds of mediators including Au nanoparticles, fullerene derivatives, and the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple. Additionally, the charge transfer dynamics at the BiVO4/g-C3N4 and BiVO4/mediator/g-C3N4 interfaces were investigated by time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements, while the influence of the mediator on the surface recombination of the charge carriers was verified by intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS). We proved that the charge carrier separation at the BiVO4/g-C3N4 interface occurs according to the mechanism typical for a heterojunction of type II, while the incorporation of the mediator between BiVO4 and g-C3N4 leads to the Z-scheme mechanism. Moreover, a very strong synergetic effect on caffeine (CAF) degradation rate was found for the system BiVO4/Au/g-C3N4 in the presence of Fe3+ ions in the CAF solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the safety in terms of hypoglycemic events and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics during aerobic exercise (AE) of using temporary target (TT) versus suspension of insulin infusion (SII) in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using advanced hybrid closed-loop systems. Methods: This was a randomized crossover clinical trial. Two moderate-intensity AE sessions were performed, one with TT and one with SII. Hypoglycemic events and CGM metrics were analyzed during the immediate (baseline to 59 min), early (60 min to 6 h), and late (6 to 36 h) post-exercise phases. Results: In total, 33 patients were analyzed (44.6 ± 13.8 years), basal time in range (%TIR 70–180 mg/dL) was 79.4 ± 12%, and time below range (%TBR) <70 mg/dL was 1.8 ± 1.7% and %TBR <54 mg/dL was 0.5 ± 0.9%. No difference was found in the number of hypoglycemic events, %TBR <70 mg/dL and %TBR <54 mg/dL between TT and SII. Differences were found in the early phase, with better values when using TT for %TIR 70–180 mg/dL (83.0 vs. 65.3, P = 0.005), time in tight range (%TITR 70–140 mg/dL) (56.3 vs. 41.5, P = 0.04), and time above range (%TAR >180 mg/dL) (15.3 vs. 31.8, P = 0.01). In the diurnal period, again %TIR was better for TT use (82.1 vs. 73.1, P = 0.02) and %TAR (15.0 vs. 22.96, P = 0.04). No significant differences were found in the CGM metrics during the different phases of AE. Conclusion: Our data appear to show that the use of TT compared with SII is equally safe in all phases of AE. However, the use of TT allows for a better glycemic profile in the early phase of exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a hybrid approach to solve the viscous Burgers' equation by combining classical boundary layer theory with modern Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). The boundary layer theory provides an approximate analytical solution to the equation, particularly in regimes where viscosity dominates. PINNs, on the other hand, offer a data-driven framework that can address complex boundary and initial conditions more flexibly. We demonstrate that PINNs capture the key dynamics of the Burgers' equation, such as shock wave formation and the smoothing effects of viscosity, and show how the combination of these methods provides a powerful tool for solving nonlinear partial differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating photovoltaic power stations into large-capacity hydropower stations is an efficient and promising method for regulating large-scale photovoltaic power generation. However, constrained by the time step length, traditional long-term scheduling of hydro-PV hybrid systems does not adequately consider short-term operational performance indicators, resulting in sub-optimal scheduling plans that fail to coordinate the consumption of photovoltaic power and the utilization of water resources in the basin. To address this, this study established a long-term optimal scheduling model for hydro-PV hybrid systems. This model overcomes the limitation of the time step length in long-term scheduling by incorporating long-term power generation goals and short-term operation performance targets into the long-term optimal scheduling process based on scheduling auxiliary functions. In case studies, the optimised model balanced the long-term power-generation goals and short-term operational performance targets by redistributing energy across different periods. Compared to optimization models that did not consider short-term operation performance, in a typical normal year, the model effectively reduced the electricity curtailment volume (28.54%) and power shortage volume (10.91%) of the hybrid system while increasing on-grid electricity (0.03%). Similar improvements were observed in wet and dry years. These findings provide decision support for hydropower scheduling in the context of large-scale photovoltaic power integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the collected data of the Central Register of Vehicles, an average of 15,000 vehicles were registered per month in the Greater Poland region in 2020–2022. It should be borne in mind that most of them were conventionally powered cars-spark-ignition or compression-ignition engines, the daily operation of which negatively affects the environment. Institutions responsible for regulating the homologation of passenger vehicles are introducing increasingly stringent emission standards to reduce the harmful effects of vehicles on the environment. In addition, more and more public campaigns are being conducted on the use of cars equipped with alternative propulsion systems, e.g., electric, full-hybrid or increasingly popular hydrogen-powered vehicles. The publication presents forecasts for the replacement of vehicles equipped with spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines with cars equipped with hybrid propulsion systems or electric systems. Tests of vehicles in real operating conditions were carried out in the Poznań agglomeration in an urban area, where the number of vehicles per area is higher than in the case of a nonurban zone. The research objects were both cars equipped with a conventional drivetrain and a hybrid system. The research made it possible to draw up a hybridization index, which was then applied to the number of vehicles registered over the past few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines a fascinating combination of ferromagnetic leads and double quantum dots in a hybrid system. The "two coupled quantum dots Anderson model" is employed to model the coupled quantum dots and simulate the energy levels of the double coupled quantum dots, which interact with both left and right ferromagnetic leads to investigate the process of spin tunneling. This study discusses the role of coupling interaction between quantum dots the Coulomb correlation within each quantum dot, and their connection with the ferromagnetic leads. We determine the occupation number of the energy levels in the quantum dots and solve it in a self-consistent manner. These solutions are then used to compute each quantum dot's spin accumulation. The results are used to compute the spin current tunneling and examine the system's transport characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adoptive cell therapy using natural killer (NK) cells emerges as the next‐generation cancer immunotherapy. Based on the intrinsic capability of direct cancer cell necrosis without prior education, a chemotherapeutic, free‐drug delivery, NK‐cell‐based platform can be developed. However, weak targeting of NK cells to solid tumors is observed. In addition, to boost the tumor‐killing efficiency, another immune‐regulating function should be added to the cells. Herein, a NK‐cell‐based hybrid system (NK‐Robot) conjugated with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that provides 1) efficient guidance of NK cells and 2) targeted delivery of MNPs in situ is demonstrated, taking advantage of a newly designed, stimuli‐responsive polymeric linker. Thus, NK cells are allowed to target tumors under magnetic control conditions, and the liberated MNPs effectively reeducate the tumor‐associated macrophages (M2) to antitumor macrophages (M1), beneficial for the immunotherapy of tumors. In vivo experiments on BALB/c nude mice further support the finding that NK‐Robots effectively inhibit tumor growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity's efforts are manifested in the creation of novel solutions to complex problems in diverse fields. Traditional mathematical methods fail to solve real-world problems due to their complexity. Researchers have come up with new mathematical theories like fuzzy set theory and rough set theory to help them figure out how to model the uncertainty in these fields. Soft set theory is a novel approach to real-world problem solving that does not require the membership function to be specified. This aids in the resolution of a wide range of issues, and significant progress has recently been made. After Jun et al. came up with a hybrid system that combined fuzzy and soft set concepts, many people came up with hybrid ideas in different algebraic structures. In this paper, we introduce the concepts of subsystem and strong subsystem of a hybrid finite state machine (HFSM) and investigate a portion of their significant properties. We also provide an example that shows that every subsystem does not need to be a strong subsystem. Additionally, we study the cyclic subsystem of HFSMs and also obtain their equivalent results and examples. Finally, we define the notions of homomorphism of subsystems and strong subsystems of HFSMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a continuous-review inventory control problem for a hybrid manufacturing and remanufacturing system with product recovery and setup costs. A pull policy has been proposed in the literature, however, finding its optimal parameters requires an exhaustive search and a single cost function evaluation is itself complex. We propose a tractable approach to finding these parameters using an interim policy called double (r, Q) with parameters (r m , Q m , r r , Q r) . When the inventory position of the serviceable item reaches rr, a remanufacturing lot size Qr is setup if recoverable inventory is sufficient. Otherwise, we allow the inventory position to decrease further. As it drops to rm, a manufacturing lot size Qm is placed. Unlike the pull policy, this interim policy suspends the remanufacturing option when the inventory position is less than rr. This facilitates an efficient approximation of the recoverable inventory which decouples the double (r, Q) problem into two standard (r, Q) problems. It can then be efficiently solved using a modification of existing (r, Q) algorithms for two instances. Numerical studies show that our approach performs well relative to the optimal pull policy with parameters estimated from an extensive Simulation-Optimization method and other heuristics found in the literature. The approach is also extended to correlated demand and return arrivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Materials with low lattice thermal conductivity are essential for various heat-related applications like thermoelectrics, and usual approaches for achieving this rely on specific crystalline structures. Here, we report a strategy for thermal conductivity reduction and regulation via guest rotational dynamics and their couplings with lattice vibrations. By applying pressure to manipulate rotational states, we find the intensified rotor-lattice couplings of compressed methane hydrate MH-III can trigger strong phonon scatterings and phonon localizations, enabling an almost three-fold suppression of thermal conductivity. Besides, the disorder in methane rotational dynamics results in anharmonic interactions and nonlinear pressure-dependent heat transport. The overall guest rotational dynamics and heat conduction changes can be flexibly regulated by the rotor-lattice coupling strength. We further underscore that this reduction mechanism can be extended to a wide range of systems with different structures. The results demonstrate a potentially universal method for reducing or controlling heat transport by developing a hybrid system with tailored molecular rotors. Molecular disorder plays an important role in the thermal conductivity of materials. Using atomistic simulations, the authors show that thermal conductivity can be pressure-regulated in methane hydrates by manipulating disordered guest rotational dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This paper presents the novel design and analysis of a hybrid renewable energy system that combines a wave energy converter (WEC) with a floating photovoltaic (FPV) system for offshore installation, with a specific focus on Oran as a case study. The purpose of integrating these two technologies is to harness both wave and solar energy, thereby maximizing energy output and enhancing the reliability of renewable energy sources in offshore environments. The goal of this study is to develop a hybrid system that leverages the complementary nature of WEC and FPV technologies to maximize energy output and improve reliability. By integrating these technologies, the system aims to overcome the limitations of standalone energy systems. The methodology includes selecting suitable WEC and FPV technologies, optimizing their configurations, and analyzing their combined performance under various environmental conditions. To assess the energy production potential, structural stability, and economic feasibility of the hybrid system, computational simulations and data analysis are employed. This comprehensive approach ensures rigorous testing and optimization for real-world applications. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in energy yield and system resilience compared to standalone WEC or FPV systems. The hybrid system shows enhanced performance, particularly in consistent energy output and structural robustness. These findings indicate that combining WEC and FPV technologies can lead to more reliable and efficient offshore renewable energy solutions. The practical values are significant, providing insights into efficient and sustainable offshore renewable energy solutions. By focusing on Oran, it offers a localized perspective that can be adapted to similar coastal areas globally, contributing to the advancement of renewable energy technologies. The hybrid system’s enhanced reliability and efficiency support the broader goal of sustainable energy development in marine environments, highlighting its potential for widespread application and impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We first investigate a class of generalized non-homogeneous two-dimensional hybrid systems and derive formulas for their solutions. We then obtain the transfer matrix and characteristic equation specific to this system type. Examples are provided to illustrate our theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is an efficient treatment technology for cooking fumes (CFs). However, its practical implementation is hindered due to the low mineralization rate of CFs and high generation of by-products. In this study, a hybrid system coupling NTP and Mn/HZSM-5 catalysts was developed for the deep oxidation of CFs. These catalysts exhibited a remarkable synergistic effect together with NTP in improving the efficiency of CFs removal. When the specific energy density was 282 J·L− 1, the hybrid system had stable reactivity, and the CFs removal efficiency and CO2 yield were 100% and 78.4%, respectively, which were 10% and 61% higher than the values achieved with the NTP system alone. The Mn/HZSM-5 catalysts were also discovered to inhibit the production of O3 and NO2 to a large extent and to achieve a removal efficiency level at > 80%. The Mn/HZSM-5 catalysts' high Mn4+/Mn ratio and the relatively large amount of chemisorbed oxygen on the catalyst surface engendered their remarkable performance. On the basis of the detected active species and organic products, the reaction mechanism governing the destruction of CFs by the NTP-Mn/HZSM-5 catalyst system was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tubular solid oxide fuel cells (TSOFCs) generate high-grade waste heat during operation, but the existing waste heat recovery technologies designed for flat solid oxide fuel cells cannot be directly applied to TSOFC due to the geometry mismatch. To efficient harvest the waste heat, a new geometry-matching hybrid system including TSOFC and annular thermoelectric generator (ATEG) is synergistically integrated to evaluate the performance upper limit. A mathematical model is formulated and verified to describe the hybrid system by considering various thermodynamic-electrochemical irreversible effects. Key performance indicators are established to assess the potential performance. Calculations show that the peak power density and corresponding efficiency of the proposed system are enhanced by 20.39 % and 13.89 %, respectively, compared to a standalone TSOFC. Furthermore, the exergy destruction rate is reduced by 7.04 %. Extensive sensitivity analyses indicate that higher operating temperatures enhance the system’s performance, while larger electrode tortuosity negatively affects it. Additionally, various optimization paths of ATEG are explored to improve the system performance, including considerations such as the number of thermocouples, leg radial width, leg thickness, or annular shape parameter. The three-objective optimization yields an efficient design solution for the entire system, offering valuable insights for its design and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated polymer coatings enhance bacteria with eco-friendly energy use. A new hybrid system boosts hydrogen production by Rhodopseudomonas palustris@polypyrrole (R. palustris@PPy) through interface electron transfer and hydrogel encapsulation. To maximize the output, we studied hydrogen metabolism using various techniques and found that conductive polymer modification facilitated electron transfer, affecting intracellular pathways. This technology offers enhanced green hydrogen production for sustainable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into electrical grids has introduced significant challenges allied with voltage stability, power quality, and grid reliability, particularly beneath high PV penetration scenarios. This work presents a hybrid optimization approach combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) to mitigate these challenges effectively. The hybrid PSO–GWO method is not only applied to optimize the position and sizing of PV systems, but also the configuration of grid‐supportive devices like static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), in Institute of Electrical and Electronics Institute (IEEE) 14‐test bus system. The proposed hybrid system led to a 42.2% power loss reduction, from 18.5 to 10.7 MW effectively enhancing efficiency of the grid, improves voltage profiles, all bus voltages maintained with in the acceptable range of 0.95–1.05 p.u. The study also identified optimal locations for PV units, with placements at bus 3, 6, and 9, where PV sizes were adjusted to 10, 12, and 8 MW, respectively. Additionally, the optimal placement of STATCOMs at bus 4, 7, and 10 provided reactive power support of up to 9 MVAR, further enhancing system stability. The findings suggest that the hybrid PSO–GWO optimization technique is a promising tool for managing the complexities of high PV penetration in modern electrical grids, ensuring proficient and reliable grid operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Photoperiod/thermo‐sensitive genic male sterility (P/TGMS) is critical for rice two‐line hybrid system. Previous studies showed that slow development of pollen is a general mechanism for sterility‐to‐fertility conversion of TGMS in Arabidopsis. However, whether this mechanism still exists in rice is unknown. Here, we identified a novel rice TGMS line, ostms16, which exhibits abnormal pollen exine under high temperature and fertility restoration under low temperature. In mutant, a single base mutation of OsTMS16, a fatty acyl‐CoA reductase (FAR), reduced its enzyme activity, leading to defective pollen wall. Under high temperature, the mOsTMS16M549I couldn't provide sufficient protection for the microspores. Under low temperature, the enzyme activity of mOsTMS16M549I is closer to that of OsTMS16, so that the imperfect exine could still protect microspore development. These results indicated whether the residual enzyme activity in mutant could meet the requirement in different temperature is a determinant factor for fertility conversion of P/TGMS lines. Additionally, we previously found that res2, the mutant of a polygalacturonase for tetrad pectin wall degradation, restored multiple TGMS lines in Arabidopsis. In this study, we proved that the osres2 in rice restored the fertility of ostms16, indicating the slow development is also suitable for the fertility restoration in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic microrobots are controlled to exhibit a wide range of motions, allowing them to navigate complex environments and perform multifunctional tasks with high precision. This work presents a novel hybrid electromagnetic actuation system by integrating two distinct conventional configurations, such as a paired‐coils electromagnetic disc (EMD) system and a distributed electromagnetic array coil (EAC) system. In order to ensure the effective functioning of the microrobot, its motion dynamics are thoroughly analyzed to identify the critical kinetic parameters. For demonstration purposes, first, a mixing task is performed by employing a single microrobot actuated with simultaneous motions. The mixing efficiency is observed to reach 83% within 30 s, in contrast to the efficiency of control of 45%. Second, a structural reconfiguration function is demonstrated by employing an independent control of two U‐shaped microrobots to form a new I‐shaped microrobot. Last, differentiated motion control of multiple magnetic pads is demonstrated, resulting in various 2D static formations in the shapes of numbers and alphabets. The presented results hold great promise for advancing the field of microrobotics by offering a novel solution for versatile microrobot motion controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nHighlightsThis study involved the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles by co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were subsequently evaluated for their catalytic efficacy in the degradation and ozonation of tartrazine dye (TTD), employing sodium persulfate as a catalyst both in the presence and absence of ozone. The material characterization revealed that synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were proven to have a crystalline structure by XRD. While spherical agglomerates with a flower-like morphology were revealed by the SEM, similarly FT-IR detected Fe – O – Fe and O – H bond vibrations, boosting surface area and catalytic activity. The degradation of the TTD was assessed in a laboratory-scale reactor, and its progress was monitored using UV-visible spectrophotometry. A comparative analysis of the two methods revealed that the catalytic ozonation demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the catalytic degradation, achieving a maximum degradation of 94.35% within 25 min of contact time. Optimal degradation parameters included a TTD concentration of 50 ppm, magnetite dosage of 0.75 g, persulfate concentration of 8 mm, and ozone inlet concentration of 5 g/L at pH 3. Evaluation of the degradation kinetics indicated the second-order kinetics model as the most appropriate, suggesting a physicochemical nature of the dye removal process. Furthermore, the study demonstrates enhanced efficiency in TTD decomposition compared to conventional methods. Magnetite catalyst was synthesized by co-precipitationComparative study for catalytic degradation and catalytic ozonation was done94.35% Removal of tartrazine dye by using activated magnetite catalystDetermined effective performance of magnetite using PS and OzoneMagnetite catalyst was synthesized by co-precipitationComparative study for catalytic degradation and catalytic ozonation was done94.35% Removal of tartrazine dye by using activated magnetite catalystDetermined effective performance of magnetite using PS and Ozone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As AI increasingly enters classrooms, educational designers have begun investigating students' learning processes vis‐à‐vis simultaneous feedback from active sources—AI and the teacher. Nevertheless, there is a need to delve into a more comprehensive understanding of the orchestration of interactions between teachers and AI systems in educational settings. The research objective of this paper is to identify the challenges and opportunities when AI intertwines with instruction and examine how this hybrid teaching intelligence is being perceived by the students. The insights of this paper are extracted by analysing a case study that utilizes an AI‐driven system (MOVES‐NL) in the context of learning integer arithmetic. MOVES‐NL is an advanced interactive tool that deploys whole‐body movement and immediate formative feedback in a room‐scale environment designed to enhance students' learning of integer arithmetic. In this paper, we present an in‐situ study where 29 students in grades 6–8 interacted individually with MOVES‐NL for approximately 1 hour each with the support of a facilitator/instructor. Mixed‐methods analyses of multimodal data sources enabled a systematic multifaceted account of students' cognitive–affective experiences as they engaged with MOVES‐NL while receiving human support (eg, by asking students to elaborate on their digital actions/decisions). Finally, we propose design insights for instructional and technology design in support of student hybrid learning. The findings of this research contribute to the ongoing discourse on the role of hybrid intelligence in supporting education by offering practical insights and recommendations for educators and designers seeking to optimize the integration of technology in classrooms. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic Students and teachers develop different relations with and through AI, beyond just interacting with it. AI can support and augment the teachers' capabilities. Hybrid intelligence (HI) has already demonstrated promising potential to advance current educational theories and practices. What this paper adds This research identifies the important learning opportunities and adversities emerging when AI intertwines with instruction and examines how learners perceive those moments. The results show that the system and the facilitator's feedback were complementary to the success of the learning experience. AI‐enabled students to reflect upon and test their previous knowledge and guided teachers to work with students to consolidate challenging topics. Findings provide insights into how the teacher–AI collaboration could engage and motivate students to reflect conceptually upon mathematical rules. Implications for practice and/or policy This study encourages practitioners and scholars to consider hybrid teaching intelligence when designing student‐centred AI learning tools, focusing on supporting the development of effective teacher–AI collaborative technologies. What is already known about this topic Students and teachers develop different relations with and through AI, beyond just interacting with it. AI can support and augment the teachers' capabilities. Hybrid intelligence (HI) has already demonstrated promising potential to advance current educational theories and practices. What this paper adds This research identifies the important learning opportunities and adversities emerging when AI intertwines with instruction and examines how learners perceive those moments. The results show that the system and the facilitator's feedback were complementary to the success of the learning experience. AI‐enabled students to reflect upon and test their previous knowledge and guided teachers to work with students to consolidate challenging topics. Findings provide insights into how the teacher–AI collaboration could engage and motivate students to reflect conceptually upon mathematical rules. Implications for practice and/or policy This study encourages practitioners and scholars to consider hybrid teaching intelligence when designing student‐centred AI learning tools, focusing on supporting the development of effective teacher–AI collaborative technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing quality electricity to improve the living conditions of rural and urban populations in Africa, particularly in Cameroon, represents a challenging but achievable task. Indeed, Cameroon has the second largest hydrographic network in Central Africa, and thanks to this network, over 90% of electricity comes from aging hydroelectric dams that cause permanent power outages. The desire to take advantage of other benefits that nature has given this country has directed this work towards renewable energies. Thanks to the HOMER Pro software, a renewable energy hybrid system with hydrogen gas serving as storage and energy vector was adopted. Photovoltaic panels and wind turbines are proposed as primary energy sources for the permanent, low-cost supply of the IRAD laboratory at the University of Maroua. The software proposes three systems, one with the wind turbine as the only primary source, and considered as the most optimal. It has an energy cost equal to $0.0633, an NPC of $20330, and an initial capital of $8500. The other two systems are hybrids with a renewable fraction equal to 100%, and a load distribution strategy that is the charge cycle (CC) like the first system. The first less expensive hybrid system has an energy cost and an NPC respectively of $0.0778 and $24986. As for the second hybrid system, it has an NPC and an energy cost respectively of $26195 and $0.0778. Hydrogen fully plays its role as an energy vector and storage in all three systems. A sensitivity analysis was conducted in this work to ensure that the system proposed for the laboratory can also be adapted in the 9 other regions of the country. It appears that the values of wind resources, solar radiation, and temperature have a significant impact on the energy cost. The cities of Yaoundé and Ebolowa, displaying respective wind speeds of 2.07 m/s and 1.76 m/s, are recognized for having the lowest wind speeds in the country, which hinders the overall energy production and profitability of the system. The hybrid system suggested for these cities proves to be expensive, with energy costs exceeding the standard electricity price set by the energy distribution and marketing organization in the country. • Hydrogen as a storage system and energy vector. • Sensitivity analysis on nine regions of Cameroon. • Techno-economic analysis on the proposed system in each region. • Environmental impacts of the proposed system. • Policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photon-magnon coupling, where electromagnetic waves interact with spin waves, and negative refraction, which bends the direction of electromagnetic waves unnaturally, constitute critical foundations and advancements in the realms of optics, spintronics, and quantum information technology. Here, we explore a magnetic-field-controlled, on-off switchable, non-reciprocal negative refractive index within a non-Hermitian photon-magnon hybrid system. By integrating an yttrium iron garnet film with an inverted split-ring resonator, we discover pronounced negative refractive index driven by the system's non-Hermitian properties. This phenomenon exhibits unique non-reciprocal behavior dependent on the signal's propagation direction. Our analytical model sheds light on the crucial interplay between coherent and dissipative coupling, significantly altering permittivity and permeability's imaginary components, crucial for negative refractive index's emergence. This work pioneers new avenues for employing negative refractive index in photon-magnon hybrid systems, signaling substantial advancements in quantum hybrid systems. The authors demonstrate a magnetic-field-controlled, on-off switchable non-reciprocal negative refractive index in a non-Hermitian photon-magnon hybrid system, highlighting the crucial role of non-Hermitian dynamics in advancing photonics and magnonics in quantum hybrid technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of incorporating pistachio shell powder and a mixture of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb (AAR) resin with epoxy on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability properties of an epoxy composite. Filler loadings ranged from 10 to 35% by volume, in 5% increments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform distribution of the hybrid polymer materials, particularly at 30% natural resin content, enhancing the load-bearing capacity of the composites. The addition of pistachio shell powder and AAR resin significantly improved the flexural modulus and strength of the composites. At a filler volume of 35%, the hybrid polymer exhibited a maximum impact resistance of 2,718 J/m2, demonstrating increased energy absorption. Moreover, the hybrid system enhanced the damping factor by up to 30%, suggesting superior dynamic mechanical performance. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the hybrid composites displayed better thermal stability compared to pure epoxy resin. These findings suggest that the combination of pistachio shell powder and AAR natural resin offers a sustainable approach to reinforcing epoxy-based composites, providing improved mechanical and thermal performance for potential industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing sustainable electricity access to remote areas is critical for economic development and environmental preservation. This study investigates the performance of single‐source and hybrid renewable energy systems for the town of Zahedan, Iran, which has significant solar and wind energy potential. Using TRNSYS software, eight configurations were simulated and analyzed, comprising two single‐source (photovoltaic [PV] and wind turbine [WT]) and six hybrid systems incorporating combinations of PV panels, WTs, alkaline fuel cells, and diesel generators. The analysis revealed that hybrid systems, particularly those combining PV and WT, outperformed single‐source configurations. For instance, a hybrid system with 800 kW of PV and a 50 kW WT reduced diesel consumption by 35% and CO2 emissions by 45% compared to a system relying solely on a diesel generator. Conversely, the configuration involving WTs, fuel cells, and diesel generators showed high energy dumping (1,821,776 kWh) and considerable diesel usage, underscoring the challenges of maintaining energy balance without solar integration. Overall, hybrid renewable systems generally provide enhanced reliability and environmental benefits, although their performance heavily depends on the specific energy source mix. This study offers insights into optimizing renewable energy systems for remote locations, highlighting the necessity of a balanced solar‐wind combination to achieve optimal sustainability and cost‐effectiveness. The findings are applicable to regions with similar climatic conditions and contribute to global sustainable energy solutions, providing crucial information for policymakers and investors focused on supporting sustainable energy projects in isolated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure‐properties relationships of sustainable materials derived from biomass‐based monomers are investigated, focusing on hybrid styrene/terpene‐based copolymers with blocky microstructures, such as β‐myrcene– and β‐ocimene–styrene copolymers. The samples show complex glass transition dynamics, as evidenced by the physical aging experienced by the amorphous phase in styrene‐rich copolymers. The tendency of styrene‐ and terpene‐rich sequences to give heterogeneous morphologies with correlation strength extending over 10–40 nm is outlined, through small‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis. A new class of terpene‐based hybrid systems, holding promise for applications in surface coating technologies, is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between self-service technologies (SSTs) and cinemagoing experiences. An online questionnaire was created and filled out by 202 respondents to assess their preferences regarding SSTs in Hungarian cinemas. The analysis was conducted in R based on the following factors: gender, age, place of residence, and cinema attendance frequency. The results showed that 78.43% of males and 79.47% of females preferred hybrid systems combining both human staff and SSTs. There was no significant relationship between gender and SST preference. However, respondents aged 26–35 years and those over 50 years were less likely to prefer SSTs. In addition, people who live in capital cities showed a higher likelihood of preferring SSTs. Despite minor demographic differences, the overall results indicate a strong preference for SSTs across all groups. Predictions using ordinal logistic regression suggest that future cinemagoers will continue to prefer SSTs, with probabilities ranging from 65.58% to 75.90%. These results can help in understanding the growing acceptance of SSTs in cinemas and suggest that their implementation could be well-received by future audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of hybrid alternating current (AC)/direct current (DC) distribution networks led to several developments in smart grid and decentralized power system technology. The paper concentrates on several topics related to the operation of hybrid AC/DC networks. Such as optimization methods, control strategies, energy management, protection issues, and proposed solutions. The implementation of neural network optimization methods has great importance for the successful integration of multiple energy sources, dynamic energy management, establishment of system stability and reliability, power distribution optimization, management of energy storage, and online fault detection and diagnosis in hybrid networks like the hybrid AC–DC microgrids (MG). Taking advantage of renewable energy generation and cost-cutting through the neural network optimization technique holds the key to these progressions. Besides identifying the challenges in the operation of a hybrid system, the paper also compares this system to conventional MGs and shows the benefits of this type of system over different MG structures. This review compares the different topologies, particularly looking at the AC–DC coupled hybrid MGs, and shows the important role of the interlinking of converters that are used for efficient transmission between AC and DC MGs and generally used to implement the different control and optimization techniques. Overall, this review paper can be regarded as a reference, pointing out the pros and cons of integrating hybrid AC/DC distribution networks for future study and improvement paths in this developing area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the varying load demands and improve the efficiency of the power system during aircraft flights in the aviation field, a hybrid power system architecture combining direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and lithium batteries is established. A rule‑based energy distribution strategy is adopted for the comparative analysis of parameters such as efficiency and power‑to‑mass ratio of the hybrid system within the typical flight envelope. The aim is to find an optimal energy supply scheme for the entire flight process of the aircraft. In the case of the BAe.146, a four‑engine turbofan short‑range transport aircraft, a net power generation efficiency of 53.32% and a power‑to‑mass ratio of 0.491 3 kW/kg are achieved. Furthermore, it has been found that the output power and power generation efficiency of the SOFC system decrease with increasing altitude. These results indicate that the direct ammonia SOFC‑lithium battery hybrid power system is capable of meeting the energy demands of different flight phases and holds promising application prospects in the aviation field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work models electromagnetically induced grating (EIG) in a metal nanoparticle (MNP)–double quantum dot (DQD) hybrid system considering the Coulomb effect to specify the scattering rates where the strong-coupling case is considered. This work does not take normalized values or values from different structures; it is of the material property by calculating the energy states of DQDs and their transition momenta. The wetting layer (WL) where quantum dots (QDs) are grown is taken in the calculations where both QD–QD and WL–QD transition momenta are considered, and the orthogonalized plane wave is considered for the last transitions. The screening effect is taken when modeling Rabi frequencies. Although complexity faces Coulomb problems in their modeling and computation, one gains the realization of scattering time under this many-body effect, which was not specified earlier. The transmission coefficient is reduced with the probe. Detuning the probe increases the transmission. Tunneling increases the transmission due to an overall increase in scattering rates. A small distance between the MNP–DQD increases the transmission, while a long distance reduces it, where the scattering rates are reduced. Increasing the MNP radius reduced the transmission. The detuning is more effective than other factors. The MNP inhibits the zeroth-order diffraction, while other orders are strengthened due to the modulation of the EIG behavior of the DQD structure by the MNP. The results indicate that the scattering rates control the processes in this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid turbulence models that can accurately reproduce unsteady three-dimensional flow physics across the entire range of grid scales and turbulence dynamics from Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS), through large-eddy simulation (LES), down to direct numerical simulations (DNS) are of increasing interest to the turbulence modeling community. However, despite decades of research and development, the basic tasks of eliminating poor-performing hybrid RANS-LES models and accelerating adoption of superior models through well-designed validation and verification have yet to occur. As a step in this direction, in this work we evaluate thirteen different hybrid RANS-LES models via systematic grid refinement of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence. We further derive a novel mathematical framework for assessing the energy partitioning dynamics of each Hybrid RANS-LES model, wherein model-to-model variations in energy partitioning can be interpreted as different feedback mechanisms operating on a low-dimensional nonlinear dynamical system. We found that model forms similar to the flow simulation methodology—also often termed very-large eddy simulation—are dynamically inconsistent with DNS at all resolutions. Additionally, we found a strong dynamical similarity in the feedback mechanisms of all models related to detached eddy simulation and partially averaged Navier–Stokes that is inherent to their general model forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to simulate and analyze scenarios involving obstacles and parasitic organisms during the growth of biological structures. We introduce an innovative model of biological transport networks in complex domains. By manipulating sources and sinks, we simulate two distinct types of domains. One obstructs nutrient transport without absorbing energy. The other one obstructs transport and absorbs energy. Our model adheres to the continuous functional energy dissipation law. Employing a Crank–Nicolson type method ensures second-order time accuracy. The phase field-based discrete system is decoupled, linear, and unconditionally stable, facilitating straightforward implementation of the algorithm. Our scheme maintains stability in addressing the stiffness of the hybrid system. Our research demonstrates that effective mathematical modeling and numerical methods can accurately simulate and analyze the growth of biological transport networks in complex domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses critical gaps in the digital implementations of fractional-order memelement emulators, particularly given the challenges associated with the development of solid-state devices using nanomaterials. Despite the potentials of these devices for industrial applications, the digital implementation of fractional-order models has received limited attention. This research contributes to bridging this knowledge gap by presenting the FPGA realization of the memelements based on a universal voltage-controlled circuit topology. The digital emulators successfully exhibit the pinched hysteresis behaviors of memristors, memcapacitors, and meminductors, showing the retention of historical states of their constitutive electronic variables. Additionally, we analyze the impact of the fractional-order parameters and excitation frequencies on the behaviors of the memelements. The design methodology involves using Xilinx System Generator for DSP blocks to lay out the architectures of the emulators, with synthesis and gate-level implementation performed on the Xilinx Artix-7 AC701 Evaluation kit, where resource utilization on hardware accounts for about 1 % of available hardware resources. Further hardware analysis shows successful timing validation and low power consumption across all designs, with an average on-chip power of 0.23 Watts and average worst negative slack of 0.6 ns against a 5 ns constraint. We validate these results with Matlab 2020b simulations, which aligns with the hardware models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new optimization technique based on the hybridization of two meta-heuristic methods, Jellyfish Search (JS) and Moth Flame Optimizer (MFO), to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The JS algorithm offers good exploration capacity but lacks performance in its exploitation mechanism. To improve its efficiency, we combined it with the Moth Flame Optimizer, which has proven its ability to exploit good solutions in the search area. This hybrid algorithm combines the advantages of both algorithms. The performance and precision of the hybrid optimization approach (JS-MFO) were investigated by minimizing well-known mathematical benchmark functions and by solving the complex OPF problem. The OPF problem was solved by optimizing non-convex objective functions such as total fuel cost, total active transmission losses, total gas emission, total voltage deviation, and the voltage stability index. Two test systems, the IEEE 30-bus network and the Mauritanian RIM 27-bus transmission network, were considered for implementing the JS-MFO approach. Experimental tests of the JS, MFO, and JS-MFO algorithms on eight well-known benchmark functions, the IEEE 30-bus, and the Mauritanian RIM 27-bus system were conducted. For the IEEE 30-bus test system, the proposed hybrid approach provides a percent cost saving of 11.4028%, a percent gas emission reduction of 14.38%, and a percent loss saving of 50.60% with respect to the base case. For the RIM 27-bus system, JS-MFO achieved a loss percent saving of 50.67% and percent voltage reduction of 62.44% with reference to the base case. The simulation results using JS-MFO and obtained with the MATLAB 2009b software were compared with those of JS, MFO, and other well-known meta-heuristics cited in the literature. The comparison report proves the superiority of the JS-MFO method over JS, MFO, and other competing meta-heuristics in solving difficult OPF problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]