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Despite compelling evidence for housing-health associations, it is still unclear (1) whether gender differentiates psychological responses to housing insecurity and (2) the extent to which initial psychological health influences the association between housing insecurity and psychological health. The present study aims to reduce these knowledge gaps.We used data from over 13 waves (155,114 observations) of the Korea Welfare Panel Study.This study tests fixed effects models that can take into account measured and unmeasured heterogeneity. Quantile regression with fixed effects was conducted to assess whether the observed association depends on the initial state of psychological health. All analyses are gender stratified.Fixed effects estimates show that housing problems, such as being a renter (b = 0.159), housing cost burden (b = 0.173), and rental/or mortgage arrears (b = 1.194), are significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Similar patterns were observed for poor housing quality (b = 0.598) and a lack of essential facilities (b = 0.286). Although the association between the severity of housing insecurity and depressive symptoms was concentrated among men with initially higher levels of depressive symptoms, the observed association was consistently pronounced for women regardless of initial psychological health.This study suggests that gender perspectives need to be incorporated into the development of housing intervention for vulnerable groups.

Despite evidence that sleep duration affects adolescent health, there remain important research gaps in the literature. Little is known about (1) whether the association between weekday sleep duration and health is confounded by unobserved individual heterogeneity and (2) the extent to which weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) duration moderates this association. This study addresses these gaps.Using six waves of longitudinal data from the 2011-2016 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (N = 6633), this study examined the relationship between weekday sleep duration, WCS duration, and two measures of adolescent health, body mass index (BMI) and self-rated health (SRH).We estimated fixed effects models to account for individual-level heterogeneity.Fixed effects estimates suggest that part of the associations between short sleep duration and adolescent health are confounded by unobserved individual heterogeneity (62% for BMI and 30% for poor SRH), although the associations remain statistically significant. Sleeping less than 6 h increased BMI by 0.203 and the probability of reporting poor SRH by about 2 percentage points. Controlling for individual heterogeneity, however, changed the sign of the WCS duration coefficient, suggesting that a longer WCS duration is positively associated with BMI (b = 0.021). No such patterns were found for SRH.Short weekday sleep duration threatens adolescent health. WCS duration is protective only for those who are most sleep deprived.

Despite the well-established link between sleep patterns and physical health, less is known about whether sleep duration during adolescence is related to physical health in adulthood. This study examines: (a) whether there is an association between sleep duration in adolescence and cardiometabolic risk in adulthood, and (b) whether this association differs by sex.Using data from the National Longitudinal study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study estimates sibling fixed effects models to account for unobservable family-specific heterogeneity. This study investigates whether sleep duration in adolescence is associated with cardiometabolic risk in adulthood, independently of sleep duration in adulthood.Conventional OLS regression models showed that, compared with individuals who slept 8-9 hr per night during adolescence, those who slept 6 or fewer hours had higher cardiometabolic risk in adulthood (about 13 years later). This was the case for both females and males. Controlling for unobserved family heterogeneity, however, substantially attenuated the association among females, rendering it statistically insignificant. The association for males was robust to controlling for sibling fixed effects. This study also found that the observed association for males is not explained by sleep duration in adulthood.Adolescent sleep duration is associated with cardiometabolic risk in adulthood among males, but not females. A life course approach should be adopted in interventions aiming to reduce cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In particular, this study suggests that a fruitful approach to preventing cardiovascular issues in adulthood includes public health interventions that promote healthy sleeping patterns during adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

There is more than 30 years of research on relationships between income inequality and population health. In this article, we propose a research agenda with five recommendations for future research to refine existing knowledge and examine new questions. First, we recommend that future research prioritise analyses with broader time horizons, exploring multiple temporal aspects of the relationship. Second, we recommend expanding research on the effect of public expenditures on the inequality–health relationship. Third, we introduce a new area of inquiry focused on interactions between social mobility, income inequality and population health. Fourth, we argue the need to examine new perspectives on 21st century capitalism, specifically the population health impacts of inequality in income from capital (especially housing), in contrast to inequality in income from labour. Finally, we propose that this research broaden beyond all-cause mortality, to cause-specific mortality, avoidable mortality and subcategories thereof. We believe that such a research agenda is important for policy to respond to the changes following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prior literature has documented an association between cancer and depressive symptoms. There has been a limited understanding about whether the association between cancer and depressive symptoms varies by gender and whether social engagement moderates this association. Using seven waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (N = 10,055), we examine the association between cancer and depressive symptoms among middle- and older-aged adults in Korea. We conduct fixed-effects regression models to account for unobserved characteristics of individuals that may confound this association. We first investigate whether the association between cancer and depressive symptom differs by gender. We distinguish among cancer types to assess potentially distinctive mental health consequences of different types of cancer. Then, we explore whether social engagement moderates the cancer-depressive symptoms association. Naive OLS models yielded significant associations between cancer and depressive symptoms for both men and women. However, our preferred fixed effects estimates revealed that the association was statistically significant only for men, and not for women. This association was especially pronounced for lung cancer. We also found that one's level of social engagement including informal connections and formal social activities moderates the link between cancer and depressive symptoms. Cancer is not only a leading cause of death, but also a serious threat to one's mental health. This study sheds light on gender differences in psychological reactions to cancer among Korean adults. Findings of this study hold important implications for programs aiming to improve the mental health and quality of life of cancer patients.

Objectives: This study examined whether homeownership is associated with life satisfaction and depressive symptoms among older adults aged 65 or over and whether these associations differ by gender. This study further distinguished mortgagors from owner-occupiers. Methods: Using six waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing ( N = 3540), we used generalized estimating equations as well as random- and fixed-effects regression analyses. Results: Gender-stratified fixed-effects models showed that the associations between homeownership and psychological resources are largely driven by men. Owner-occupiers are more satisfied with life and report fewer depressive symptoms than renters. By contrast, although mortgagors are more satisfied with life than renters, they have depressive symptoms similar to those of renters. These patterns are more pronounced among men than women. Discussion: Our findings lend support to policies that promote affordable homeownership as a way to reduce social inequalities in psychological well-being and health, especially among older men.

The objective of this study is to determine whether and how sleep quality and quantity during adolescence are related to educational attainment in adulthood. This study also investigates whether this relationship varies by gender.Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the present study employed a sibling fixed effect approach that takes into account unobserved family background factors such as genetics and social environments. Gender-stratified analyses were conducted to consider the potential gendered relationship between adolescent sleep and educational attainment.Controlling for unobserved family-level heterogeneity attenuated the associations between adolescent sleep characteristics and educational attainment, albeit in different ways for boys and girls. Gender-stratified models suggest that, for boys, only the association between short sleep duration and educational attainment was robust to adjustment for sibling fixed effects. In contrast, for girls, among three sleep quality measures, only trouble falling or staying asleep remained significantly associated with educational attainment even after controlling for unobserved family heterogeneity. Sibling fixed effects estimates suggest that short sleep duration (6 or fewer hours per night) was negatively associated with years of schooling only among boys (b = -0.443), whereas trouble falling or staying asleep was associated with a reduction in years of schooling only among girls (b = -0.556). The mechanisms underlying the observed associations also differed by gender. For boys, the association between short sleep duration and educational attainment was partially explained by a combination of educational, social, and psychological factors. Only intermediate educational factors explained part of the association between trouble falling or staying asleep and educational attachment among girls.The study's finding that the relationship between adolescent sleep characteristics and educational attainment and the mechanisms underlying this relationship differ by gender calls attention to the need for gender-specific interventions.

This study examines whether the longitudinal association between cumulative exposure to lower community attachment and adolescent health differs by gender. Using seven waves of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey spanning 2010-2016, this study examines the association between cumulative exposure to lower community attachment and self-rated health among Korean adolescents. This study estimated fixed-effects models to account for unobserved confounders at the individual level. Fixed-effects estimates revealed that cumulative exposure to lower community attachment is associated with a decreased likelihood of reporting excellent health. Starting from the initial exposure, girls' self-rated health continued to deteriorate over time. In contrast, boys' self-rated health decreased for up to 3 years of persistent exposure, but has since returned to pre-exposure levels. The association between cumulative exposure to lower levels of community attachment and a decline in self-rated health is more pronounced among girls than boys. Gender-specific community-based interventions during adolescence may be required to promote adolescent health and well-being.

A growing body of research has documented a well-established link between socioeconomic conditions and mortality among older adults. This study aims to understand (a) whether housing assets and income are associated with mortality and (b) if the value of housing assets affects the relationship between income and mortality; both questions are studied among older adults aged 65 or over in Canada.Using the population-based linked dataset (2011 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts) of 881,220 older adults over six years of follow-up (2011-2017), this study uses survival analysis to estimate the link between housing assets, income level and mortality. We also assess the potential moderating effect of housing asset levels on the association between income and mortality by categorizing individuals along two dimensions: whether they are income-poor and whether they are housing assets-poor.The mortality rate was higher among both the lowest asset (HR = 1.346) and the lowest income group (HR = 1.203). The association is pronounced for older adults aged 65 to 74. Assets did not significantly moderate the link between income and mortality. Income-related inequalities in mortality are observed among each group of housing asset level. Compared to those who are neither income-poor nor housing assets-poor, individuals who were income poor but not housing assets-poor were more likely to die (HR = 1.067) over seven years of follow-up, and people who were housing assets-poor only were more likely to die (HR = 1.210). Being housing-assets poor and income-poor yielded a higher hazard ratio (HR = 1.291).Housing assets and income are associated with mortality of older adults. It is important to identify people who are assets poor and/or income poor who are at higher risks of mortality. Social policies aimed at reducing income insecurity and housing insecurity can reduce mortality inequalities.

Objectives Housing is one of the social determinants of health, and the evidence of its impact in this area has been increasingly expanded. However, in spite of its importance, there have been few studies to investigate an association between housing and health in Korea. Our study aimed to investigate housing tenure and affordability and their effects on health outcomes in Korea. Study design We selected 9456 participants from the 10–11th wave of the Korea Welfare Panel Study, after excluding missing variables. Housing tenure and affordability were chosen as independent variables, and depressive symptoms and self-rated health were selected as dependent variables. Methods Logistic regression was implemented to investigate the association between housing tenure/affordability and health outcome, and all covariates such as sex, age, and household income were adjusted. Results Compared with homeowners, renters are more likely to have depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR]: 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08, 1.47) and poor self-rated health (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.19–1.61). Also, health effects of housing unaffordability were observed differently by tenure, showing that the likelihood of having depressive symptoms (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.13) and poor self-rated health (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.06) is significantly high among renters who reported unaffordability. Conclusion This study could provide evidence of housing as a determinant of health by showing that both housing tenure and affordability are significantly related to health outcomes.

Prior studies have suggested that spousal loss can have negative impacts on widowed persons' lives. However, few studies have examined whether time since spousal loss is related to changes in psychosocial outcomes and there are gender differences in psychosocial trajectories in response to spousal loss.This study examines the psychosocial trajectories (depressive symptoms and social engagement) of widowed individuals before and after spousal death. This study also investigates whether psychosocial adjustment trajectories, among individuals who experienced spousal loss, are gendered.This study uses data from 685 middle- and older-aged adults over seven waves (4284 person-observations) of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing spanning 12 years between 2006 and 2018. This study estimates fixed effects models to account for observed and unobserved individual-level heterogeneity. Gender-stratified fixed effects regression models are used to investigate whether psychosocial changes associated with spousal loss differ by gender.Psychosocial adjustment to spousal loss is strikingly gendered. Among men, depressive symptoms began to increase within the first year following spousal loss and continued through the fourth and subsequent years. In contrast, depressive symptoms among widows did not change significantly during and after bereavement. Similar patterns were found for social engagement. Among men, a decrease in frequency of social interactions and participation in social activities was found from the first year of spousal loss to the fourth and subsequent years. No such patterns were found for women.Spousal loss is a life event that spurs tremendous psychosocial changes for widowed people. This study suggests that spousal loss-associated psychosocial changes occur over a long period of time and are greater in men than in women.

Objectives Intimate partner violence (IPV) has only attracted limited attention in Korea despite numerous studies in Western countries that indicate IPV is associated with depressive symptoms. This study examined the association of IPV with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation as moderated by the perceived gender roles of married women in South Korea. Study design We analyzed a data set of 4659 married females from the 8th wave of the Korea Welfare Panel Study. Participants were categorized into three groups of non-IPV, non-physical IPV, and physical IPV. The presence of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation was then used to predict mental health outcomes. Methods Logistic regression helped to investigate the association of IPV and mental health. Furthermore, an interactive regression of IPV and perceived gender roles was also done. Results Each type of IPV (non-physical and physical) was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (Odds ratios [ORs]: 1.65 and 4.34; 95% confidence interval [CIs]: 1.28–2.13 and 2.71–7.28, respectively) and suicidal ideation (ORs: 1.40 and 3.84; 95% CIs: 1.06–1.85 and 2.32–6.36, respectively) after adjusting for covariates. In addition, women who experienced IPV and reported having traditional gender roles were also more likely to report depressive symptoms (OR: 4.59; 95% CI: 2.90–7.28) and suicidal ideation (OR: 7.28; 95% CI: 3.56–14.87). Conclusions Research findings indicate an increasingly marked pattern of work-family conflict in regard to the relationship between traditional gender roles and the effect of IPV on the mental health of women. Policy efforts are needed to reduce IPV as a mental health risk factor and address paternalistic traditions deeply rooted in Korean society that place women in an inferior family status.