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The single-cut fodder oat variety, HFO 427, was developed by Forage Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. It was released and notified for cultivation under timely sown, normal fertility and irrigated conditions during rabi season in South zone (Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh) of the country. It was developed through pedigree method of breeding. HFO 427 gave 320.2 q/ha green fodder yield which was 12.6% and 12.5% more than the national checks Kent (284.5 q/ha) and OS 6 (284.7 q/ha), respectively. It showed superiority of 13.5% green fodder yield than the South zone check JHO 2000-4 (282.2 q/ha). In the case of dry matter yield, the variety HFO 427 (67.4 q/ha) out yielded the best national checks Kent (61.9 q/ha) by 8.9% and OS 6 (62.3 q/ha) by 8.2%. This variety out yielded the South zone check JHO 2000-4 (56.9 q/ha) by 18.4%. The variety HFO 427 gave a seed yield of 10.4 q/ha out yielded the best national checks Kent (9.47 q/ha) by 9.9% and OS 6 (7.78 q/ha) by 33.8%. This variety out yielded the zonal check JHO 2000-4 (8.97 q/ha) by 16.0%. The estimated crude protein content was 8.4% in HFO 427 which was at a par with the national checks Kent and OS 6 and zonal check JHO 2000-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was conducted to study the effect of willow (Salix alba) based agroforestry system (AFS) on physiological and yield responses of different crops. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and mustard (Brassica juncea) were sown in their respective seasons with willow intercropping (5-year old willow based agroforestry system with a spacing of 3m×3m) and without willow intercropping i.e. as sole crop in open fields. Willow growth parameters, including basal diameter (14.35 cm) and DBH (12.19 cm) were recorded during the study. Observations were recorded on growth, physiological traits, yield attributes and economics of the intercropped species compared to their respective sole crop under willow based AFS. A significant reduction in photosynthetic rate, plant height and yield parameters was observed in all the above crops with willow-based AFS compared to open-field sole cropping system. Fodder yield in sorghum ranged from 5.41 t/ha (with willow) to 40.90 t/ha (sole crop control) whereas grain yield of wheat and barley ranged from 1.76 t/ha (with willow) and 4.33 t/ha (open field), and 0.74 t/ha (with willow) and 3.91 t/ha (open field) respectively. However, mustard seed yield ranged 0.99 t/ha (with willow) to 1.88 t/ha (sole crop). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper animal feeding practices play a fundamental role in enhancing livestock health and maximizing output. Given the governmental restrictions on green fodder cultivation in Saudi Arabia (SA) due to water conservation efforts, the use of compound feed could serve as a viable alternative for livestock farmers. This study aimed to investigate livestock farmers' farming objectives, their feeding management strategies, and the uptake of compound feed in the country. Data from 650 randomly selected livestock farmers were collected through an online survey with the assistance of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. The findings showed that most farmers raised sheep and goats for trade purposes using specialized farms and desert grazing. Alfalfa hay was widely used as a fodder along with barley grain. While approximately 47% of the farmers did not utilize compound feed, 44% reported its usage. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that formal education, farming experience, and income level significantly influenced the adoption of compound feed among livestock farmers. These results underscore the critical role of education and financial resources in promoting the use of compound feed among livestock farmers in SA. It is recommended that government institutions should develop initiatives to educate farmers on proper animal nutrition practices and provide financial support to make compound feed more affordable for low-income farmers. The widespread use of compound feed has the potential to enhance livestock health and productivity, thereby positively contributing to the food security of SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted during kharif of 2020, 2021 and 2022 at Veterinary College, Shivamogga to study the integrated nutrient management in hybrid napier cultivar CO-4. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments comprisesT1: recommended package of practices, T2: 50 per cent N through inorganic fertilizer + 50 per cent N through FYM, T3: 50 per cent N through inorganic fertilizer + 50 per cent N through poultry manure, T4: 50 per cent N through inorganic fertilizer + 50 per cent N through horse manure, T5: 50 per cent N through inorganic fertilizer + 50 per cent N through vermicompost, T6: 50 per cent N through inorganic fertilizer + 50 per cent N through swine manure, T7: 50 per cent N through inorganic fertilizer + 50 per cent N through sheep and goat manure, T8: recommended package of practices + Azotobacter were replicatedthrice. The pooled data of experimental results revealed that integrated application of 50 per cent N through inorganic fertilizer + 50 per cent N through vermicompost recorded significantly superior growth parameters of the CO-4 hybrid napier viz., plant height, number of tillers and number of leaves/tillers and green fodder yield (254.27 t/ha/year) as compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new fodder sorghum variety GFS 8 (Banas chari) breed through pedigree selection method from the cross between NR 184 × UPMC 512 at Centre for Millets Research, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Deesa, Gujarat. The fodder sorghum variety GFS 8 (Banas chari) (DSF 168) was tested in a preliminary evaluation trial (PET) in kharif 2017. It was also tested in AICRP – Sorghum in IVHT-SC trials as a SPV 2879 in kharif 2021 in fourteen locations (Zone I and Zone II) nationwide. The fodder sorghum variety GFS 8 (Banas chari) was tested under 31 state trials against various check varieties viz., GFS 5, GAFS 12, CSV 21 F, GFS 6 and CSV 46 F. The mean performance of GFS 8 (Banas chari) for green fodder yield over 31 locations, including the preliminary trial was 433.6 q/ha. In the case of dry fodder yield, the mean performance over 30 locations, including the preliminary trial was 139.7 q/ha. In Gujarat, based on 31 testing trials GFS 8 (Banas chari) exhibited high green fodder yield (433.6 q/ha) with an increment of 28.1, 24.2, 6.4 and 8.2 per cent, respectively and based on 30 location dry fodder (139.7 q/ha) with an increment of 26.6, 18.0, 6.8 and 1.8 per cent over the years and locations against checks GFS 5, GAFS 12, CSV 21 F and GFS 6 respectively. It medium may be flowers within 65-75 days, tall in nature, long & broad leaves and a thin stem diameter. It is moderately resistant to leaf blight and anthracnose diseases and exhibited lower infestation of shoot fly and stem borer. Besides the yield advantage, the variety has also recorded higher TSS (11.1% Brix) and crude protein (6.1%) as well as low HCN content (48.1 ppm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment comprising of 50 genotypes of forage sorghum was laid out in CRBD. Enough variability was observed among the genotypes under study as revealed by ANOVA. Genetic divergence analysis grouped the genotypes into six clusters based on quantitative and qualitative traits. Cluster I had the maximum number of genotypes, followed by clusters III and V with ten genotypes each; cluster IV had nine genotypes; cluster II had seven genotypes and cluster VI had only one genotype. The maximum intra cluster distance was observed in clusters I followed by cluster V and cluster III. Intra-cluster distance is measure of the amount of variability present within cluster. The highest inter-cluster distance was found between the clusters I and III followed by the clusters I and V which confirms that genotypes in these clusters are more diverse. Use of genetically diverse genotypes of clusters VI and III in hybridization program would help to evolve the genotypes with high fodder yield and good quality.

The need to import phosphorus raw materials for fertilizer purposes in Europe as well as the need to manage increasing amounts of waste contributed to the search for alternative sources of phosphorus. One of these is waste sodium–potassium phosphate from the production of polyols. Additionally, a current problem is providing an adequate amount of food, where fertilizers play the main role. Due to the increase in meat consumption, the attractiveness of growing corn for feed is increasing due to its high yield potential and rich composition. The article presents the impact of suspension fertilizers based on waste from the production of polyols on the yield of corn intended for green fodder. In a 3-year field study, the effects of a waste phosphorus source were compared with a commercial granulated phosphorus fertilizer—fosdar. In addition, the suspension fertilizers were assessed according to their composition by testing fertilizers containing only basic nutrients (NPK) and ones enriched with secondary ingredients (S and Mg) and microelements (Zn, Mn and B). The research confirmed the effectiveness of the tested suspension fertilizers. Although the yield obtained was lower than in the case of fosdar fertilization, it still remained at a high level of over 70 t∙ha−1 of fresh yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper animal feeding practices play a fundamental role in enhancing livestock health and maximizing output. Given the governmental restrictions on green fodder cultivation in Saudi Arabia (SA) due to water conservation efforts, the use of compound feed could serve as a viable alternative for livestock farmers. This study aimed to investigate livestock farmers' farming objectives, their feeding management strategies, and the uptake of compound feed in the country. Data from 650 randomly selected livestock farmers were collected through an online survey with the assistance of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. The findings showed that most farmers raised sheep and goats for trade purposes using specialized farms and desert grazing. Alfalfa hay was widely used as a fodder along with barley grain. While approximately 47% of the farmers did not utilize compound feed, 44% reported its usage. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that formal education, farming experience, and income level significantly influenced the adoption of compound feed among livestock farmers. These results underscore the critical role of education and financial resources in promoting the use of compound feed among livestock farmers in SA. It is recommended that government institutions should develop initiatives to educate farmers on proper animal nutrition practices and provide financial support to make compound feed more affordable for low-income farmers. The widespread use of compound feed has the potential to enhance livestock health and productivity, thereby positively contributing to the food security of SA.

The effect of fertilizers on the yield and quality of green fodder based on winter barley was studied to identify optimal cultivation methods. The research was carried out in 2018–2020 on low-humus heavy-clay drained leached chernozems of Adygea. Double disking at 12–16 cm was used on five backgrounds of fertilizer application: 1. Control sample (0.0 kg/ha a.s.). 2. Background N24Р104 (128 kg/ha a.s.). 3. Background + N30 (158 kg/ha a.s.). 4. Background + N45 (173 kg/ha a.s.). 5. Background + N60 (188 kg/ha a.s.). The formation of productivity took place under conditions of nutritional deficiency. Nitrogen yield was 128.3–303.7; phosphorus yield- 43.7–48.9; potassium yield – 100.9–335.1 kg/ha. It was established that The average yield was established to vary from 3.9 to 15.2 t/ha. The effectiveness of fertilizers was noted. Reliable increases in yield were obtained (1.2–10.5 t/ha, NSR05 1.4–2.4 t/ha). A significant degree of dependence of the crude protein content was revealed (r 0.5; R2 0.29; increase in 14.5–21.2%), a strong correlation of digestible protein (r 0.719; R2 0.517; 12.4–18.2%) and crude fiber (r 0.96; R2 0.92; 23.6–34.8%) from increasing fertilizer standards. It was established that application of fertilizer dose of 188 kg/ha a.is. (N24P104 + N60), using a resource-saving method of soil cultivation, made it possible to obtain the highest level of yield for the varieties of Romance – 15.2 t/ha, Dobrynya – 14.7 t/ha, Kondrat – 14.2 t/ha, Carioca – 7.4 t/ha. This cultivation method was the most optimal and expedient economically and energetically. The payback of 1 kilo of a.s. of fertilizers with grass mixture yield was the highest: 56.5; 45.2; 50.4; 20.2 kg, with increase: 15930; 12750; 22 140; 5700 rub. Reduced energy intensity of the varieties of Dobrynya 2.35 – 1.7; Kondrat 3.11 – 1.84; Romance 3.10 – 1.74 GJ/t, indicated the effectiveness of cultivation techniques.

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Forage supply has been stressed due to the rapid increase in China's livestock consumption. However, the long-term dynamics of the relationships between forage demand and multi-sourced supply are not understood. Here, we examine the annual forage demand, or practical carrying capacity (PCC), and supply, or theoretical carrying capacity (TCC) from 2000 to 2019 in China. We construct a forage supply-demand index (FSDI) to represent the forage supply pressure using MODIS-derived net primary productivity products and provincial statistical datasets, and we consider two scenarios. First, natural grasslands are the sole source of forage. Second, natural grassland forage supply is supplemented with straw crops. We find an increase in PCC in northwestern China's major pastoral and agropastoral provincial regions, including Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai, at rate of 0.24-3.59 million sheep units (SU) a year. As the primary source of forage, the theoretical carrying capacity of natural grasslands (TCCgrass) expanded at a rate of 3 million SU/yr nationally. Crop straws fed 126.58 million SU nationally in 2019, which accounted for 11.3% of the total practical carrying capacity and alleviated the forage supply pressure by reducing FSDI by 26.56%. During 2000–2019, the theoretical carrying capacity of straw crops (TCCcrop) increased rapidly from 76.5 million SU to 126.6 million SU, which accounted for 10%-15% of the total forage supply at the national scale. We also discovered large carrying capacity gaps (TCCgap) in the northwestern pastoral provincial regions of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, and some agricultural provinces such as Shandong and Henan, when we considered forage supply from both natural grasslands and straw crops. Our findings showed a large forage gap in the traditional pastoral regions, and we also discussed green fodder as a potential solution for balancing the supply of and demand for forage, which may shed light on crop and forage planning.

The present study was conducted with 15 genotypes at experimental area of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2021 with an objective to assess the variability, correlations and path coefficients among different forage and quality traits. The traits like leaf stem ratio followed by number of branches per plant, stem girth, number of leaves per plant, dry matter yield and green fodder yield exhibited high PCVand GCVvalues. High heritability (> 90%) was observed for plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, stem girth, days to flowering and leaf stem ratio while more than 85% heritability was observed for green fodder yield. Higher genetic advance was observed for leaf stem ratio (48.9%) followed by number of branches per plant (35.9%), stem girth (32.1%) and number of leaves per plant (25.3%). Traits like plant height (0.42), number of branches per plant (0.75), stem girth (0.61) had significant positive correlation with green fodder yield. High positive direct effects were observed for number of branches per plant (0.890), acid detergent fiber (0.620), Leaf stem ratio (0.514), dry matter yield (0.508) and number of leaves (0.419).The results revealed that traits like number of leaves per plant, leaf stem ratio and number of branches per plant are the main forage yield components which can be improved through selection.

Dual-purpose cereals culturally provide the opportunity to graze a crop during the vegetative phase, and still harvest grain yield at the end of the growing season. It can also help to face climatic changes like frost or dry conditions risk. The aim of the study was to determine the benefits of a dual-purpose barley culture in relation to livestock feed, human nutrition, risk mitigation, and whether a malting variety can also be used for dual-purpose use. A field experiment was carried out in the farm of Nubaria Agricultural Research Station, El-Behera Governorate, Egypt, using five barley varieties during the two successive growing seasons of 2019/2020 - 2020/2021 for dual purpose utilization. No significant differences between the two seasons. The cutting treatment revealed significant or highly significant differences on all studied traits except number of tillers.m-2 and number of spikes.m-2. Green forage weight was highly significantly affected. Concerning normal cultivation, the differences among the five barley cultivars were highly significant for all studied traits except number of spikes m-2. Significant or highly significant differences were found among studied traits concerning cultivars and cutting treatment interaction. Normal cultivation conditions also exhibited that Giza 132 gave the highest grain yield followed by Giza133 and Giza 126. While Giza 2000 gave the heaviest green forage weight followed by Giza 133 and Giza 126 under dual purpose utilization. Moreover, under dual purpose utilization, Giza 126 and Giza 2000 were the best barley cultivars for both green forage and grain yield production. The existing improved dual barley variety conserve the purpose in specified environment as alternative for the green forage demand without sacrificing the grain yield in the rainfed, arid, and semi-arid regions of Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual purpose wheat i.e., for grain as well as for green fodder purposes is a novel concept in the world. In view of this, the experiment was conducted on Research Farm of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rabi season of 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 to study the effect of different seed rates and fertilizer levels on green fodder, grain productivity and economics of dual purpose wheat in western Haryana. The field experiment was laid out in split plot design with two varieties i.e., C 306 and WH 1105 with cutting management practices in main plots and different seed rates with various fertilizer levels in sub plots. Significantly higher green fodder yield, yield attributes, NPK, protein and crude protein content of green fodder were observed in cultivar WH 1105 over C 306 and wheat supplied with 130% RDF over 115 and 100% RDF with either seed rate. Cultivation of C 306 under cut management practices sown at 125 kg/ha seed rate with 130% RDF was observed more economical with higher B-C ratio than WH 1105 and no cut management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents the results of a 3-year field trial aimed at assessing the yield and quality of raw material for ensiling in the cultivation of three maize varieties differing in their agronomic and genetic profile, conditioned by the selection of nitrogen fertilizer. Maize cultivar ES Metronom showed a significant advantage over other cultivars when fertilized with UltraGrain stabile, or alternatively Super N-46. The application of nitrogen-stabilized fertilizers or urea + N-Lock significantly increased the yield of maize green fodder for ensiling. The "stay-green" maize cultivars were characterized by a higher content of non-structural carbohydrates, including starch and water-soluble sugars, and a lower content of structural carbohydrates, compared to the conventional cultivar, which increased their suitability for ensiling. The negative effect of maize fertilization with ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate + N-Lock on the chemical composition of green fodder was demonstrated by a reduced starch content and increased structural carbohydrate contents, including crude fiber and NDF. In turn, the positive effect of maize fertilization with urea and urea + N-Lock on the chemical composition of maize fodder was shown by increased starch content and reduced structural carbohydrate contents, including crude fiber and its NDF and ADF fractions. The analysis of the number and weight of leaves may indicate a highly effective utilization of nitrogen ("stay-green" maize hybrids), leading to the faster formation of leaves with a larger assimilation surface, which is the basis for the efficient absorption of solar radiation. The results obtained clearly show that only the correct choice of maize variety for silage cultivation, combined with nitrogen fertilizer guaranteeing access to N during the growing season, can guarantee a high yield for ensiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was carried out to find out the effect of cutting height on the growth and yield of green fodder for two cultivars of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) in one of a farmer's field in Al-Rumaitha district, north of Al-Muthanna Governorate during the 2018-2019 agricultural season in a silty clay loam soil textures. Two varieties (Al-Masqawi, Al-Wafer) of Berseem were used symbolled by (V1 and V2), respectively, placed in the secondary plots. Three levels of cutting heights were (5, 8, 11) cm in the main plots, which were given the symbols (C1, C2 and C3), respectively. A split plots system was used according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that there is a significant difference between varieties in most growth characteristics and yield of green fodder, as Al-Masqawi variety was superior in the characteristics of plant height of the three cuts, number of branches, the ratio of weight leaves to branches, and the yield of green fodder in the first cut, while Al-Wafer variety in the second cut outperformed in characteristics of a number of branches and the ratio of the weight of leaves branches and the yield of green fodder, the varieties had no significant effect on total green fodder yield for a total of three cuts. The results also show significant differences between the levels of cut in some of the characteristics; the height of cutting (8 cm) was recorded as a higher average in a characteristic of total yield of total green fodder for three compared to rest level of cuts. The height of the cut level of 5 cm was also significantly higher in the characteristics of plant height, a number of branches, the ratio of leaf weight to branches, and green fodder yield compared to the height of cut level (11 cm), which scored the lowest average for the traits mentioned above. The interaction between two study factors did not significantly affect all growth characteristics and yield of green fodder of the three cuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroponic fodder production in controlled environment (CE) settings have gained more focus in recent years due to the shortage of agricultural land for food production and the adverse effect of climate changes. However, the operation costs and dry matter issues are the major concerns for the sustainability of fodder production in the CE. This study provides a comprehensive literature review on techniques and control strategies for indoor environments and watering that are currently used and could be adopted in the future to achieve the economic and environmental sustainability of controlled environment fodder production (CEFP). The literature indicates fodder production in the modular system is becoming popular in developed countries, and low-tech systems like greenhouse are more prevalent in developing countries. The optimum temperature and RH range between 16-27°C and 70-80% to get efficient biomass yield; however, minimal research has been conducted to optimize the indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH) for efficient and higher efficiency fodder production. Besides, the water-saving techniques and optimal lighting spectrum need to be studied extensively. Automating and monitoring in CEFP system could reduce operating costs and improve quality and yield. Overall, this industry might have great potential for livestock production. Still, more strong research needs to be conducted to answer nutritional concerns and reduce the capital and operating costs for CEFP.

This study assessed the impact of improved green fodder production activities on technical efficiency (TE) of dairy farmers in climate vulnerable landscapes of central India. We estimated stochastic production frontiers, considering potential self-selection bias stemming from both observable and unobservable factors in adoption of fodder interventions at farm level. The empirical results show that TE for treated group ranges from 0.55 to 0.59 and that for control ranges from 0.41 to 0.48, depending on how biases are controlled. Additionally, the efficiency levels of both adopters and non-adopters would be underestimated if the selectivity bias is not appropriately accounted. As the average TE is consistently higher for adopter farmers than the control group, promoting improved fodder cultivation would increase input use efficiency, especially in resource-deprived small holder dairy farmers in the semi-arid tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing livestock production due to high demand for consumption, the planted area of green fodder, an essential livestock supplement, has grown rapidly and will continue to grow in China. However, the climate feedback of this rapid land cover conversion is still unclear. Using multisource data (e.g. remote sensing observation and meteorological data), we compared the land surface temperature of green fodder plantation areas and native grassland in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The green fodder area was detected to be cooler than the native grassland by −0.54 ± 0.98 °C in the daytime throughout the growing season. The highest magnitude (−1.20 ± 1.68 °C) of cooling was observed in August. A nonradiative process, indicated by the energy redistribution factor, dominated the cooling effects compared to the radiative process altered by albedo variation. The results indicate the potential cooling effects of increasing green fodder area on native grassland, highlighting the necessity of investigating climate feedback from anthropogenic land use change, including green fodder expansion.

This study aimed to identify the economic dimension of directing treated wastewater to the production of green fodder. To achieve its objectives, the study relied on economic equations, the method of using multiple criteria, and a scoring technique for prioritization. The study showed that green fodder is a crop that depletes water, as it consumes about 67.27% of the water used for agricultural purposes. In determining the priority of regions intending to use treated wastewater, the ranking put Riyadh region first, followed by the eastern region, the Qassim region, Hail, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Tabuk, Asir, Al-Jawf, Jizan, Madinah, Najran, the northern borders, and Al-Baha, in this order. The area that can be cultivated with forage crops is estimated to be about 53.05 thousand hectares, with a production of 953.75 thousand tons. The cost of treating wastewater to make it usable amounts to 2126.22 million riyals, while the value of the benefits gained from its use is 2508.95 million riyals; thus, the Saudi agricultural economy achieves a net gain estimated at about 382.73 million riyals annually. Therefore, this study recommends the use of treated wastewater in the production of green fodder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal husbandry is a major economic activity of farming systems of arid Rajasthan contributing more than 50% in the total economy. Regular and assured supply of feed and fodder is essential for sustainable livestock development. The aim of the present study was to estimate the feed and fodder demand and availability for existing livestock based on secondary data collected from different sources. The total annual availability of feed and fodder for livestock in arid Rajasthan worked out to be 38.46 million tons against the requirement of 58.39 million tons. The supply of dry roughages is exceeded by 5.03% against the requirement of 16.71 million tons. The surplus availability of roughages was observed in Hanumangarh, Sri Ganganagar, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Jalore and Bikaner districts. The highest shortfall of green fodder was observed in Churu followed by Nagaur, Jalore and Sikar district. The demand for concentrate exceeded more than 50% in most of the districts and it was highest in Barmer, Nagaur and Jaisalmer. To mitigate the deficit supply of green and dry fodder, silvopastoral models should be included in the policies for livestock development. The establishment of fodder banks with complete and balanced fodder block making machines in cluster of villages, and promotion of dual purpose crops through extension may need more attention by the state government to mitigate the shortfall of feed and fodder supply.

In the present study, a total of 22 pearl millet genotypes were evaluated during kharif, 2017. The genotypes were analyzed for genetic variability, correlation and path coefficients. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the 12 characters viz., plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per tiller, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf-stem ratio, dry matter yield per plant, green fodder yield per plant, crude protein, crude fibre, fat content and ash content studied, indicating the presence of sufficient variability in the experimental materials of pearl millet genotypes. The estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation were lesser than that of phenotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits except ash content per cent, indicating the role of environmental influence over the characters studied. High heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for green fodder yield per plant, dry matter yield per plant, fat content, crude protein content and ash content. This indicated the prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance; hence selection of these traits would facilitate the improvement of both fodder yield and quality. Correlation and path analysis revealed that the traits viz., plant height, leaf breadth and dry matter yield per plant might be responsible for increasing the green fodder yield per plant in fodder pearl millet.

This experiment aims to establish the productivity and quality of several rapeseed hybrids grown for green fodder in the region of Central Southern Bulgaria. The experiment was conducted for three years (2017-2020) in the experimental field of the Department of Plant Growing at AU Plovdiv, by the block method, in 4 replications, with a harvest plot size of 20 m2 . The subject of the experiment is the hybrids PT225, PT234, PR44W29, and PT271. Harvesting of rapeseed for green mass is done in the flowering phase. It was found that the best ratio of individual parts of plants combined with the highest content of crude protein and the lowest crude fiber was reported in the hybrid PT225. During the three years of the experiment and on average for the study period, the highest yield of green mass was obtained from the hybrid PT234 (69 250 kg/ha). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]