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Due to busy schedules and a lack of tracking of food that is stored, a lot of food is wasted every day in households. According to the UNEP Food Waste Index Report 2021, India’s household food waste amounts to 50 kg per person per year, or over 68 million tons. In 2023, India would have produced over 68 million tons of food waste. Food waste is rising quickly every year. The following variables will affect food loss and waste (FLW) at the consumer level: improper food storage, including not using it before it goes bad. Partially used ingredients, preparing meals beyond necessity, and poor visibility of food in freezers are the main causes of food spoiling at home. According to data from the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), one-third of India’s food is wasted or spoils before it is eaten. This can be minimized by tracking food in smart containers, which work for both packed and unpacked food. This can be used with or without a refrigerator.

The “Transit Guard” project represents a cutting-edge endeavour aimed at revolutionizing public transportation by implementing ticketless travel on buses and trains and tracking the number of passengers traveling. This project introduces a comprehensive system designed to enhance fare compliance, improve passenger convenience, and to avoid revenue losses due to ticketless traveling. Key components of the project include the development of a user-friendly mobile app for ticket purchase and validation, giving the number of passengers traveling in the bus and at the same time keeping track of how many passengers purchased the ticket through mobile app or offline ticket purchasing for each stop. “Transit Guard” not only curbs revenue losses for transit agencies but also fosters a culture of responsible travel and adherence to transit policies. By offering multiple ticketing options and ensuring accessibility, the project caters to all passengers, regardless of smartphone ownership. The result is an equitable, efficient, and secure public transportation experience the benefits both computers and transit providers, ultimately advancing the vision of fair and reliable transit systems.

Our method is to keep a close eye on the patient’s health and inform the person responsible for their care on a regular basis. Since it is not possible for an individual to always watch over a single patient in a hospital setting, the primary objective is to monitor the patient around-the-clock. There is going to be aWe employed an apparatus that continuously observed the patient and sent frequent updates to the attending physician, regardless of the physician’s location. This device also has an extra feature that allows it to sound an alarm to notify hospital staff members of a patient emergency.

The primary objective of this project is to develop a robust and secure system that uses blockchain technology as well as Ethereum and IoT sensors to create a transparent and automated irrigation management solution for farmers. The key components of this innovative system include IoT sensors for real-time data collection, smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain for transparent and immutable record keeping, and a user-friendly interface for farmers to monitor and control their irrigation systems remotely. The blockchain will provide data security to avoid the problem of data manipulation; because the IoT components will produce large volumes of data, the data must be securely maintained.

Sharing traffic information on the vehicular network can help in the implementation of intelligent traffic management, such as car accident warnings, road construction notices, and driver route changes to reduce traffic congestion earlier. If the exposed traffic incident is incorrect, the driving route will be misleading, and the driving response may be in danger. The blockchain ensures the correctness of data and tampers resistance in the consensus mechanism, which can solve such similar problems. The traffic data are collected through the roadside units, and the passing vehicles will verify the correctness when receiving the event notification. We employ data collection, preprocessing, sentiment analysis, geospatial analysis, and machine learning techniques to automatically identify and categorize traffic events, such as accidents, congestion, or road closures, based on information shared by users on various social media platforms. The framework aims to provide accurate and timely insights into traffic conditions, enabling better urban planning and incident response.

In remote sensing, owing to existing sensors' limitations and the tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and instantaneous field of view (IFOV), it is difficult to obtain a single image with good spectral and spatial resolution. Pansharpening (PS) is the technique for sharpening multispectral (MS) images by extracting structural and edge information of panchromatic (PAN) image. Multiscale decomposition methods are used for decomposing image in sub-bands but are affected by ringing artifacts, therefore the resultant image seems to be blurred and misregistered. The proposed method overcomes this drawback by decomposing PAN and four band MS image into cartoon and texture components with total variation (TV) Hilbert − 1 model. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for finding the optimum weight for fusing texture and cartoon details of PAN and MS images. The proposed method is practically validated on both full-scale and reduced-scale. Robustness of our proposed approach is tested on different geographical areas such as hilly, urban, and vegetation areas. From the visual analysis and qualitative parameters, the proposed method is proved effective compared with other traditional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharing traffic information on the vehicular network can help in the implementation of intelligent traffic management, such as car accident warnings, road construction notices, and driver route changes to reduce traffic congestion earlier. If the exposed traffic incident is incorrect, the driving route will be misleading, and the driving response may be in danger. The blockchain ensures the correctness of data and tampers resistance in the consensus mechanism, which can solve such similar problems. The traffic data are collected through the roadside units, and the passing vehicles will verify the correctness when receiving the event notification. We employ data collection, preprocessing, sentiment analysis, geospatial analysis, and machine learning techniques to automatically identify and categorize traffic events, such as accidents, congestion, or road closures, based on information shared by users on various social media platforms. The framework aims to provide accurate and timely insights into traffic conditions, enabling better urban planning and incident response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our method is to keep a close eye on the patient's health and inform the person responsible for their care on a regular basis. Since it is not possible for an individual to always watch over a single patient in a hospital setting, the primary objective is to monitor the patient around-the-clock. There is going to be aWe employed an apparatus that continuously observed the patient and sent frequent updates to the attending physician, regardless of the physician's location. This device also has an extra feature that allows it to sound an alarm to notify hospital staff members of a patient emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this project is to develop a robust and secure system that uses blockchain technology as well as Ethereum and IoT sensors to create a transparent and automated irrigation management solution for farmers. The key components of this innovative system include IoT sensors for real-time data collection, smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain for transparent and immutable record keeping, and a user-friendly interface for farmers to monitor and control their irrigation systems remotely. The blockchain will provide data security to avoid the problem of data manipulation; because the IoT components will produce large volumes of data, the data must be securely maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Transit Guard" project represents a cutting-edge endeavour aimed at revolutionizing public transportation by implementing ticketless travel on buses and trains and tracking the number of passengers traveling. This project introduces a comprehensive system designed to enhance fare compliance, improve passenger convenience, and to avoid revenue losses due to ticketless traveling. Key components of the project include the development of a user-friendly mobile app for ticket purchase and validation, giving the number of passengers traveling in the bus and at the same time keeping track of how many passengers purchased the ticket through mobile app or offline ticket purchasing for each stop. "Transit Guard" not only curbs revenue losses for transit agencies but also fosters a culture of responsible travel and adherence to transit policies. By offering multiple ticketing options and ensuring accessibility, the project caters to all passengers, regardless of smartphone ownership. The result is an equitable, efficient, and secure public transportation experience the benefits both computers and transit providers, ultimately advancing the vision of fair and reliable transit systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To establish the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) equivalence of proposed biosimilar Insulin N (Biocon's Insulin‐N; Biocon Biologics Ltd., Bangalore, India) and US‐licensed Humulin® N (Humulin‐N; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA) in healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: This was a phase‐1, single‐centre, double‐blind, randomized, three‐period, six‐sequence, partially replicated, crossover, 24‐h euglycaemic clamp study. Overall, 90 healthy subjects were randomized, of whom 85 completed the study. The subjects received either two single doses of Biocon's Insulin‐N and a single dose of Humulin‐N or two single doses of Humulin‐N and a single dose of Biocon's Insulin‐N subcutaneously at a dose of 0.4 IU/kg. The primary PK endpoints were the area under the insulin concentration‐time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUCins.0‐24h) and the maximum insulin concentration (Cins.max). The primary PD endpoints were the area under the glucose infusion rate (GIR) curve from 0 to 24 h (AUCGIR.0‐24h) and the maximum GIR (GIRmax). Results: Biocon's Insulin‐N was found to be equivalent to Humulin‐N for the primary PK (geometric 90% confidence interval for the least squares mean ratio: AUCins.0‐24h, 100.98%‐115.66% and Cins.max, 95.91%‐110.16%) and PD endpoints (intra‐subject variability ≥0.294; 95% upper confidence interval [(μT – μR)2 − θσ2WR] <0; point estimates of geometric least squares mean ratio: AUCGIR.0‐24h, 104.61% and GIRmax, 100.81%). The safety profile of Biocon's Insulin‐N was similar to that of Humulin‐N, and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: PK and PD equivalence was shown between Biocon's Insulin‐N and Humulin‐N in healthy subjects, and both treatments were well tolerated and considered safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical satellite sensors encounter certain constraints on producing high-resolution multispectral (HRMS) images. Pan-sharpening (PS) is a remote sensing image fusion technique, which is an effective mechanism to overcome the limitations of available imaging products. The prevalent issue in PS algorithms is the imbalance between spatial quality and spectral details preservation, thereby producing intensity variations in the fused image. In this paper, a PS method is proposed based on convolutional sparse coding (CSC) implemented in the non-subsampled shearlet transform (NSST) domain. The source images, panchromatic (PAN) and multispectral (MS) images, are decomposed using NSST. The resultant high-frequency bands are fused using adaptive weights determined from chaotic grey wolf optimization (CGWO) algorithm. The CSC-based model is employed to fuse the low-frequency bands. Further, an iterative filtering mechanism is developed to enhance the quality of fused image. Four datasets with different geographical content like urban area, vegetation, etc. and eight existing algorithms are used for evaluation of the proposed PS method. The comprehensive visual and quantitative results approve that the proposed method accomplishes considerable improvement in spatial and spectral details equivalence in the pan-sharpened image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspite of technological advancement, inherent processing capability of current age sensors limits the desired details in the acquired image for variety of remote sensing applications. Pan-sharpening is a prominent scheme to integrate the essential spatial details inferred from panchromatic (PAN) image and the desired spectral information of multispectral (MS) image. This paper presents an effective two-stage pan-sharpening method to produce high resolution multispectral (HRMS) image. The proposed method is based on the premise that the HRMS image can be formulated as an amalgam of spectral and spatial components. The spectral components are estimated by processing the interpolated MS image with a filter approximated with modulation transfer function (MTF) of the sensor. Sparse representation theory is adapted to construct the spatial components. The high-frequency details extracted from the PAN image and its low resolution variant are utilized to construct dual dictionaries. The dictionaries are jointly learned by an efficient training algorithm to enhance the adaptability. The hypothesis of sparse coefficients invariance over scales is also incorporated to reckon the appropriate spatial information. Further, an iterative filtering mechanism is developed to enhance the quality of fused image. Four distinct datasets generated from QuickBird, IKONOS, Pléiades and WorldView-2 sensors are used for experimentation. The comprehensive assessment at reduced-scale and full-scale persuade the effectiveness of proposed method in the retention of spectral information and intensification of the spatial details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pan-sharpening is a remote sensing image fusion technique that generates a high-resolution multispectral (HRMS) image on combining a low resolution multispectral (MS) image and a panchromatic (PAN) image. In this paper, a new optimisation model is proposed for pan-sharpening. The proposed model consists of three terms: (i) a data synthesis fidelity term formulated on inferring the relationship between source MS image and fused image to preserve the spectral information, (ii) a total generalised variation-based prior term to inject the significant spatial details from PAN image to pan-sharpened image, and (iii) a spectral distortion reduction term that exploits the correlation between multispectral image bands. To solve the resultant convex optimisation problem, an efficient and convergence guaranteed operator splitting framework based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm is formulated. Finally, the proposed model is experimentally validated using full-resolution and reduced-resolution data. The pan-sharpened outcomes exhibit the potential of the proposed method in enhancing the spatial and spectral quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pansharpening (PS) is a prominent remote sensing image fusion technique. It yields high-resolution multispectral (HRMS) images, which are imperative for the applications, such as recognition and detection. The PS methods based on conventional sparse representation induce blurring effects and are unable to preserve the essential spatial details in the fused outcome. In this article, to overcome these drawbacks, a robust fusion scheme is proposed based on convolutional sparse coding (CSC). The source images are decomposed into its constituent texture and cartoon components. The sparse coefficient maps are acquired from texture components by adapting CSC. Texture components are fused using activity level measurement, whereas averaging mechanism is used to fuse the cartoon components. The HRMS image is reconstructed by combining the fused components in proportion to the gradient information. Impact of number of filters on quality metrics estimation is analyzed. Comprehensive experiments are performed on the images acquired from distinct sensors. The proposed method is evaluated in terms of visual analysis and the quantitative metrics with reduced-scale and full-scale experiments. Extensive evaluations manifest the capability of the proposed method of maintaining the balanced tradeoff and retaining the desired spatial and spectral details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Algorithm is proposed for removing the drawbacks of ciphered MELP decryption information when a system transmits information over a Wireless HF fading channel environment. So that a new scheme for deciding the interleaving information over a wireless environment is described. In this new scheme we utilized the technique of variable interleaving depth in the place of fixed interleaving information which produces a better performance through the simulations over a HF fading channel. The result of our algorithm shows that the BER performance of the proposed efficient interleaving scheme is better than the fixed interleaving information scheme. Our proposed algorithm which gives the better performance than existing ciphered MELP Decryption algorithm by using the simulation confirm of particular note is that the dynamic allocation algorithm (DAA) reduces degraded error bits by up to 25%, compared with static allocation algorithm (SAA) of depth 48 in HF channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security of computer architecture is basis of trusted system. For the sake of compromising to commerce, trusted computing platform's product is really not the best secure architecture. It is short of supporting trust spread because of chain trust relationship. So we put forward a specific trust model, and then advance a secure and reconfigurable architecture distinguished from traditional architectures. The model can give prominence to trusted root and reduce the loss of trust after trust chain had transferred. We also design out new architecture according to our model. The prototype system validates that new architecture can effectively resolve trust expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In wireless sensor networks, energy and communication bandwidth are precious resources. Traditionally, layering has been used as a design principle for network stacks; hence routing protocols assume no knowledge of the application behavior in the sensor node. In resource-constrained sensor-nodes, there is simultaneously a need and an opportunity to optimize the protocol to match the application. In this paper, we design a network architecture that efficiently supports multi-scale communication and collaboration among sensors. The architecture complements the previously proposed Abstract Regions architecture for local communication and collaboration. We design a self-organizing hierarchical overlay that scales to a large number of sensors and enables multiresolution collaboration. We design effective Network Programming Interfaces to simplify the development of applications on top of the architecture; these interfaces are efficiently implemented in the network layer. The overlay hierarchy can adapt to match the collaboration requirements of the application and data both temporally and spatially. We present an initial evaluation of our design under simulation to show that it leads to reduced communication overhead, thereby saving energy. We are currently building our architecture in the TinyOS environment to demonstrate its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extension of networking and the scientific style are feeding the progress of network and distributed computing in different directions with regard to information, great amount of endorsed users only, confidentiality and integrity of insider attacks and identify thefts in network-distributed environments, in this work we propose a lightweight cryptography algorithm, combining the strong and highly secure asymmetric cryptography technique with the symmetric cryptography the technique we proposed implements a whole secure file system, which preserves and ensures the security of both data and file system structures. In the paper we describe in detail the secure distributed file system structure and the algorithms implementing its interface operations. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we also describe its implementation into a Grid environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archiving the websites in their entirety is a difficult task and it needs both good mirroring and spidering techniques. Open source website archiving tools that are available are not able to completely search and down load some of the web pages and images. The main objective of this study and analysis is to develop a comprehensive website archiving tool that re-creates the site completely and useful for offline browsing. In this paper, the performance evaluation of open source website archiving tools like, HTTrack and cURL , based on certain objective unit tests has been done and a study has been conducted to compare the basic drawbacks of different archiving tools. As the WWW keeps growing at an incredible rate day by day , complete mirroring of a complex website is very difficult, and entails the same logic (reading HTML, Java script and Flash) that browsers use[1]. Spidering and collecting links and text is simple by comparison. Accurate archiving imposes unique needs, which requires spidering to be comprehensive and mirroring highly accurate. Most spidering tools lacked good basic mirroring ability. Very few searched .js or .css files for links, parsed those pages and followed what browsers and web users see as obvious links. Many did not download images, but relied on live original sites to feed these images to the archive viewer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mobile ad hoc network consists of wireless hosts that may move often. Movement of hosts results in a change in routes, requiring some mechanism for determining new routes. Several routing protocols have already been proposed for ad hoc networks. This paper suggests an approach to utilize location information to improve performance of routing protocols for ad hoc networks. By using location information, the proposed Location-Aided Routing protocols limit the search for a new route to a smaller "request zone" of the ad hoc network. This results in a significant reduction in the number of routing messages. We present two algorithms to determine the request zone, and also suggest potential optimizations to our algorithms. Mobile ad hoc networks consist of wireless mobile hosts that communicate with each other, in the absence of a fixed infrastructure.1 Routes between two hosts in a Mobile Ad hoc Network may consist of hops through other hosts in the network. Host mobility can cause frequent unpredictable topology changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design for our latest backpack to support mobile outdoor augmented reality, and how it evolved from lessons learned with our previous designs. We present a number of novel features which help to reduce size and weight, improve reliability and ease of configuration, and reduce CPU usage on laptop computers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]