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We present a method for visualizing and navigating large screening datasets while also taking into account their activities and properties. Our approach is to annotate the data with all possible scaffolds contained within each molecule. We have developed a Spotfire visualization, coupled to a fuzzy clustering approach based on the scaffold decomposition of the screening deck, used to drive the hit triage process. Progression decisions can be made using aggregate scaffold parameters and data from multiple datasets merged at the scaffold level. This visualization reveals overlaps that help prioritize hits, highlight tractable series, and posit ways to combine aspects of multiple hits. The structure-activity relationship of a large and complex hit is automatically mapped onto all constituent scaffolds making it possible to navigate, via any shared scaffold, to all related hits. This scaffold "walking" helps address bias toward a handful of potent and ligand-efficient molecules at the expense of coverage of chemical space. We consider two scaffold generation methods and explored their similarities and differences both qualitatively and quantitatively. The workflow of a Spotfire visualization used in combination with fuzzy clustering and structure annotation provides an intuitive view of large and diverse screening datasets. This allows teams to effortlessly navigate between structurally related molecules and enriches the population of leads considered and progressed in a manner complementary to established approaches.

DNA-encoded small-molecule library technology has recently emerged as a new paradigm for identifying ligands against drug targets. To date, this technology has been used with soluble protein targets that are produced and used in a purified state. Here, we describe a cell-based method for identifying small-molecule ligands from DNA-encoded libraries against integral membrane protein targets. We use this method to identify novel, potent, and specific inhibitors of NK3, a member of the tachykinin family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The method is simple and broadly applicable to other GPCRs and integral membrane proteins. We have extended the application of DNA-encoded library technology to membrane-associated targets and demonstrate the feasibility of selecting DNA-tagged, small-molecule ligands from complex combinatorial libraries against targets in a heterogeneous milieu, such as the surface of a cell.

Discovery of the novel HLA-B*5149 allele in a North American Caucasian individual is described. It differs from B*510101 by one nucleotide within the coding sequence of exons 1-6. A substitution at nucleotide position 488 in exon 3 changes alanine to glycine in amino acid position 139.

Objective Bornholm eye disease (BED) consists of X-linked high myopia, high cylinder,optic nerve hypoplasia, reduced electroretinographic flicker with abnormalphotopic responses, and deuteranopia. The disease maps to chromosome Xq28and is the first designated high-grade myopia locus (MYP1). We studied a second family from Minnesota with a similar X-linkedphenotype, also of Danish descent. All affected males had protanopia insteadof deuteranopia. Methods X chromosome genotyping, fine-point mapping, and haplotype analysisof the DNA from 22 Minnesota family individuals (8 affected males and 5 carrierfemales) and 6 members of the original family with BED were performed. Haplotypecomparisons and mutation screening of the red-green cone pigment gene arraywere performed on DNA from both kindreds. Results Significant maximum logarithm of odds scores of 3.38 and 3.11 at thetas;= 0.0 were obtained with polymorphic microsatellite markersDXS8106andDXYS154,respectively, in theMinnesota family. Haplotype analysis defined an interval of 34.4 cM at chromosomeXq27.3-Xq28. Affected males had a red-green pigment hybrid gene consistentwith protanopia. We genotyped Xq27-28 polymorphic markers of the family withBED, and narrowed the critical interval to 6.8 cM. The haplotypes of the affectedindividuals were different from those of the Minnesota pedigree. Bornholmeye disease–affected individuals showed the presence of a green-redhybrid gene consistent with deuteranopia. Conclusions Because of the close geographic origin of the 2 families, we expectedaffected individuals to have the same haplotype in the vicinity of the samemutation. Mapping studies, however, suggested independent mutations of thesame gene. The red-green and green-red hybrid genes are common X-linked colorvision defects, and thus are unrelated to the high myopia and other eye abnormalitiesin these 2 families. Clinical Relevance X-linked high myopia with possible cone dysfunction has been mappedto chromosome Xq28 with intervals of 34.4 and 6.8 centimorgan for 2 familiesof Danish origin.