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The structural determintation of 2B4 through the antiplatelet drugs clopidogrel and ticlopidine, which are expected to have greater freedom of movement in the binding pocket, is described. The ability of 2B4 active site to accommodate small ligands by moving only a small number of side chains indicated that ligand reorientation is energetically favored over protein conformational changes for binding of these similarly sized molecules.

X-ray crystallography is utilized to determine two ligand occupancy structures of cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP2B4) in complex with 1-biphenyl-4-methyl-1H-imidazole (1-PBI). The CYP2B4-1-PBI complex is found to be a structural intermediate to the closed (4-chlorophenyl)imidazole (CPI) and the open bifonazole structures.

The mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP2B4) by 9-ethynylphenanthrene (9EP) has been investigated. The partition ratio and kinact are 0.2 and 0.25 min-1, respectively. Intriguingly, the inactivation exhibits sigmoidal kinetics with a Hill coefficient of 2.5 and an S50 of 4.5 μM indicative of homotropic cooperativity. Enzyme inactivation led to an increase in mass of the apo-CYP2B4 by 218 Da as determined by electrospray ionization liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, consistent with covalent protein modification. The modified CYP2B4 was purified to homogeneity and its structure determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure showed that 9EP is covalently attached to Oγ of Thr 302 via an ester bond, which is consistent with the increased mass of the protein. The presence of the bulky phenanthrenyl ring resulted in inward rotations of Phe 297 and Phe 206, leading to a compact active site. Thus, binding of another molecule of 9EP in the active site is prohibited. However, results from the quenching of 9EP fluorescence by unmodified or 9EP-modified CYP2B4 revealed at least two binding sites with distinct affinities, with the low-affinity site being the catalytic site and the high-affinity site on the protein periphery. Computer-aided docking and molecular dynamics simulations with one or two ligands bound revealed that the high-affinity site is situated at the entrance of a substrate access channel surrounded by the F' helix, β1-β2 loop, and β4 loop and functions as an allosteric site to enhance the efficiency of activation of the acetylenic group of 9EP and subsequent covalent modification of Thr 302. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combined structural and computational analysis of rabbit cytochrome P450 2B4 covalently bound to the mechanism-based inactivator tert-butylphenylacetylene (tBPA) has yielded insight into how the enzyme retains partial activity. Since conjugation to tBPA modifies a highly conserved active site residue, the residual activity of tBPA-labeled 2B4 observed in previous studies was puzzling. Here we describe the first crystal structures of a modified mammalian P450, which show an oxygenated metabolite of tBPA conjugated to Thr 302 of helix I. These results are consistent with previous studies that identified Thr 302 as the site of conjugation. In each structure, the core of 2B4 remains unchanged, but the arrangement of plastic regions differs. This results in one structure that is compact and closed. In this conformation, tBPA points toward helix B', making a 31° angle with the heme plane. This conformation is in agreement with previously performed in silico experiments. However, dimerization of 2B4 in the other structure, which is caused by movement of the B/C loop and helices F through G, alters the position of tBPA. In this case, tBPA lies almost parallel to the heme plane due to the presence of helix F′ of the opposite monomer entering the active site to stabilize the dimer. However, docking experiments using this open form show that tBPA is able to rotate upward to give testosterone and 7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin access to the heme, which could explain the previously observed partial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tbd_0210 gene of the chemolithotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans is annotated to encode a 60.5 kDa bifunctional enzyme with ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase activity. This putative bifunctional enzyme was cloned, expressed and structurally characterized. The 2.95 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure reported here revealed a hexameric assembly with D symmetry. Each subunit contains a large N-terminal sulfurylase-like domain and a C-terminal APS kinase domain reminiscent of the two-domain fungal ATP sulfurylases of Penicillium chrysogenum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which also exhibit a hexameric assembly. However, the T. denitrificans enzyme exhibits numerous structural and sequence differences in the N-terminal domain that render it inactive with respect to ATP sulfurylase activity. Surprisingly, the C-terminal domain does indeed display APS kinase activity, indicating that this gene product is a true APS kinase. Therefore, these results provide the first structural insights into a unique hexameric APS kinase that contains a nonfunctional ATP sulfurylase-like domain of unknown function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Thiobacillus denitrificans genome contains two sequences corresponding to ATP sulfurylase (Tbd_0210 and Tbd_0874). Both genes were cloned and expressed protein characterized. The larger protein (Tbd_0210; 544 residues) possesses an N-terminal ATP sulfurylase domain and a C-terminal APS kinase domain and was therefore annotated as a bifunctional enzyme. But, the protein was not bifunctional because it lacked ATP sulfurylase activity. However, the enzyme did possess APS kinase activity and displayed substrate inhibition by APS. Truncated protein missing the N-terminal domain had <2% APS kinase activity suggesting the function of the inactive sulfurylase domain is to promote the oligomerization of the APS kinase domains. The smaller gene product (Tbd_0874; 402 residues) possessed strong ATP sulfurylase activity with kinetic properties that appear to be kinetically optimized for the direction of APS utilization and ATP+sulfate production, which is consistent with an enzyme that functions physiologically to produce inorganic sulfate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two different ligand occupancy structures of cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP2B4) in complex with 1-biphenyl-4-methyl-1H-imidazole (I-PBI) have been determined by X-ray crystallography. 1-PB1 belongs to a series of tight binding, imidazole-based CYP2B4 inhibitors. I-PBI binding to CYP2B4 yields a type II spectrum with a Ks value of 0.23 μM and inhibits enzyme activity with an IC50 value of 0.035 μM. Previous CYP2B4 structures have shown a large degree of structural movement in response to ligand size. With two phenyl rings, 1-PBI is larger than 1-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazole (1-CPI) and 4-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazole (4-CPI) but smaller than bifonazole, which is branched and contains three phdnyl rings. The CYP2B4-1-PBI complex is a structural intermediate to the closed CPI and the open bifonazole structures. The B/C-loop reorganizes itself to include two short partial helices while closing one side of the active site. The F-G-helix cassette pivots over the I-helix in direct response to the size of the ligand in the active site. A cluster of Phe residues at the fulcrum of this pivot point allows for dramatic repositioning of the cassette with only a relatively small amount of secondary structure rearrangement. Comparisons of ligand-bound CYP2B4 structures reveal trends in plastic region mobility that could allow for predictions of their position in future structures based on ligand shape and size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]