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Across the globe, the COVID-19 pandemic has drastically altered the educational landscape, creating new professional realities for practicing and future teachers. As teacher educators prepare preservice teachers for the uncertainty of online and in-person teaching, more information is needed around how mentor teachers designed and implemented their emergency online lessons at the beginning of the pandemic. This study explores the topic by analyzing data from 31 mentor teachers surveyed about their teaching experiences between March and June 2020. The findings suggest that most of the mentor teachers defined similar priorities for creating equitable access to their instructional materials. Accordingly, the mentor teachers focused on increasing their students' access to digital content, designing instruction that considered families' capacity for support, and encouraging student engagement in online learning. These findings have implications for how teacher educators learn from mentor teachers' experiences during this unprecedented period, and work to prepare preservice teachers for the challenges and complexities of online teaching--ultimately helping them develop the skills to adapt to future, unfamiliar teaching environments.

This study examined community college faculty (n = 179) and student (n = 449) attitudes and actions toward inclusive teaching practices based on tenets of Universal Design. Two online surveys, the Inclusive Teaching Strategies Inventory (ITSI) and the Inclusive Teaching Strategies Inventory-Student (ITSI-S), were administered at a medium-sized Northeastern public community college. Results showed significant differences among faculty in overall action scale scores based on age and ethnicity. However, similar analyses conducted on students were not significant. Results from the study provide insights regarding attitudes toward inclusive instruction in the community college environment. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future research and disability service providers are discussed.

Females with high-functioning ASD are known to camouflage their autistic symptoms better than their male counterparts, making them prone to being under-ascertained and delayed in diagnostic assessment. Thus far the underlying cognitive processes that enable such successful socio-communicative adaptation are not well understood. The current results show sex-related differences in the cognitive profile of ASD individuals, which were diagnosed late in life exclusively. Higher verbal abilities were found in males (n = 69) as opposed to higher processing speed and better executive functions in females with ASD (n = 38). Since both sexes remained unidentified during childhood and adolescence, these results are suggestive for sex-distinctive cognitive strategies as an alternative to typically-developed reciprocal social behavior and social mimicry in high functioning ASD.

Research by Wegner et al. (1981) suggests that incriminating innuendo in questions can negatively affect attitudes and opinions. Two preregistered studies (N = 506) provide a close replication of Study 1 ofWegner et al., additionally testing whether question-innuendo effects are moderated by partisanship. Replicating the original findings of Wegner et al., questions insinuating something negative about a target person reduced favorable impressions of the target. Counter to the novel hypotheses that effects of incriminating questions would be reduced for political-ingroup targets and enhanced for political-outgroup targets, question-innuendo effects did not differ across target groups. The findings suggest thatmerely asking a question about a false proposition can influence public opinion in the absence of incorrect assertions that could be deemed misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe: 1) systems in place for recognition and response to deteriorating children in Italy, 2) attitudes and practices of registered nurses (RN) towards vital signs (VS) monitoring in pediatric wards, 3) the associations of nurses attitudes and pratices with nurses' and organizational characteristics. A multicentre cross-sectional correlational study. Data were collected between January–May 2020 using: an adapted version of the 'Survey on Recognition and Response Systems in Australia', and the 'Ped-V Scale'. Descriptive and adjusted linear regression analysis was performed, accounting for clustering. Ten Italian hospitals participated, 432 RNs responded to the Ped-V scale (response rate = 52%). Five (50%) hospitals had a VS policy in place, three hospitals (30%) had a Pediatric Early Warning System (PEWS), almost all hospitals had a system in place to respond to deteriorating children. Following multivariate regression analysis, having a PEWS was significantly associated with Ped-V scale 'Workload', 'Clinical competence', 'Standardization' dimensions; gender was associated with 'key indicators' and pediatric surgical ward with 'Clinical competence'. The use of VS policies and PEWS was not consistent across hospitals caring for children in Italy. Nurses' attitudes and practices (i.e., perception of workload, and clinical competence) were significantly lower in hospitals with increased complexity of care/PEWS. Gender was significantly associated with knowledge scores. System strategies to improve nurses' attitudes and practices towards VS monitoring and education are warranted to support effective behaviors towards VS monitoring, their interpretation, and appropriate communication to activate the efferent limb of the rapid response system. • In Italy, pediatric early warning systems and vital signs guidelines are not systematically in place • The Ped-V Scale measures attitudes towards vital signs accuracy, communication, and knowledge • Exploring attitudes towards vital signs monitoring is essential for quality improvement • Having a pediatric early warning system is associated with increased standardization of care • Gender is associated with less knowledge about key indicators of deterioration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluative conditioning (EC) effect is defined as a change in the evaluation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) due to its pairing with a valenced unconditioned stimulus (US). The current research investigated the controllability of EC effects by asking participants to either promote or prevent the influence of CS-US pairings before they provided evaluative ratings of the CS. Experiment 1 showed that instructions to maximize or minimize the influence of CS-US pairings moderated EC effects in line with task instructions. However, this moderation was observed only when participants were able to recall the valence of the US that had been paired with a given CS. When participants failed to remember the valence of the US, significant EC effects emerged regardless of control instructions. Experiment 2 tested whether the influence of CS-US pairings on CS evaluations can be intentionally reversed. The results showed that reversal instructions led to a reverse EC effect when participants were able to recall the valence of the US that had been paired with a given CS, but not when they were unable to recall the valence of the US. Taken together, these results suggest that US valence memory is a necessary precondition for controlling the expression of a conditioned evaluative response, but it is not a necessary precondition for the emergence of EC effects per se. (Contains 2 figures and 1 table.)

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is generally considered to be one of the routes via which likes and dislikes are acquired. We identify recent trends in EC research and speculate about the topics that will dominate future research on EC. Many of the recent developments in EC research were shaped by functional definitions of EC that refer only to environmental conditions, but not to mental processes and representations. These functional definitions stimulated the development of and debates between theories about the mental processes that mediate EC. These trends, as well as greater methodological and conceptual sophistication, inspired meta-conditional studies that aim at determining the conditions under which EC is characterized by certain properties. The question of whether EC depends on contingency awareness remains a central topic, albeit with a stronger link to theorizing about underlying mental processes. Other automaticity features have gained enhanced interest, as can for example be seen in research investigating whether EC is goal-independent and whether EC is resource-independent. We argue that future research would benefit from a sharper distinction between processes that operate during acquisition (i.e., when CS-US pairs are presented) and processes that operate during measurement (i.e., when the effects of CS-US pairings are assessed). We conclude with a short summary of all articles in this Special Issue, relating them to the identified trends in EC research.

Research has shown that automatic evaluations can be highly robust and difficult to change, highly malleable and easy to change, and highly context dependent. We tested a representational account of these disparate findings, which specifies the conditions under which automatic evaluations reflect (a) initially acquired information, (b) subsequently acquired, counterattitudinal information, or (c) a mixture of both. The account postulates that attention to contextual cues during the encoding of evaluative information determines whether this information is stored in a context-free representation or a contextualized representation. To the extent that attention to context cues is low during the encoding of initial information but is enhanced by exposure to expectancy-violating counterattitudinal information, initial experiences are stored in context-free representations, whereas counterattitudinal experiences are stored in contextualized representations. Hence, automatic evaluations tend to reflect the valence of counterattitudinal information only in the context in which this information was learned ("occasion setting") and the valence of initial experiences in any other context ("renewal effect"). Four experiments confirmed these predictions, additionally showing that (a) the impact of initial experiences was reduced for automatic evaluations in novel contexts when context salience during the encoding of initial information was enhanced, (b) context effects were eliminated altogether when context salience during the encoding of counterattitudinal information was reduced, and (c) enhanced context salience during the encoding of counterattitudinal information produced context-dependent automatic evaluations even when there was no contingency between valence and contextual cues. Implications for automatic evaluation, learning theory, and interventions in applied settings are discussed. (Contains 4 figures and 1 footnote.)

The development of spontaneous gender stereotyping in children was investigated using the newly developed Action Interference Paradigm (AIP). This task consists of assigning gender-stereotypical toys as quickly as possible to boys and girls in either a stereotype-congruent or a stereotype-incongruent manner. A pilot study with 38 children (mean age 5.1 years) provided evidence for spontaneous gender stereotyping in the AIP, which was reflected in higher latencies for stereotype-incongruent compared with stereotype-congruent toy assignments. The main study, with 66 children (aged 5, 8 and 11 years), compared the development of spontaneous stereotyping with established measures of stereotype flexibility and stereotype knowledge. Stereotype flexibility showed a strong increase from age 5 to 11. In contrast, stereotype knowledge and spontaneous stereotyping remained stable at high levels. The results provide evidence for a dissociation between stereotype flexibility and spontaneous stereotyping, suggesting that spontaneous stereotyping may be more closely related to stereotype knowledge than to stereotype flexibility.

We investigated feelings of involvement evoked by nonverbal behaviour of dynamic virtual characters in 20 adults with high-functioning autism (HFA) and high IQ as well as 20 IQ-matched control subjects. The effects of diagnostic group showed that subjects with autism experienced less "contact" and "urge" to establish contact across conditions and less "interest" than controls in a condition with meaningful facial expressions. Moreover, the analyses within groups revealed that nonverbal behaviour had less influence on feelings in HFA subjects. In conclusion, disturbances of HFA subjects in experiencing involvement in social encounters with virtual characters displaying nonverbal behaviour do not extend to all kinds of feelings, suggesting different pathways in the ascription of involvement in social situations.

J. De Houwer, S. Teige-Mocigemba, A. Spruyt, and A. Moors's normative analysis of implicit measures provides an excellent clarification of several conceptual ambiguities surrounding the validation and use of implicit measures. The current comment discusses an important, yet unacknowledged, implication of J. De Houwer et al.'s analysis, namely, that investigations addressing the proposed implicitness criterion (i.e., does the relevant psychological attribute influence measurement outcomes in an automatic fashion?) will be susceptible to fundamental misinterpretations if they are conducted independently of the proposed what criterion (i.e., is the measurement outcome causally produced by the psychological attribute the measurement procedure was designed to assess?). As a solution, it is proposed that experimental validation studies should be combined with a correlational approach in order to determine whether a given manipulation influenced measurement scores via variations in the relevant psychological attribute or via secondary sources of systematic variance. (Contains 3 footnotes.)

The distinction between automatic processes and controlled processes is a central organizational theme across areas of psychology. However, this dichotomy conceals important differences among qualitatively different processes that independently contribute to ongoing behavior. The Quadruple process model is a multinomial model that provides quantitative estimates of 4 distinct processes in a single task: the likelihood that an automatic response tendency is activated; the likelihood that a contextually appropriate response can be determined; the likelihood that automatic response tendencies are overcome when necessary; and the likelihood that in the absence of other information, behavior is driven by a general response bias. The model integrates dual-process models from many domains of inquiry and offers a generalized, more nuanced framework of impulse regulation across these domains. The model offers insights into many central questions surrounding the operation and the interaction of automatic and controlled processes. Applications of the model to empirical and theoretical concerns in a variety of areas of psychology are discussed. (Contains 1 figure and 7 footnotes.)

Deficits in social cognition and interaction, such as in mentalizing and imitation behavior, are hallmark features of autism spectrum disorders. Both imitation and mentalizing are at the core of the sense of agency, the awareness that we are the initiators of our own behavior. Little evidence exists regarding the sense of agency in autism. Thus, we compared high-functioning adults with autism to healthy control subjects using an action monitoring and attribution task. Subjects with autism did not show deficits in this task, yet they showed significant mentalizing deficits. Our findings indicate a dissociation between the sense of agency and ascription of mental states in autism. We propose that social-cognitive deficits in autism may arise on a higher level than that of action monitoring and awareness.

Replies to commentaries by D. Albarracin, W. Hart, and K. C. McCulloch (see record 2006-10465-004), A. W. Kruglanski and M. Dechesne (see record 2006-10465-005), and R. E. Petty and P. Brinol (see record 2006-10465-006) on B. Gawronski and G. V. Bodenhausen's (2006; see record 2006-10465-003) recently proposed associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model raised a number of interesting conceptual, empirical, and meta-theoretical issues. The authors consider these issues and conclude that (a) the conceptual criticisms raised against the APE model are based on misinterpretations of its basic assumptions, (b) the empirical criticisms are unfounded, as they are inconsistent with the available evidence, and (c) the proposed alternative accounts appear to be less parsimonious and weaker in their predictive power than the APE model. Nevertheless, the commentators offered valuable suggestions for extensions of the APE model, which the authors discuss with respect to their implications for new directions in attitude research.

A central theme in recent research on attitudes is the distinction between deliberate, "explicit" attitudes and automatic, "implicit" attitudes. The present article provides an integrative review of the available evidence on implicit and explicit attitude change that is guided by a distinction between associative and propositional processes. Whereas associative processes are characterized by mere activation independent of subjective truth or falsity, propositional reasoning is concerned with the validation of evaluations and beliefs. The proposed associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model makes specific assumptions about the mutual interplay of the 2 processes, implying several mechanisms that lead to symmetric or asymmetric changes in implicit and explicit attitudes. The model integrates a broad range of empirical evidence and implies several new predictions for implicit and explicit attitude change.

The aim of this study should be to adopt the Turkish version of the vital signs monitoring on pediatric wards scale (Ped-V scale). This methodological study was carried out with 331 pediatric nurses aged 18–65 between September 2022 and November 2022. The data were collected using an online questionnaire including a Descriptive Information Form and the Ped-V scale. Before starting the implementation of the study, the language adaptation of the scale was made, then expert opinion was taken and a pilot application was made. Then the main sampling was applied and evaluated. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and item-total score analysis were used for data analysis. It was determined that the scale consisted of 30 items and four sub-dimensions and that four sub-dimensions explained 42.91% of the total variance. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that all factor loads were >0.30. According to the confirmatory factor analysis, all of the fit indices were >0.80, and the RMSEA was <0.080. Cronbach's alpha was determined as 0.88 for the total scale and >0.60 for all sub-dimensions. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the Ped-V scale was a valid and reliable measurement tool for the Turkish sample. Using the Ped-V scale, it can help to determine the attitudes of nurses working in pediatric clinics toward monitoring vital signs and to plan in-service training if there is a problem. • It is very important to monitor and record the vital findings of pediatric patients at regular intervals and to interpret the vital finding values. • When the condition of pediatric patients deteriorates, it can cause an increase in morbidity, mortality, intensive care unit admission and cost rates if urgent and appropriate intervention is neglected. • The Turkish version of the PED-V scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. • The PED-V scale is a tool that can be used by Turkish pediatric nurses to determine the deterioration in the clinical status of children and to determine their attitudes and practices toward monitoring vital signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]