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Methylene blue (MB) is the oldest synthetic antimalarial. It is not used anymore as antimalarial but should be reconsidered. For this purpose we have measured its impact on both chloroquine sensitive and resistant Plasmodium strains. We showed that around 5 nM of MB were able to inhibit 50% of the parasite growth in vitro and that late rings and early trophozoites were the most sensitive stages; while early rings, late trophozoites and schizonts were less sensitive. Drug interaction study following fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) method showed antagonism with amodiaquine, atovaquone, doxycycline, pyrimethamine; additivity with artemether, chloroquine, mefloquine, primaquine and synergy with quinine. These results confirmed the interest of MB that could be integrated in a new low cost antimalarial combination therapy.

Este artículo presenta un análisis de las redes informales inter-organizacionales tanto al interior de la movilización por el agua en la Cuenca de México como con su contexto organizativo. Estas redes se basan en vínculos de cooperación y de reconocimiento básicos para el desarrollo y el mantenimiento de los procesos colectivos de un movimiento social. Dichos procesos incluyen la producción de identidades comunes, de significados compartidos y la realización de acciones colectivas. Los resultados principales indican que la movilización cumple con las características estructurales básicas para configurar un movimiento social con vocación de permanencia frente al orden social actual en materia del agua en la región.

This paper presents some reflections and advances derived from an ongoing research project called "Territories of water and networks of practice and learning for the appropriation of knowledge and collaborative management in the southern edge of the Capital District". It focuses on problematizing and evidencing the underlying polysemy after the idea of the border applied to the city of Bogota, and especially to its southern territories. In this sense, it is argued that there are many and different edges interacting and overlapping each other, aiming at building a more complex and comprehensive view of the territory on the southern edge of the Capital District. The methodology is based on the revision of secondary sources, complemented with interviews with key informants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Colombia Medica is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A panel of experts from Latin America convened in Brazil, in May of 2007, for consensus recommendations regarding the management of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. The recently introduced World Health Organization classification of NETs represents a step forward, but the former classification of carcinoids into foregut, midgut and hindgut is still likely to be useful in the near future. Macroscopic description of the tumor should be followed by light microscopic examination and immunohistochemical staining, whereas other techniques might not be widely available in Latin America. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with potentially curable tumors, and adequate selection is paramount in order to optimize treatment results. Regarding systemic therapy, patients with well-differentiated tumors or islet-cell carcinomas may be categorized as having indolent disease, while patients with poorly differentiated, anaplastic, and small-cell carcinomas, or with atypical carcinoids, may be approached initially as having aggressive disease. Somatostatin analogues play a cytostatic role in indolent tumors, and chemotherapy may play a role against other, more aggressive NETs. Obviously, there is an urgent need for novel therapies that are effective against NETs. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Antimalarial activity of 10 vegetal extracts (9 ethanolic extracts and 1 crude alkaloid extract), obtained from eight species traditionally used in Colombia to treat malaria symptoms, was evaluated in culture using Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistant (FcB2) strain and in vivo on rodent malaria Plasmodium berghei. The activity on ferriprotoporphyrin biomineralization inhibition test (FBIT) was also assessed. Against Plasmodium falciparum, eight extracts displayed good activity Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith (Menispermaceae) leaves, Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Mimosaceae) leaves, Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl. (Solanaceae) aerial part, Croton leptostachyus Kunth (Euphorbiaceae) aerial part, Piper cumanense Kunth (Piperaceae) fruits and leaves, Piper holtonii C. DC. (Piperaceae) aerial part and Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) bark with IC50 values ranging from <1 to 2.1μg/ml, while in the in vivo model only Abuta grandifolia alkaloid crude extract exhibits activity, inhibiting 66% of the parasite growth at 250mg/kg/day. In the FBIT model, five extracts were active (Abuta grandifolia, Croton leptostachyus, Piper cumanense fruit and leaves and Xylopia aromatica). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a social network analysis that was applied to civil organizations working in Ciudad Bolivar, which is a locality in Bogotá D.C. The exercise is focused on the working ties of sharing actions and projects during the years 2005 and 2006. The research aims to be an input for the local public policy of Bogotá D.C., which wants to create the reconciliation district network. The main results demonstrate the existence of a small but potential social network that could be a starting point to the achievement of public policy goals.

Este artículo presenta reflexiones y avances derivados del proyecto de investigación en curso denominado “Territorios del agua y redes de práctica y aprendizaje para la apropiación del conocimiento y la gestión colaborativa en el borde sur del Distrito Capital”. Se enfoca en problematizar y evidenciar la polisemia subyacente tras la idea del borde aplicado a la ciudad y en especial al sur de Bogotá. En este sentido se plantea que hay muchos y diversos bordes interactuando y superpuestos entre sí, apuntando hacia la construcción de una visión más compleja y comprensiva de este territorio. Su metodología se fundamenta en la revisión de fuentes secundarias, complementadas con entrevistas a informantes claves.

Abstract: French Guiana (North-East Amazonia) records high malaria incidence rates. The traditional antimalarial remedy most widespread there is a simple tea made out from Quassia amara L. leaves (Simaroubaceae). This herbal tea displays an excellent antimalarial activity both in vitro and in vivo. A known quassinoid, simalikalactone D (SkD), was identified as the active compound, with an IC50 value of 10nM against FcB1 Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistant strain in vitro. Lastly, it inhibits 50% of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii rodent malaria parasite at 3.7mg/kg/day in vivo by oral route. These findings confirm the traditional use of this herbal tea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]