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1. Core and edge modeling of JT-60SA H-mode highly radiative scenarios using SOLEDGE3X–EIRENE and METIS codes

Author

L. De Gianni, G. Ciraolo, G. Giruzzi, G. Falchetto, N. Rivals, K. Gałązka, L. Balbinot, N. Varadarajan, S. Sureshkumar, J. F. Artaud, H. Bufferand, R. Düll, A. Gallo, P. Ghendrih, V. Quadri, G. Rubino, and P. Tamain

Subjects
JT-60SA, modeling, core, edge, scrape-off layer, power exhaust, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

In its first phase of exploitation, JT-60SA will be equipped with an inertially cooled divertor, which can sustain heat loads of 10 MW/m2 on the targets for a few seconds, which is much shorter than the intended discharge duration. Therefore, in order to maximize the duration of discharges, it is crucial to develop operational scenarios with a high radiated fraction in the plasma edge region without unacceptably compromising the scenario performance. In this study, the core and edge conditions of unseeded and neon-seeded deuterium H-mode scenarios in JT-60SA were investigated using METIS and SOLEDGE3X–EIRENE codes. The aim was to determine whether, and under which operational conditions, it would be possible to achieve heat loads at the targets significantly lower than 10 MW/m2 and potentially establish a divertor-detached regime while keeping favorable plasma core conditions. In first analysis, an investigation of the edge parameter space of unseeded scenarios was carried out. Simulations at an intermediate edge power of 15 MW indicate that, without seeded impurities, the heat loads at the targets are higher than 10 MW/m2 in attached cases, and achieving detachment is challenging, requiring upstream electron densities at least above 4 × 1019 m−3. This points toward the need for impurity injection during the first period of exploitation of the machine. Therefore, neon seeding simulations were carried out, performing a seeding rate scan and an injected power scan while keeping the upstream electron density at the separatrix at 3 × 1019 m−3. They show that at 15 MW of power injected into the edge plasma, the inner target is easily detached and presents low heat loads when neon is injected. However, at the outer target, the heat fluxes are not lowered below 10 MW/m2, even when the power losses in the edge plasma are equal to 50% of the power crossing the separatrix. Therefore, the tokamak will probably need to be operated in a deep detached regime in its first phase of exploitation for discharges longer than a few seconds. In the framework of core–edge integrated modeling, using METIS, the power radiated in the core was computed for the most interesting cases.

Published
2024
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2. Effects of Kinetic Ballooning Modes on the electron distribution function in the core of high-performance tokamak plasmas

Author

S. Mazzi, G. Giruzzi, Y. Camenen, R. Dumont, M. Fontana, E. de la Luna, F.P. Orsitto, L. Senni, K. Aleynikova, S. Brunner, B.J. Frei, J. Garcia, A. Zocco, D. Frigione, L. Garzotti, F. Rimini, D. van Eester, JET Contributors, and the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team

Subjects
Kinetic Ballooning modes, high-performance fusion plasmas, electron distribution function, discrepancy ECE-Thomson, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

This article is dedicated to study the physical causes of a long-standing issue experienced in different tokamak devices throughout the last decades: the observed discrepancies between electron cyclotron emission (ECE) and Thomson Scattering (TS) diagnostic measurements at high temperature in the core tokamak plasmas. A recently developed heuristic model (Fontana et al 2023 Phys. Plasmas 30 122503), tested on an extensive data set from multiple pulses in the frame of recent JET campaigns, showed that such ECE-TS discrepancy could be reconciled by introducing a bipolar perturbation in the electron distribution function. Such a perturbation indeed modifies the EC emission and absorption spectra. Nonetheless, the heuristic model does not provide the physical mechanisms causing such a bipolar perturbation. In this work, detailed gyrokinetic analyses unveil the unexplored wave-particle interaction between electrons and the Kinetic Ballooning Modes (KBMs) in tokamak plasmas. The numerical studies of the core of a selected high-temperature pulse of the JET device revealed that the electron- β was large enough to destabilize KBMs. Such KBMs affect the electron distribution function in momentum space with a characteristic bipolar structure. The position of the bipolar structure in the velocity space is intimately linked to the electron diamagnetic frequency. The amplitude of the perturbation, assessed through nonlinear computations, is shown to be dependent on the amplitude of the KBM-induced turbulent fluxes. Thus, this study demonstrates that KBMs, destabilized by the high- β plasma conditions achieved in the core of high-temperature scenarios, perturb the electron distribution function forming bipolar structures in momentum space and, thereby, modifying the EC spectrum. Therefore, the reported mechanism may represent an intriguing explanation of the ECE-TS measurement discrepancy in the deep core of high-temperature plasmas.

Published
2024
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3. Overview of the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation programme in support of ITER and DEMO

Author

E. Joffrin, M. Wischmeier, M. Baruzzo, A. Hakola, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, B. Labit, E. Tsitrone, N. Vianello, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, JET Contributors, the MAST-U Team, the TCV Team, the WEST Team, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team:, D. Abate, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, C. Albert, F.C.P. Albert Devasagayam, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, J. Alhage, S. Allan, J. Allcock, M. Alonzo, G. Anastasiou, E. Andersson Sunden, C. Angioni, Y. Anquetin, L. Appel, G.M. Apruzzese, M. Ariola, C. Arnas, J.F. Artaud, W. Arter, O. Asztalos, L. Aucone, M.H. Aumeunier, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bagnato, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, P. Balázs, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, A. Balestri, M. Baquero Ruiz, T. Barberis, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, S. Benkadda, T. Bensadon, E. Bernard, M. Bernert, H. Betar, R. Bianchetti Morales, J. Bielecki, R. Bilato, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, P. Blanchard, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, K. Bogar, P. Bohm, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, N. Bonanomi, L. Boncagni, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, M. Bonotto, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, C. Bowman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, R. Brunet, D. Brunetti, V. Bruno, R. Buchholz, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, J. Cai, R. Calado, J. Caloud, S. Cancelli, F. Cani, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, M. Carole, M. Carpita, D. Carralero, F. Caruggi, I.S. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, A. Casolari, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, A. Cathey, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J. Cazabonne, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, A. Celora, J. Cerovsky, C.D. Challis, R. Chandra, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, H. Chen, M. Chernyshova, A.G. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, G. Ciraolo, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, C. Colandrea, L. Colas, S. Conroy, C. Contre, N.J. Conway, L. Cordaro, Y. Corre, D. Costa, S. Costea, D. Coster, X. Courtois, C. Cowley, T. Craciunescu, G. Croci, A.M. Croitoru, K. Crombe, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, T. Czarski, A. Da Ros, A. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Rosa, Y. Damizia, O. D’Arcangelo, P. David, M. De Angeli, E. De la Cal, E. De La Luna, G. De Tommasi, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, G. Derks, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, S. Di Genova, L.E. di Grazia, A. Di Siena, M. Dicorato, M. Diez, M. Dimitrova, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J.J. Domínguez Palacios Durán, P. Donnel, D. Douai, S. Dowson, S. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, L. Dubus, R. Dumont, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, A. Durif, F. Durodie, G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud, B. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, A. Ekedahl, S. Elmore, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, A. Escarguel, B. Esposito, T. Estrada, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, N. Fakhrayi Mofrad, A. Fanni, T. Farley, M. Farník, N. Fedorczak, F. Felici, X. Feng, J. Ferreira, D. Ferreira, N. Ferron, O. Fevrier, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, N. Fil, D. Fiorucci, M. Firdaouss, R. Fischer, M. Fitzgerald, M. Flebbe, M. Fontana, J. Fontdecaba Climent, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, D. Frigione, S. Futatani, R. Futtersack, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, A. Gallo, C. Galperti, M. Gambrioli, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia, M. Garcia Munoz, J. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Gerardin, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru Miguelanez, G. Gervasini, Z. Ghani, F.M. Ghezzi, G. Ghillardi, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, T. Gleiter, M. Gobbin, V. Goloborodko, A. González Ganzábal, T. Goodman, V. Gopakumar, G. Gorini, T. Görler, S. Gorno, G. Granucci, D. Greenhouse, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, O. Grover, M. Gruca, A. Gude, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, J. Gunn, T. Gyergyek, L. Hagg, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, T. Happel, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, D. Harting, N.C. Hawkes, P. Heinrich, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, R. Henriques, S. Heuraux, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, J. Hillairet, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, M. Hölzl, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, N. Horsten, L. Horvath, M. Houry, K. Hromasova, J. Huang, Z. Huang, A. Huber, E. Huett, P. Huynh, A. Iantchenko, M. Imrisek, P. Innocente, C. Ionita Schrittwieser, H. Isliker, P. Ivanova, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, S. Jachmich, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, T. Jensen, I. Jepu, S. Jessica, T. Johnson, A. Juven, J. Kalis, J. Karhunen, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, P.V. Kazantzidis, W. Kernbichler, HT. Kim, D.B. King, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, A. Kit, T. Kiviniemi, F. Kjær, E. Klinkby, A. Knieps, U. Knoche, M. Kochan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, L. Kogan, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Komm, M. Kong, B. Kool, S.B. Korsholm, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, J. Kovacic, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska Strzeciwilk, K. Koziol, M. Kozulia, A. Krämer Flecken, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, U. Kruezi, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, H. Kumpulainen, M.H. Kushoro, R. Kwiatkowski, M. La Matina, M. Lacquaniti, L. Laguardia, P. Lainer, P. Lang, M. Larsen, E. Laszynska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, M.Y.K. Lee, S. Leerink, M. Lehnen, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, Y. Liang, A. Lier, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, A. Listopad, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland Smith, D. Liuzza, T. Loarer, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, N. Lonigro, R. Lorenzini, C. Lowry, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, A. Ludvig Osipov, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, P. Maget, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, A. Mancini, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, M. Markl, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, S. Marsden, L. Martellucci, P. Martin, C. Martin, F. Martinelli, L. Martinelli, J.R. Martin Solis, R. Martone, M. Maslov, R. Masocco, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, M.L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, G. McArdle, R. McDermott, K. McKay, A.G. Meigs, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, S. Menmuir, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta Michalik, D. Milanesio, F. Militello, A. Milocco, I.G. Miron, J. Mitchell, R. Mitteau, V. Mitterauer, J. Mlynar, V. Moiseenko, P. Molna, F. Mombelli, C. Monti, A. Montisci, J. Morales, P. Moreau, J.M. Moret, A. Moro, D. Moulton, P. Mulholland, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, Y. Nakeva, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, M.F. Nave, R.D. Nem, A. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, M. Nocente, R. Nouailletas, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, R. Ochoukov, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, C. Olde, F. Oliva, D. Oliveira, H.J.C. Oliver, P. Ollus, J. Ongena, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, R. Otin, P. Oyola Dominguez, D.I. Palade, S. Palomba, O. Pan, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, A. Parrott, K. Paschalidis, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Patel, B. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, B. Pegourie, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez Von Thun, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, Y. Peysson, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, U. Plank, B. Ploeckl, V. Plyusnin, A. Podolnik, Y. Poels, G. Pokol, J. Poley, G. Por, M. Poradzinski, F. Porcelli, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, I. Predebon, G. Pucella, M. Pueschel, P. Puglia, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, A. Quercia, M. Rabinski, L. Radovanovic, R. Ragona, H. Raj, M. Rasinski, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Refy, M. Reich, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, O. Renders, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Richou, S. Rienacker, D. Rigamonti, F. Rigollet, F.G. Rimini, D. Ripamonti, N. Rispoli, N. Rivals, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, C. Roach, G. Rocchi, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, J. Romazanov, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rosato, R. Rossi, G. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, J. Ruiz Ruiz, P. Ryan, D. Ryan, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, L. Sanchis, A. Sand, J. Santos, K. Särkimäki, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, P. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, R. Schrittwieser, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, F. Sciortino, M. Scotto D’Abusco, S. Scully, A. Selce, L. Senni, M. Senstius, G. Sergienko, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, U. Sheikh, G. Sias, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, C. Silva, A. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, J. Simpson, L. Singh, S. Sipilä, Y. Siusko, S. Smith, A. Snicker, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, M. Sos, C. Sozzi, F. Spineanu, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, C. Srinivasan, A. Stagni, Z. Stancar, G. Stankunas, J. Stober, P. Strand, C.I. Stuart, F. Subba, G.Y. Sun, H.J. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, T. Szepesi, G. Szepesi, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, G. Telesca, A. Tenaglia, A. Terra, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, E. Tholerus, B. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thornton, A. Thrysoe, Q. TICHIT, W. Tierens, A. Titarenko, P. Tolias, E. Tomasina, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, A. Tookey, M. Toscano Jiménez, C. Tsironis, C. Tsui, A. Tykhyy, M. Ugoletti, M. Usoltseva, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, SI. Valvis, M. van Berkel, D. Van Eester, S. Van Mulders, M. van Rossem, R. Vann, B. Vanovac, J. Varela Rodriguez, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, M. Vecsei, L. Velarde Gallardo, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, G. Verona Rinati, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, M.O. Vlad, G. Vogel, I. Voitsekhovitch, I. Voldiner, P. Vondracek, N.M.T. VU, T. Vuoriheimo, C. Wade, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, D. Weston, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, M. Willensdorfer, T. Wilson, A. Wojenski, C. Wuethrich, I. Wyss, L. Xiang, S. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, B. Zaar, G. Zadvitskiy, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zayachuk, J. Zebrowski, M. Zerbini, P. Zestanakis, C. F. B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zohar, V.K. Zotta, X. Zou, M. Zuin, M. Zurita, and I. Zychor

Subjects
JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST, Tokamak Exploitation Task Force, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.

Published
2024
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4. Recent progress of JT-60SA project toward plasma operation

Author

H. Shirai, K. Takahashi, E. Di Pietro, D. Abate, W. Abdel Maksoud, H. Abe, N. Aiba, T. Abe, M. Akimitsu, J. Ayllon-Guerola, T. Arai, J.-F. Artaud, N. Asakura, N. Ashikawa, L. Balbinot, P. Barabaschi, O. Baulaigue, E. Belonohy, A. Belpane, W. Bin, F. Bombarda, T. Bolzonella, F. Bonne, M. Bonotto, J. Botija, J. Buermans, S. Cabrera-Pérez, A. Cardella, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, J. Cavalier, M. Cavinato, M. Chernyshova, S. Chiba, S. Clement-Lorenzo, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, I. Coffey, B. Collin, V. Corato, A. Cucchiaro, T. Czarski, M. Dairaku, S. Davis, C. Day, E. Dela Luna, G. De Tommasi, P. Decool, L. Di Pace, M. Dibon, G. Disset, F. D’Lsa, A. Ejiri, Y. Endo, N. Ezumi, G. Falchetto, A. Fassina, P. Fejoz, A. Ferro, W. Fietz, L. Figini, T. Fornal, G. Frello, T. Fujita, T. Fukuda, K. Fukui, M. Fukumoto, H. Funaba, M. Furukawa, S. Futatani, L. Gabellieri, E. Gaio, K. Galazka, J. Garcia, J. Garcia-Dominguez, J. Garcia-Lopez, M. Garcia-Munoz, L. Garzotti, F. Gasparini, S. Gharafi, L. Giacomelli, G. Ginoulhiac, G. Giruzzi, L. Giudicotti, J. Gonzalez-Martin, R. Guillén-González, N. Hajnal, S. Hall, K. Hamada, K. Hanada, M. Hanada, K. Hasegawa, S. Hatakeyama, V. Hauer, N. Hayashi, T. Hayashi, R. Heller, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, S. Higashijima, J. Hinata, S. Hiranai, J. Hiratsuka, R. Hiwatari, C. Hoa, H. Homma, A. Honda, M. Honda, K. Hoshino, H. Hurzlmeier, M. Iafrati, K. Ibano, H. Ichige, M. Ichikawa, M. Ichimura, K. Ida, S. Ide, H. Idei, M. Iguchi, T. Iijima, S. Iio, R. Ikeda, Y. Ikeda, T. Imai, R. Imazawa, S. Inagaki, M. Inomoto, S. Inoue, A. Isayama, S. Ishida, Y. Ishii, M. Isobe, F. Janky, E. Joffrin, A. Jokinen, S. Kado, S. Kajita, K. Kajiwara, Y. Kamada, I. Kamata, A. Kaminaga, K. Kamiya, D. Kanapienyte, Y. Kashiwa, M. Kashiwagi, K. Katayama, Y. Kawamata, G. Kawamura, K. Kawano, Y. Kazakov, K. Kimura, F. Kin, M. Kisaki, S. Kitajima, K. Kiyono, K. Kizu, Y. Ko, K. Kobayashi, M. Kobayashi, S. Kobayashi, Ta. Kobayashi, To. Kobayashi, G. Kocsis, A. Kojima, S. Kokusen, M. Komata, K. Komuro, S. Konishi, A. Kovacsik, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, G. Kühner, M. Kuramochi, K. Kurihara, T. Kurki-Suonio, A.B. Kurniawan, T. Kuwata, B. Lacroix, V. Lamaison, A. Lampasi, P. Lang, P. Lauber, K. Lawson, Q. LeCoz, A. Louzguiti, R. Maekawa, T. Maekawa, S. Maeyama, G. Maffia, P. Maget, J. Mailloux, I. Maione, A. Maistrello, K. Malinowski, A. Mancini, G. Marchiori, J.-L. Marechal, V. Massaut, S. Masuzaki, R. Matoike, G. Matsunaga, S. Matsunaga, A. Matsuyama, Ch Mayri, M. Mattei, M. Medrano, A. Mele, I. Meyer, F. Michel, T. Minami, Y. Miyata, J. Miyazawa, Y. Miyo, T. Mizuuchi, K. Mogaki, J. Morales, P. Moreau, T. Morisaki, S. Morishima, S. Moriyama, A. Moro, H. Murakami, M. Murayama, S. Murakami, K. Nagasaki, O. Naito, N. Nakamura, S. Nakamura, T. Nakano, Y. Nakashima, V. Nardino, E. Narita, Y. Narushima, K. Natsume, S. Nemoto, R. Neu, S. Nicollet, M. Nishikawa, S. Nishimura, T. Nishitani, M. Nishiura, T. Nishiyama, M. Nocente, Y. Nobuta, L. Novello, F. 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Yamamoto, H. Yamanaka, K. Yamauchi, Y. Yamauchi, H. Yamazaki, K. Yamazaki, R. Yamazaki, S. Yamoto, S. Yanagi, K. Yanagihara, S. Yokooka, M. Yokoyama, T. Yokoyama, M. Yoshida, M. Yoshimura, N. Yoshizawa, K. Yuinawa, L. Zani, and P. Zito

Subjects
JT-60SA, superconducting tokamak, risk mitigation measures, integrated commissioning, maintenance and enhancement, international collaboration, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Superconducting (SC) tokamak JT-60SA plays an essential role in fusion research and development by supporting and complementing the ITER project, providing directions to the DEMO design activity and fostering next generation scientists and engineers. Since the short circuit incident at the terminal joints of equilibrium field coil #1 during the integrated commissioning (IC) in March 2021, both EU and JA implementing agencies (IAs) have examined how to ensure safe operation of JT-60SA by mitigating the risk of possible discharge occurrence inside the cryostat. Based on the experience of the global Paschen tests, the IAs have established a strategy of risk mitigation measures, which is a combination of (i) reinforcement of insulation, (ii) avoiding unnecessary voltage application to the coil systems and (iii) immediate de-energization of the coils when deteriorated vacuum conditions are detected. Thanks to the considerable efforts of the Integrated Project Team members, the IC restarted in May 2023. After confirmation of the SC state of the coil systems (TF, EF and CS), the coil energization test and the plasma operation phase 1 (OP-1) started. The first plasma was successfully achieved on 23 October 2023 with a limited value of voltage and current applied to the coils. The plasma configuration control was also confirmed with low plasma current and low auxiliary heating power conditions. Based on the IO–F4E–QST collaboration, activities of JT-60SA have been shared with the IO and provided an important lesson for ITER assembly and commissioning, and will provide an outstanding contribution to fusion research at large. After OP-1, maintenance & enhancement phase 1 (M/E-1) starts from January 2024, in which in-vessel components are installed, and heating and diagnostic systems are extensively upgraded to allow a high power heating experiment planned in OP-2. In order to make the best use of JT-60SA, a newly organized JT-60SA experiment team will refine the research plan for the future high heating power operation phase.

Published
2024
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5. Overview of T and D–T results in JET with ITER-like wall

Author

C.F. Maggi, D. Abate, N. Abid, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, M. Afzal, I. Ahmad, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Alguacil, J. Alhage, M. Ali, H. Allen, M. Allinson, M. Alonzo, E. Alves, R. Ambrosino, E. Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, M. Angelone, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, C. Aramunde, M. Ariola, G. Arnoux, G. Artaserse, J.-F. Artaud, W. Arter, V. Artigues, F.J. Artola, A. Ash, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, J. Ayllón, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, A. Banon Navarro, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, M. Baruzzo, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, C. Bearcroft, P. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, S. Benkadda, J. Bentley, E. Bernard, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, P.G. Bhat, S. 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Papadopoulos, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, A. Parsloe, K. Paschalidis, M. Passeri, A. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, C. Paz-Soldan, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, I.J. Pearson, E. Peluso, C. Penot, K. Pepperell, A. Perdas, T. Pereira, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez von Thun, D. Perry, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, L. Pigatto, M. Pillon, S. Pinches, G. Pintsuk, C. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, U. Planck, N. Platt, V. Plyusnin, M. Podesta, G. Pokol, F.M. Poli, O.G. Pompilian, M. Poradzinski, M. Porkolab, C. Porosnicu, G. Poulipoulis, A.S. Poulsen, I. Predebon, A. Previti, D. Primetzhofer, G. Provatas, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, K. Purahoo, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, A. Quercia, G. Radulescu, V. Radulovic, R. Ragona, M. Rainford, P. Raj, M. Rasinski, D. Rasmussen, J. Rasmussen, J.J. Rasmussen, A. Raso, G. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Réfy, R. Reichle, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, C. Reux, S. Reynolds, D. Rigamonti, E. Righi, F.G. Rimini, J. Risner, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.M. Roach, J. Roberts, R. Robins, S. Robinson, D. Robson, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, E. Rose, C. Rose-Innes, R. Rossi, S. Rowe, D. Rowlands, C. Rowley, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, M. Rud, J. Ruiz Ruiz, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, A. Sahlberg, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, F. Sanchez, I. Sanders, D. Sandiford, F. Sanni, O. Sauter, P. Sauvan, G. Schettini, A. Shevelev, A.A. Schekochihin, K. Schmid, B.S. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, D. Scoon, S. Scully, M. Segato, J. Seidl, L. Senni, J. Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, N. Shi, P. Shigin, D. Shiraki, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, T. Smart, R.D. Smirnov, N. Smith, P. Smith, T. Smith, J. Snell, L. Snoj, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, L. Spolladore, D. Spong, C. Srinivasan, G. Staebler, A. Stagni, I. Stamatelatos, M.F. Stamp, Ž. Štancar, P.A. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, B. Stein-Lubrano, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, C. Steventon, M. Stojanov, D.A. St-Onge, P. Strand, S. Strikwerda, C.I. Stuart, S. Sturgeon, H.J. Sun, S. Surendran, W. Suttrop, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, G. Szepesi, M. Szoke, T. Tadić, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, A. Teplukhina, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, B. Thomas, V.K. Thompson, A. Thorman, A.S. Thrysoe, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, L.-P. Turică, A. Turner, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, G. Tvalashvili, A. Tykhyy, S. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, A. Vadgama, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, M. Van Berkel, K.L. van de Plassche, M. van Rossem, D. Van Eester, J. Varela, J. Varje, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, M. Veis, P. Veis, S. Ventre, M. Veranda, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, R. Vila, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voldiner, U. Von Toussaint, P. Vondráček, B. Wakeling, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, R. Walton, E. Wang, F. Warren, R. Warren, J. Waterhouse, C. Watts, T. Webster, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, N. Wendler, A. West, M. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. Whitehead, D. Whittaker, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Willensdorfer, J. Williams, I. Wilson, T. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, A. Withycombe, D. Witts, A. Wojcik-Gargula, E. Wolfrum, R. Wood, R. Woodley, R. Worrall, I. Wyss, T. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, Y. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, I. Young, R. Young, B. Zaar, R.J. Zabolockis, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, A. Zarins, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, K.-D. Zastrow, Y. Zayachuk, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zocco, V.K. Zotta, M. Zuin, W. Zwingmann, and I. Zychor

Subjects
magnetic fusion, JET-ILW, D–T, tritium, alpha particles, fusion prediction, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

In 2021 JET exploited its unique capabilities to operate with T and D–T fuel with an ITER-like Be/W wall (JET-ILW). This second major JET D–T campaign (DTE2), after DTE1 in 1997, represented the culmination of a series of JET enhancements—new fusion diagnostics, new T injection capabilities, refurbishment of the T plant, increased auxiliary heating, in-vessel calibration of 14 MeV neutron yield monitors—as well as significant advances in plasma theory and modelling in the fusion community. DTE2 was complemented by a sequence of isotope physics campaigns encompassing operation in pure tritium at high T-NBI power. Carefully conducted for safe operation with tritium, the new T and D–T experiments used 1 kg of T (vs 100 g in DTE1), yielding the most fusion reactor relevant D–T plasmas to date and expanding our understanding of isotopes and D–T mixture physics. Furthermore, since the JET T and DTE2 campaigns occurred almost 25 years after the last major D–T tokamak experiment, it was also a strategic goal of the European fusion programme to refresh operational experience of a nuclear tokamak to prepare staff for ITER operation. The key physics results of the JET T and DTE2 experiments, carried out within the EUROfusion JET1 work package, are reported in this paper. Progress in the technological exploitation of JET D–T operations, development and validation of nuclear codes, neutronic tools and techniques for ITER operations carried out by EUROfusion (started within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme and continuing under the Horizon Europe FP) are reported in (Litaudon et al Nucl. Fusion accepted), while JET experience on T and D–T operations is presented in (King et al Nucl. Fusion submitted).

Published
2024
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6. Divertor Tokamak Test facility project: status of design and implementation

Author

Francesco Romanelli, on behalf of DTT Contributors, D. Abate, E. Acampora, D. Agguiaro, R. Agnello, P. Agostinetti, M. Agostini, A. Aimetta, R. Albanese, G. Alberti, M. Albino, E. Alessi, S. Almaviva, M. Alonzo, R. Ambrosino, P. Andreoli, M. Angelone, M. Angelucci, C. Angioni, A. Angrisani Armenio, P. Antonini, D. Aprile, G. Apruzzese, M. Aquilini, G. Aragone, P. Arena, M. Ariola, G. Artaserse, L. Aucone, A. Augieri, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon Guerola, N. Badodi, B. Baiocchi, L. Balbinot, C. Baldacchini, A. Balestri, T. Barberis, G. Barone, L. Barucca, M. Baruzzo, S. Begozzi, V. Belardi, F. Belli, A. Belpane, F. Beone, S. Bertolami, S. Bianucci, S. Bifaretti, S. Bigioni, W. Bin, P. Boccali, B. Boeswirth, E. Bogazzi, R. Bojoi, S. Bollanti, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, M. Bonan, N. Bonanomi, A. Bonaventura, L. Boncagni, M. Bonesso, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, D. Bonomi, D. Borgogno, T. Borzone, S. Botti, E. Boz, F. Braghin, M. Brena, S. Brezinsek, M. Brombin, A. Bruschi, S. Buonocore, P. Buratti, D. Busi, G. Calabrò, M. Caldora, G. Calvo, G. Camera, G. Campana, S. Candela, V. Candela, F. Cani, L. Cantone, F. Capaldo, S. Cappello, M. Caponero, S. Carchella, A. Cardinali, D. Carnevale, L. Carraro, C. Carrelli, V. Casalegno, I. Casiraghi, C. Castaldo, A. Castaldo, G. Castro, A. Carpignano, F. Causa, R. Cavazzana, M. Cavedon, M. Cavenago, M. Cecchini, S. Ceccuzzi, G. Celentano, L. Celona, C. Centioli, G.V. Centomani, S. Cesaroni, A.G. Chiariello, R. Chomicz, C. Cianfarani, F. Cichocki, M. Cinque, A. Cioffi, M. Ciotti, M. Cipriani, S. Ciufo, V. Claps, G. Claps, V. Coccorese, D. Coccorese, A. Colangeli, T. Coltella, F. Consoli, F. Cordella, D. Corradini, O. Costa, F. Crea, A. Cremona, F. Crescenzi, F. Crisanti, G. Cristofari, G. Croci, A. Cucchiaro, D. D’Ambrosio, M. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Palma, F. Danè, C. Day, M. De Angeli, V. De Leo, R. De Luca, E. De Marchi, G. De Marzi, G. De Masi, E. De Nardi, C. De Piccoli, G. De Sano, M. De Santis, G. De Tommasi, A. Del Nevo, A. Delfino, A. Della Corte, P. Deodati, S. Desiderati, E. Di Ferdinando, M.G. Di Florio, G. Di Gironimo, L.E. Di Grazia, V. Di Marzo, F. Di Paolo, E. Di Pietro, M. Di Pietrantonio, M. Di Prinzio, A. Di Silvestre, A. Di Zenobio, R. Dima, A. Domenichelli, A. Doria, G. Dose, S. Dubbioso, S. Dulla, I. Duran, M. Eboli, M. Elitropi, E. Emanuelli, B. Esposito, P. Ettorre, C. Fabbri, F. Fabbri, M. Fadone, M.M. Faggiano, F. Falcioni, M.V. Falessi, F. Fanale, P. Fanelli, A. Fassina, M. Favaretto, G. Favero, M. Ferraris, F. Ferrazza, C. Ferretti, A. Ferro, N. Ferron, C. Fiamozzi Zignani, L. Figini, F. Filippi, M. Filippini, A. Fimiani, M. Fincato, F. Fiorenza, D. Fiorucci, D. Flammini, F. Flora, N. Fonnesu, P. Franz, L. Frassinetti, A. Frattolillo, R. Freda, R. Fresa, A. Frescura, P. Frosi, M. Fulici, M. Furno Palumbo, V. Fusco, P. Fusco, L. Gabellier, P. Gaetani, E. Gaio, E. Gajetti, A. Galatà, J. Galdon Quiroga, D.L. Galindo Huertas, S. Gammino, G. Gandolfo, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia Lopez, M. Garcia Muñoz, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, G. Gervasini, L. Giannini, M. Giarrusso, C. Gil, F. Giorgetti, E. Giovannozzi, G. Giruzzi, L. Giudicotti, M. Gobbin, G. Gorini, G. Granucci, D. Grasso, T. Grasso, S. Grazioso, H. Greuner, G. Griva, G. Grosso, S. Guerini, J.P. Gunn, V. Hauer, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, M. Hoppe, M. Houry, M. Hoelzl, A. Iaboni, M. Iafrati, A. Iaiunese, V. Imbriani, D. Indrigo, P. Innocente, F. Koechl, B. Končar, A. Kryzhanovskyy, L. Laguardia, D.A. Lampasi, C. Lanchi, F. Lanzotti, A. Lanzotti, M. Laquaniti, F. Leone, J. Li, M. Libè, F. Lisanti, D. Liuzza, F. Locati, R. Lombroni, R. Lorenzini, P. Lorusso, L. Lotto, J. Loureiro, F. Lucca, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, P. Maccari, G. Maddaluno, S. Magagnino, G. Manca, A. Mancini, P. Mandalà, B. Mandolesi, F. Mandrile, G. Manduchi, S. Manfrin, M. Manganelli, P. Mantica, G. Marchiori, N. Marconato, G. Marelli, A. Mariani, A. Marin, R. Marinari, M. Marinelli, F. Marino, P. Marino, D. Marocco, R. Marsilio, E. Martelli, P. Martin, F. Martinelli, G. Martini, R. Martone, A. Marucci, D. Marzullo, V. Masala, D. Mascali, F. Mascari, A. Masi, N. Massanova, S. Mastrostefano, M. Mattei, G. Mauro, S. Mauro, C. Meineri, L. Melaragni, A. Mele, P. Meller, S. Meloni, I. Menicucci, G. Messina, L. Mezi, G. Miccichè, M. Micheletti, S. Migliori, D. Milanesio, F. Milazzo, R. Milazzo, P. Minelli, S. Minucci, F. Mirizzi, M. Missirlian, D. Monarca, C. Monti, M. Mori, A. Moriani, L. Morici, A. Moro, F. Moro, P. Mosetti, R. Mozzillo, A. Murari, A. Muraro, D. Murra, P. Muscente, S. Musumeci, L. Muzzi, G.F. Nallo, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, E. Naselli, R. Neu, M. Nocente, M. Notazio, S. Nowak, E. Ocello, A. Oliva, V. Orsetti, A. Orsini, F.P. Orsitto, M. Ortino, M. Ottavi, G. Paccagnella, D. Pacella, I. Pagani, N. Paganucci, A. Pagliaro, V. Palazzolo, M. Palermo, S. Palomba, F. Panza, D. Paoletti, M. Parisi, R. Pasqualotto, S. Passarello, M. Passoni, T. Patton, L. Pelliccia, A. Peloso, A. Pepato, E. Perelli, A. Perencin, S. Peruzzo, A. Pesenti, N. Pedroni, P. Petrolini, V. Piergotti, A. Pidatella, L. Pigatto, M. Pillon, T. Pinna, S. Pipolo, S. Piras, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, M. Pistilli, D. Placido, A. Pizzuto, P. Platania, A. Polimadei, F. Pollastrone, G.M. Polli, N. Pomaro, F. Pompili, C. Ponti, F. Porcelli, V. Prandelli, A. Previti, A. Princiotta, G. Pucino, F. Quaglia, A. Quercia, F. Raffaelli, G. Ramogida, G. Ranieri, B. Raspante, D. Ravarotto, G.L. Ravera, A. Reale, P. Rebesan, M. Recchia, D. Regine, F. Renno, B. Riccardi, D. Ricci, D. Rigamonti, M. Ripani, N. Rispoli, S. Roccella, G. Rocchi, H. Roche, M. Romanato, F. Romanelli, G. Romanelli, R. Romaniello, A. Romano, M. Romano, R. Romano, R. Rossi, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, S. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, A. Rufoloni, C. Salvia, P. Salvini, M. Scarpari, A. Salvitti, L. Salvò, S. Sandri, F. Santoro, A. Satriano, L. Savoldi, C. Scardino, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, J. Scionti, M. Scisciò, M. Scungio, K. Sedlak, L. Senni, G. Sias, A. Sibio, A. Simonetto, L. Singh, A. Sirignano, C. Sozzi, I. Spada, S. Spagnolo, L. Spinicci, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, C. Stefanini, H. Strobel, F. Subba, F. Taccogna, B. Taheri, C. Tantos, A. Tarallo, M. Tarantino, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, P. Tarfila, A. Tenaglia, C. Terlizzi, D. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Testa, R. Testoni, V. Toigo, G. Torrisi, A. Trotta, G. Trovato, E. Tsitrone, A. Tuccillo, O. Tudisco, M. Turcato, S. Turtù, A. Uccello, M. Ugoletti, O. Uras, M. Uras, M. Utili, V. Vaccaro, F. Valentini, L. Valletti, M. Valisa, D. Van Eester, D. Vanzan, E. Vassallo, G. Vecchi, M. Vellucci, I. Venneri, G. Ventura, M. Veranda, L. Verdini, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, F. Veronese, N. Vianello, F. Viganò, O. Villano, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, V. Vitale, F. Vivio, G. Vlad, M. Wischmeier, H.S. Wu, I. Wyss, R. Zanino, B. Zaniol, F. Zanon, A. Zappatore, G. Zavarise, P. Zito, A. Zoppoli, M. Zucchetti, M. Zuin, and P. Zumbolo

Subjects
divertor, exhaust, plasma scenarios, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

An overview is presented of the progress since 2021 in the construction and scientific programme preparation of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility. Licensing for building construction has been granted at the end of 2021. Licensing for Cat. A radiologic source has been also granted in 2022. The construction of the toroidal field magnet system is progressing. The prototype of the 170 GHz gyrotron has been produced and it is now under test on the FALCON facility. The design of the vacuum vessel, the poloidal field coils and the civil infrastructures has been completed. The shape of the first DTT divertor has been agreed with EUROfusion to test different plasma and exhaust scenarios: single null, double null, X-divertor and negative triangularity plasmas. A detailed research plan is being elaborated with the involvement of the EUROfusion laboratories.

Published
2024
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7. Physics basis for the divertor tokamak test facility

Author

F. Crisanti, R. Ambrosino, M.V. Falessi, L. Gabellieri, G. Giruzzi, G. Granucci, P. Innocente, P. Mantica, G. Ramogida, G. Vlad, R. Albanese, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, P. Agostinetti, L. Aucone, F. Auriemma, B. Baiocchi, L. Balbinot, A. Balestri, T. Barberis, M. Baruzzo, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, S. Brezinsek, G. Calabrò, F. Cani, I. Casiraghi, A. Castaldo, C. Castaldo, M. Cavedon, S. Ceccuzzi, F. Cichocki, M. Ciotti, C. Day, C. De Piccoli, G. Dose, E. Emanueli, L. Frassinetti, L. Figini, V. Fusco, E. Giovannozzi, M. Gobbin, F. Koechi, A. Kryzhanovskyy, Y. Li, R. Lombroni, T. Luda, A. Mariani, P. Martin, C. Meineri, A. Murari, P. Muscente, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, R. Neu, M. Nocente, M. Notazio, S. Nowak, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, F. Porcelli, S. Roccella, G. Rubino, M. Scarpari, C. Sozzi, G. Spizzo, F. Subba, F. Taccogna, C. Tantos, D. Terranova, E. Tsitrone, A. Uccello, D. Van Eester, N. Vianello, P. Vincenzi, M. Wischmeier, and F. Zonca

Subjects
plasma, experiment, theory, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

This paper is dealing with the physics basis used for the design of the Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT), under construction in Frascati (DTT 2019 DTT interim design report (2019)) Italy, and with the description of the main target plasma scenarios of the device. The main goal of the facility will be the study of the power exhaust, intended as a fully integrated core-edge problem, and eventually to propose an optimized divertor for the European DEMO plant. The approach used to design the facility is described and their main features are reported, by using simulations performed by state-of-the-art codes both for the bulk and edge studies. A detailed analysis of MHD, including also the possibility to study disruption events and Energetic Particles physics is also reported. Eventually, a description of the ongoing work to build-up a Research Plan written and shared by the full EUROfusion community is presented.

Published
2024
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8. WEST full tungsten operation with an ITER grade divertor

Author

J. Bucalossi, A. Ekedahl, and the WEST Team, J. Achard, K. Afonin, O. Agullo, T. Alarcon, L. Allegretti, F. Almuhisen, H. Ancher, G. Antar, Y. Anquetin, S. Antusch, V. Anzallo, C. Arnas, J.F. Artaud, M.H. Aumeunier, S.G. Baek, X.Y. Bai, M. Balden, C. Balorin, T. Barbui, A. Barbuti, J. Barlerin, J. Barra, V. Basiuk, T. Batal, O. Baulaigue, A. Bec, M. Becoulet, E. Benoit, E. Bernard, J.M. Bernard, M. Bernert, N. Bertelli, E. Bertrand, P. Beyer, J. Bielecki, P. Bienvenu, R. Bisson, B. Bliewert, G. Bodner, S. Bose, C. Bottereau, C. Bouchand, Y. Boumendjel, F. Bouquey, C. Bourdelle, J. Bourg, S. Brezinsek, F. Brochard, C. Brun, V. Bruno, H. Bufferand, A. Bureau, S. Burles, Y. Camenen, B. Cantone, E. Caprin, M. Carole, S. Carpentier-Chouchana, G. Caulier, F. Causa, N. Cazanave, N. Chanet, O. Chellai, Y. Chen, M. Chernyshova, P. Chmielewski, W. Choe, A. Chomiczewska, G. Ciraolo, F. Clairet, J. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Colledani, J. Colnel, P. Coquillat, E. Corbel, Y. Corre, X. Courtois, T. Czarski, A. Da Ros, R. Daniel, J. Daumas, M. De Combarieu, P. De Vries, C. Dechelle, F. Deguara, R. Dejarnac, J.M. Delaplanche, L.F. Delgado-Aparicio, E. Delmas, L. Delpech, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, J. Denis, S. Di Genova, R. Diab, A. Diallo, M. Diez, G. Dif-Pradalier, M. Dimitrova, R. Ding, T. Dittmar, L. Doceul, M. Domenes, D. Donovan, D. Douai, L. Dubus, N. Dumas, R. Dumont, F. Durand, A. Durif, F. Durodié, D. Elbeze, S. Ertmer, A. Escarguel, F. Escourbiac, B. Esposito, K. Ezato, F. Faisse, J.L. Farjon, N. Faure, N. Fedorczak, P. Fejoz, F. Felici, C. Fenzi-Bonizec, F. Ferlay, L. Ferrand, L. Fevre, M. Firdaouss, L. Fleury, D. Flouquet, T. Fonghetti, A. Gallo, X. Garbet, J. Garcia, J.L. Gardarein, L. Gargiulo, P. Garibaldi, S. Garitta, J. Gaspar, E. Gauthier, S. Gazzotti, F. Gely, J. Gerardin, G. Gervasini, E. Geulin, M. Geynet, P. Ghendrih, I. Giacalone, C. Gil, S. Ginoux, S. Girard, E. Giroux, G. Giruzzi, M. Goniche, V. Gorse, T. Gray, E. Grelier, C. Grisolia, A. Grosjean, A. Grosman, O. Grover, D. Guibert, D. Guilhem, C. Guillemaut, B. Guillermin, R. Guirlet, J.P. Gunn, Y. Gunsu, T. Gyergyek, S. Hacquin, A. Hakola, J. Harris, J.C. Hatchressian, W. Helou, P. Hennequin, C. Hernandez, L. Hijazi, J. Hillairet, T. Hirai, G.T. Hoang, C. Honoré, M. Houry, A. Huart, G. Huijsmans, P. Huynh, M. Iafrati, F. Imbeaux, N. Imbert, I. Ivanova-Stanik, P. Ivanova, R. Jalageas, A. Jamann, C. Jammes, A. Jardin, L. Jaubert, G. Jiolat, E. Joffrin, C. Johnson, A. Jonas, A. Kirschner, C.C. Klepper, M. Komm, M. Koubiti, S. Kosslow, J. Kovacic, M. Kozeiha, K. Krieger, K. Krol, I. Kudashev, B. Lacroix, L. Laguardia, V. Lamaison, V. Lapleigne, H. Laqua, C. Lau, Y. Lausenaz, R. Lé, M. Le Bohec, N. Lefevre, N. Lemoine, E. Lerche, Y. Lesourd, L. Letellier, M. Lewerentz, Y. Li, A. Liang, P. Linczuk, C. Linsmeier, M. Lipa, X. Litaudon, X. Liu, J. Llorens, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, T. Loewenhoff, G. Lombard, J. Lore, P. Lorenzetto, B. Lu, A. Lumsdaine, R. Lunsford, T. Lunt, G. Luo, P. Magaud, P. Maget, J.F. Mahieu, P. Maini, P. Malard, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, L. Manenc, V. Maquet, Y. Marandet, C. Martin, E.J. Martin, P. Martino, M. Mayer, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, P. Messina, L. Meunier, D. Midou, G. Miglionico, Y. Mineo, M. Missirlian, R. Mitteau, B. Mitu, D. Moiraf, P. Mollard, G. Momparler, V. Moncada, T. Mondiere, C. Monti, J. Morales, M. Moreau, Ph. Moreau, Y. Moudden, G. Moureau, D. Mouyon, M. Muraglia, T. Nakano, E. Nardon, A. Neff, F. Nespoli, J. Nichols, L. Nicolas, S. Nicollet, R. Nouailletas, M. Ono, V. Ostuni, O. Paillat, C. Parish, H. Park, H. Parrat, J.Y. Pascal, B. Pegourie, F.P. Pellissier, Y. Peneliau, M. Peret, E. Pignoly, G. Pintsuk, R. Pitts, C. Pocheau, A. Podolnik, C. Portafaix, M. Poulos, P. Prochet, A. Puig Sitjes, R. Ragona, M. Rasinski, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raup, X. Regal-Mezin, C. Reux, J. Rice, M. Richou, F. Rigollet, N. Rivals, H. Roche, S. Rodrigues, J. Romazanov, G. Ronchi, C. Ruset, R. Sabot, A. Saille, R. Sakamoto, B. Salamon, F. Samaille, A. Santagiustina, B. Santraine, Y. Sarazin, O. Sauter, Y. Savoie-Peysson, L. Schiesko, M. Scholz, J.L. Schwob, E. Serre, H. Shin, S. Shiraiwa, Ja. Signoret, O. Skalli-Fettachi, P. Sogorb, Y. Song, A. Spring, P. Spuig, S. Sridhar, B. Stratton, C. Talatizi, P. Tamain, R. Tatali, Q. Tichit, A. Torre, L. Toulouse, W. Treutterer, E. Tsitrone, E.A. Unterberg, G. Urbanczyk, G. Van Rooij, N. Varadarajan, S. Vartanian, E. Velly, J.M. Verger, L. Vermare, D. Vezinet, N. Vignal, B. Vincent, S. Vives, D. Volpe, G. Wallace, E. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.S. Wang, T. Wauters, D. Weldon, B. Wirth, M. Wirtz, A. Wojenski, M. Xu, Q.X. Yang, H. Yang, B. Zago, R. Zagorski, B. Zhang, X.J. Zhang, X.L. Zou, and the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team

Subjects
nuclear fusion, magnetic confinement, tokamak, divertor, WEST, ITER, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

The mission of WEST (tungsten-W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak) is to explore long pulse operation in a full tungsten (W) environment for preparing next-step fusion devices (ITER and DEMO) with a focus on testing the ITER actively cooled W divertor in tokamak conditions. Following the successful completion of phase 1 (2016-2021), phase 2 started in December 2022 with the lower divertor made entirely of actively cooled ITER-grade tungsten mono-blocks. A boronization prior the first plasma attempt allowed for a smooth startup with the new divertor. Despite the reduced operating window due to tungsten, rapid progress has been made in long pulse operation, resulting in discharges with a pulse length of 100 s and an injected energy of around 300 MJ per discharge. Plasma startup studies were carried out with equatorial boron nitride limiters to compare them with tungsten limiters, while Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating assisted startup was attempted. High fluence operation in attached regime, which was the main thrust of the first campaigns, already showed the progressive build up of deposits and appearance of dust, impacting the plasma operation as the plasma fluence increased. In total, the cumulated injected energy during the first campaigns reached 43 GJ and the cumulated plasma time exceeded 5 h. Demonstration of controlled X-Point Radiator regime is also reported, opening a promising route for investigating plasma exhaust and plasma-wall interaction issues in more detached regime. This paper summarises the lessons learned from the manufacturing and the first operation of the ITER-grade divertor, describing the progress achieved in optimising operation in a full W environment with a focus on long pulse operation and plasma wall interaction.

Published
2024
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9. Global scaling of the heat transport in fusion plasmas

Author

Sara Moradi, Johan Anderson, Michele Romanelli, Hyun-Tae Kim, JET contributors, X. Litaudon, S. Abduallev, M. Abhangi, P. Abreu, M. Afzal, K. M. Aggarwal, T. Ahlgren, J. H. Ahn, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, R. Albanese, V. Aldred, D. Alegre, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, A. Alfier, A. Alkseev, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, L. Amicucci, V. Amosov, E. Andersson Sundén, M. Angelone, M. Anghel, C. Angioni, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, P. Arena, M. Ariola, H. Arnichand, S. Arshad, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, O. Asunta, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, M. D. Axton, C. Ayres, M. Bacharis, A. Baciero, D. Baião, S. Bailey, A. Baker, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, R. Bament, J. W. Banks, Y. F. Baranov, M. A. Barnard, D. Barnes, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, A. Baron Wiechec, L. Barrera Orte, M. Baruzzo, V. Basiuk, M. Bassan, R. Bastow, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, R. Baughan, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, B. Bazylev, J. Beal, P. S. Beaumont, M. Beckers, B. Beckett, A. Becoulet, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, K. Bell, F. Belli, M. Bellinger, É. Belonohy, N. Ben Ayed, N. A. Benterman, H. Bergsȧker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, C. Besliu, M. Beurskens, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, M. Bigi, P. Bìlkovà, F. Binda, A. Bisoffi, J. P. S. Bizarro, C. Björkas, J. Blackburn, K. Blackman, T. R. Blackman, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, G. Bodnàr, O. Bogar, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, F. Bonelli, J. Boom, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, A. Botrugno, C. Bottereau, P. Boulting, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, C. Bower, C. Bowman, T. Boyce, C. Boyd, H. J. Boyer, J. M. A. Bradshaw, V. Braic, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, S. Bremond, P. D. Brennan, S. Breton, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. D. J. Bright, M. Brix, W. Broeckx, M. Brombin, A. Brosawski, D. P. D. Brown, M. Brown, E. Bruno, J. Bucalossi, J. Buch, J. Buchanan, M. A. Buckley, R. Budny, H. Bufferand, M. Bulman, N. Bulmer, P. Bunting, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, N. K. Butler, I. Bykov, J. Byrne, P. Cahyna, G. Calabrò, I. Calvo, Y. Camenen, P. Camp, D. C. Campling, J. Cane, B. Cannas, A. J. Capel, P. J. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, B. B. Carvalho, I. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, F. J. Casson, C. Castaldo, N. Catarino, J. Caumont, F. Causa, R. Cavazzana, K. Cave-Ayland, M. Cavinato, M. Cecconello, S. Ceccuzzi, E. Cecil, A. Cenedese, R. Cesario, C. D. Challis, M. Chandler, D. Chandra, C. S. Chang, A. Chankin, I. T. Chapman, S. C. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, G. Chitarin, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, E. Clark, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, D. Clatworthy, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J. P. Coad, P. A. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. W. Coenen, I. Coffey, L. Colas, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, N. Conway, D. Coombs, D. Cooper, S. R. Cooper, C. Corradino, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, S. Cortes, D. Coster, A. S. Couchman, M. P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, R. Craven, F. Crisanti, G. Croci, D. Croft, K. Crombé, R. Crowe, N. Cruz, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, A. Czarnecka, H. Dabirikhah, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, D. Darrow, O. Davies, W. Davis, C. Day, I. E. Day, M. De Bock, A. de Castro, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, G. De Masi, J. L. de Pablos, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, P. de Vries, K. Deakin, J. Deane, F. Degli Agostini, R. Dejarnac, E. Delabie, N. den Harder, R. O. Dendy, J. Denis, P. Denner, S. Devaux, P. Devynck, F. Di Maio, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, P. Dinca, R. Dinca, B. Ding, T. Dittmar, H. Doerk, R. P. Doerner, T. Donné, S. E. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, S. Doswon, D. Douai, P. T. Doyle, A. Drenik, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, Ph. Duckworth, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, I. Duran, F. Durodié, P. Dutta, B. P. Duval, R. Dux, K. Dylst, N. Dzysiuk, P. V. Edappala, J. Edmond, A. M. Edwards, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Ekedahl, R. El-Jorf, C. G. Elsmore, M. Enachescu, G. 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Martín de Aguilera, F. J. Martínez, J. R. Martín-Solís, Y. Martynova, S. Maruyama, A. Masiello, M. Maslov, S. Matejcik, M. Mattei, G. F. Matthews, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M. L. Mayoral, T. May-Smith, D. Mazon, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P. J. McCarthy, K. G. McClements, O. McCormack, P. A. McCullen, D. McDonald, S. McIntosh, R. McKean, J. McKehon, R. C. Meadows, A. Meakins, F. Medina, M. Medland, S. Medley, S. Meigh, A. G. Meigs, G. Meisl, S. Meitner, L. Meneses, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, I. R. Merrigan, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, H. Meyer, S. Mianowski, R. Michling, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Miettunen, F. Militello, E. Militello-Asp, G. Miloshevsky, F. Mink, S. Minucci, Y. Miyoshi, J. Mlynàr, D. Molina, I. Monakhov, M. Moneti, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, R. Moreno, F. Moro, A. W. Morris, J. Morris, L. Moser, S. Mosher, D. Moulton, A. Murari, A. Muraro, S. Murphy, N. N. Asakura, Y. S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, T. Nakano, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M. F. F. Nave, I. Nedzelski, G. Nemtsev, F. Nespoli, A. Neto, R. Neu, V. S. Neverov, M. Newman, K. J. Nicholls, T. Nicolas, A. H. Nielsen, P. Nielsen, E. Nilsson, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Nouailletas, I. Nunes, M. Oberkofler, T. Odupitan, M. T. Ogawa, T. O'Gorman, M. Okabayashi, R. Olney, O. Omolayo, M. O'Mullane, J. Ongena, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, B. I. Oswuigwe, R. Otin, A. Owen, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, D. Pacella, L. W. Packer, A. Page, E. Pajuste, S. Palazzo, S. Pamela, S. Panja, P. Papp, R. Paprok, V. Parail, M. Park, F. Parra Diaz, M. Parsons, R. Pasqualotto, A. Patel, S. Pathak, D. Paton, H. Patten, A. Pau, E. Pawelec, C. Paz Soldan, A. Peackoc, I. J. Pearson, S.-P. Pehkonen, E. Peluso, C. Penot, A. Pereira, R. Pereira, P. P. Pereira Puglia, C. Perez von Thun, S. Peruzzo, S. Peschanyi, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, A. Petre, N. Petrella, V. Petrzilka, Y. Peysson, D. Pfefferlé, V. Philipps, M. Pillon, G. Pintsuk, P. Piovesan, A. Pires dos Reis, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, F. Pizzo, V. Plyusnin, N. Pomaro, O. G. Pompilian, P. J. Pool, S. Popovichev, M. T. Porfiri, C. Porosnicu, M. Porton, G. Possnert, S. Potzel, T. Powell, J. Pozzi, V. Prajapati, R. Prakash, G. Prestopino, D. Price, M. Price, R. Price, P. Prior, R. Proudfoot, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, M. E. Puiatti, D. Pulley, K. Purahoo, Th. Pütterich, E. Rachlew, M. Rack, R. Ragona, M. S. J. Rainford, A. Rakha, G. Ramogida, S. Ranjan, C. J. Rapson, J. J. Rasmussen, K. Rathod, G. Rattà, S. Ratynskaia, G. Ravera, C. Rayner, M. Rebai, D. Reece, A. Reed, D. Réfy, B. Regan, J. Regana, M. Reich, N. Reid, F. Reimold, M. Reinhart, M. Reinke, D. Reiser, D. Rendell, C. Reux, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, S. Reynolds, V. Riccardo, N. Richardson, K. Riddle, D. Rigamonti, F. G. Rimini, J. Risner, M. Riva, C. Roach, R. J. Robins, S. A. Robinson, T. Robinson, D. W. Robson, R. Roccella, R. Rodionov, P. Rodrigues, J. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, F. Romanelli, M. Romanelli, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, S. Rowe, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, C. Ruset, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, E. Safi, P. Sagar, G. Saibene, F. Saint-Laurent, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, D. Samaddar, U. Samm, D. Sandiford, P. Santa, M. I. K. Santala, B. Santos, A. Santucci, F. Sartori, R. Sartori, O. Sauter, R. Scannell, T. Schlummer, K. Schmid, V. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, K. Schöpf, D. Schwörer, S. D. Scott, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, A. Shabbir, S. E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, A. Shumack, G. Sias, M. Sibbald, B. Sieglin, S. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, P. A. Simmons, J. Simpson, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, A. Sinha, S. K. Sipilä, A. C. C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, M. Skiba, R. Skilton, K. Slabkowska, B. Slade, N. Smith, P. G. Smith, R. Smith, T. J. Smith, M. Smithies, L. Snoj, S. Soare, E. R. Solano, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, P. Sonato, A. Sopplesa, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, G. Stables, I. Stamatelatos, M. F. Stamp, P. Staniec, G. Stankunas, C. Stan-Sion, M. J. Stead, E. Stefanikova, I. Stepanov, A. V. Stephen, M. Stephen, A. Stevens, B. D. Stevens, J. Strachan, P. Strand, H. R. Strauss, P. Ström, G. Stubbs, W. Studholme, F. Subba, H. P. Summers, J. Svensson, L. Swiderski, T. Szabolics, M. Szawlowski, G. Szepesi, T. T. Suzuki, B. Tàl, T. Tala, A. R. Talbot, S. Talebzadeh, C. Taliercio, P. Tamain, C. Tame, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, L. Taroni, D. Taylor, K. A. Taylor, D. Tegnered, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, D. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, J. D. Thomas, P. Thomas, A. Thompson, C.-A. Thompson, V. K. Thompson, L. Thorne, A. Thornton, A. S. Thrysoe, P. A. Tigwell, N. Tipton, I. Tiseanu, H. Tojo, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomes, P. Tonner, M. Towndrow, P. Trimble, M. Tripsky, M. Tsalas, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya jun, I. Turner, M. M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. G. J. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Uljanovs, D. Ulyatt, H. Urano, I. Uytdenhouwen, A. P. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valentinuzzi, M. Valisa, P. Vallejos Olivares, M. Valovic, M. Van De Mortel, D. Van Eester, W. Van Renterghem, G. J. van Rooij, J. Varje, S. Varoutis, S. Vartanian, K. Vasava, T. Vasilopoulou, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, R. Verhoeven, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, S. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, I. Vinyar, B. Viola, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voitsekhovitch, P. Vondràcek, N. Vora, T. Vu, W. W. Pires de Sa, B. Wakeling, C. W. F. Waldon, N. Walkden, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, E. Wang, N. Wang, S. Warder, R. J. Warren, J. Waterhouse, N. W. Watkins, C. Watts, T. Wauters, A. Weckmann, J. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, C. Wellstood, A. T. West, M. R. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. M. Whitehead, B. D. Whitehead, A. M. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, J. Wilkinson, J. Williams, M. Williams, A. R. Wilson, D. J. Wilson, H. R. Wilson, J. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. M. Witts, D. Wood, R. Wood, C. Woodley, S. Wray, J. Wright, J. C. Wright, J. Wu, S. Wukitch, A. Wynn, T. Xu, D. Yadikin, W. Yanling, L. Yao, V. Yavorskij, M. G. Yoo, C. Young, D. Young, I. D. Young, R. Young, J. Zacks, R. Zagorski, F. S. Zaitsev, R. Zanino, A. Zarins, K. D. Zastrow, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, E. Zilli, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, and I. Zychor

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

A global heat flux model based on a fractional derivative of plasma pressure is proposed for the heat transport in fusion plasmas. The degree of the fractional derivative of the heat flux, α, is defined through the power balance analysis of the steady state. The model was used to obtain the experimental values of α for a large database of the Joint European Torus (JET) carbon-wall as well as ITER like-wall plasmas. The fractional degrees of the electron heat flux are found to be α

Published
2020
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10. Overview of the Recent Study on ELM Mitigation Physics with Different External Actuators on HL-2A Tokamak

Author

A. S. Liang, Q.W. Yang, Wulyu Zhong, B. Lu, B. B. Feng, Z. X. Wang, Y. Liu, Z. H. Wang, Y. H. Zhou, C. H. Liu, J. Wen, X. Y. Bai, Y. P. Zhang, J. M. Gao, G. L. Xiao, X. Q. Ji, P. W. Shi, D. Mazon, X. M. Song, C. Y. Chen, X.L. Zou, M. K. Han, M. Xu, Yves Peysson, J. Cheng, Z. B. Shi, W. Chen, L. Liu, X.R. Duan, Z. C. Yang, M. Goniche, Annika Ekedahl, P. Sun, D. L. Yu, L. W. Yan, G. L. Yuan, W. W. Xiao, Lena Delpech, K. Zhang, Mitsutaka Isobe, X. X. He, G. Giruzzi, X.T. Ding, Y.G. Li, P. F. Zhang, Z. H. Huang, Z. Y. Cui, T. Hoang, T. B. Wang, C. F. Dong, A.D. Liu, and J. Q. Dong

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Turbulence, Plasma, Lower hybrid oscillation, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, law.invention, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, 0103 physical sciences, Turbulence kinetic energy, Wavenumber, Supersonic speed, 010306 general physics, Edge-localized mode
Abstract

Mitigation of Edge localized mode(ELM) has been achieved with different external actuators such as lower hybrid wave (LHW), mixture supersonic molecular beam injection(SMBI), and laser blow-off(LBO) impurity seeding on HL-2A. During these experiments, the pedestal turbulence enhancement is commonly observed, which is found closely related to ELM mitigation. The turbulence enhancement is caused by the externally driven the velocity shear rate without change of the turbulence correlation length, but correlated to its radial wavenumber spectral shift. A common plausible mechanism for the ELM mitigation with different external source input seems to be involved. A modified theoretical model based on the turbulence radial wavenumber spectral shift is used and successfully interprets the experimental observations. The simulation suggests that a critical growth rate of the most unstable mode, also identified by the experimental results, survives in the competition of the velocity shear rate, enhancing the turbulence intensity. An example of the LHW case is used and good agreements have been found between the experimental results and simulation results.

Published
2020
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11. Status of the ITER remote experimentation centre

Author

Gabriele Manduchi, E. Joffrin, Makoto Matsukawa, A. Mele, Y. Miyata, O. Naito, Kenjiro Yamanaka, Massimiliano Mattei, M. Namekawa, T. Oshima, A. Wakasa, Hirotaka Kubo, Hajime Urano, Norihiro Nakajima, V. Vitale, J.F. Artaud, S. Clement Lorenzo, M. Wheatley, Frederic Imbeaux, T. Ozeki, Filippo Sartori, P. Barbato, S. Ohira, J. Noe, Shunsuke Ide, G. De Tommasi, Y. Ishii, G. Giruzzi, J. Farthing, F. Robin, Nobuhiko Hayashi, O. Hemming, Annette M. Hynes, Hideya Nakanishi, T. Totsuka, A. Rigoni, Farthing, J., Ozeki, T., Clement Lorenzo, S., Nakajima, N., Sartori, F., De Tommasi, G., Manduchi, G., Barbato, P., Rigoni, A., Vitale, V., Giruzzi, G., Mattei, M., Mele, A., Imbeaux, F., Artaud, J. -F., Robin, F., Noe, J., Joffrin, E., Hynes, A., Hemming, O., Wheatley, M., O’Hira, S., Ide, S., Ishii, Y., Matsukawa, M., Kubo, H., Totsuka, T., Urano, H., Naito, O., Hayashi, N., Miyata, Y., Namekawa, M., Wakasa, A., Oshima, T., Nakanishi, H., Yamanaka, K., and O'Hira, S.

Subjects
IFERC, Computer science, Broadband networks, JT-60SA, BA, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Remote experimentation, CODAC, Data visualization, Software, ITER, 0103 physical sciences, Tape library, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering, business.industry, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Materials Science (all), Mechanical Engineering, Fusion power, Supercomputer, Computer data storage, Data analysis, Systems engineering, business
Abstract

The ITER Remote Experimentation Centre (REC) project (one of the three sub-projects of the International Fusion Energy Research Centre (IFERC)) is progressing under the agreement between the Government of Japan and the European Atomic Energy Community for the joint implementation of the Broader Approach (BA) activities in the field of fusion energy research. The objectives of the REC activity are to identify the functions and solve the technical issues for the construction of the REC for ITER at Rokkasho, and to develop the remote experiment system and verify the functions required for remote experimentation by using the Satellite Tokamak (JT-60SA) facilities to facilitate the future exploitation of ITER and JT-60SA. The functions of REC will be tested, and the total system will be demonstrated using JT-60SA and existing facilities in the EU, such as JET and WEST. The hardware of the REC has been prepared in Rokkasho Japan, which has the remote experiment room with a large video wall to show the plasma and operation status, IT equipment and a storage system by the reuse of the Helios supercomputer tape library. A broadband network infrastructure of 10Gbps has been installed connected to SINET5. Using this network system, fast data transfer from ITER to REC was examined in 2016, and the transfer of the data volumes expected for the initial ITER experiments has been demonstrated. A secure remote experimentation system has been developed, using JT-60SA, that has functions for preparing and setting of shot parameters, viewing the status of control data, streaming of the plasma status, data-exchange function of shot events, and monitoring of the facility operation. Remote data analysis techniques, data visualisation software, a documentation management and experiment planning system and numerical simulation codes for the preparation and performance estimation of discharges have also been developed.

Published
2018
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12. Conceptual design for the superconducting magnet system of a pulsed DEMO reactor

Author

P. Sardain, G. Giruzzi, Philippe Magaud, B. Saoutic, J.-M. Ané, J.L. Duchateau, P. Hertout, Jérôme Bucalossi, J.F. Artaud, A. Li-Puma, Frederic Imbeaux, and J. Johner

Subjects
Materials science, Tokamak, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Solenoid, Superconducting magnet, Fusion power, Conductor, law.invention, Magnetic field, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Conceptual design, law, Magnet, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

A methodology has been developed to consistently investigate, taking into account main reactor components, possible magnet solutions for a pulsed fusion reactor aiming at a large solenoid flux swing duration within the 2–3 h range. In a conceptual approach, investigations are carried out in the equatorial plane, taking into account the radial extension of the blanket-shielding zone, of the toroidal field magnet system inner leg and of the central solenoid for estimation of the pulsed swing. Design criteria are presented for the radial extension of the superconducting magnets, which is mostly driven by the structures (casings and conductor jacket). Typical available cable current densities are presented as a function of the magnetic field and of the temperature margin. The magnet design criteria have been integrated into SYCOMORE, a code for reactor modeling presently in development at CEA/IRFM in Cadarache, using the tools of the EFDA Integrated Tokamak Modeling task force. Possible solutions are investigated for a 2 GW fusion power reactor with different aspect ratios. The final adjustment of the DEMO pulsed reactor parameters will have to be consistently done, considering all reactor components, when the final goals of the machine will be completely clarified.

Published
2013
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13. EU DEMO transient phases: Main constraints and heating mix studies for ramp-up and ramp-down

Author

G. Giruzzi, L. Garzotti, F. Köchl, J.F. Artaud, Ronald Wenninger, R. Ambrosino, P. Vincenzi, Tommaso Bolzonella, Massimiliano Mattei, Minh Quang Tran, Gustavo Granucci, Vincenzi, P., Ambrosino, R., Artaud, J. F., Bolzonella, T., Garzotti, L., Giruzzi, G., Granucci, G., Kochl, F., Mattei, M., Tran, M. Q., Wenninger, R., Vincenzi, P, Köchl, F., and Mattei, Massimiliano

Subjects
Tokamak, Computer science, Nuclear engineering, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Heating and current drive, Materials Science(all), Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, DEMO, Civil and Structural Engineering, Radiation, Mechanical Engineering, Ramp-up, Plasma, Fusion power, Plasma control, Ramp-down, Controllability, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 13. Climate action, Auxiliary power unit, Electromagnetic coil, ____, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Transient (oscillation), Materials Science (all), Engineering design process
Abstract

Content: EU DEMO studies for pulsed (DEMO1) and steady-state (DEMO2) concepts are currently in the pre-conceptual phase [1]. DEMO1 aims at producing about 2GW of fusion power with a burn time of approximately 2 hours. Within EUROfusion Power Plant Physics and Technology department, DEMO scenario modelling is carried out as part of the validation of feasibility and performance of DEMO designs. One of the most challenging activities deals with numerical investigations of DEMO1 transient phases including ramp-up and ramp-down, which exhibit peculiar issues with respect to existing devices. Studies on ramp-up have been carried out to highlight the effects of different ramp-up options in terms of robustness of the access to the desired flattop scenario. A heating power during ramp-up, additional to the one required during flattop, appears to be necessary for plasma burn initiation and access to H-mode, with Paux,RU50MW depending on the uncertainties on L-H transition scaling. Current ramp-rate and heating power influence also plasma position controllability, and results are presented in terms of the achieved li(3) and bp. Additional power requirements and integration of different systems which are relevant for DEMO heating mix assessment are here discussed. Ramp-down phase in DEMO poses specific issues on vertical stability given the distance of control actuators from the plasma. Ramp-down trajectories with controllable plasma boundaries have been coupled to transport studies showing the necessity of additional ramp-down heating power to avoid radiative plasma collapses. Off-axis power deposition helps plasma controllability, together with a current ramp-rate100kA/s. Plasma radiation also dominates the H-L transition, which is investigated and appears to be a critical step in terms of plasma control. DEMO performance is strongly linked to the maximum plasma elongation, which has to be assessed comparing different ramp-down trajectories. [1] G. Federici et. al, Fus. Eng. Des. 89, 882-889 (2014)

Published
2017
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14. Transport modelling of JT-60U and JET plasmas with internal transport barriers towards prediction of JT-60SA high-beta steady-state scenario

Author

Shunsuke Ide, G. Giruzzi, Yoshiteru Sakamoto, Nobuhiko Hayashi, J. Garcia, Mitsuru Honda, and E. Narita

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Steady state, Tokamak, Mechanics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Upper and lower bounds, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Shear (sheet metal), Controllability, law, Beta (plasma physics), 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Transport modelling of plasmas with internal transport barriers in JT-60U and JET tokamaks has been carried out using integrated modelling codes TOPICS and CRONOS for the prediction of high-beta steady-state scenario in JT-60SA, which shares important characteristics with both tokamaks. Typical models of anomalous heat transport, which is one of major uncertainties in the prediction, have been validated for the experimental data in JT-60U and JET, and TOPICS and CRONOS equipped with the models are used for the model verification. It is found that CDBM model predicts temperatures close to experiments or underestimates them, and thus can be used for the conservative prediction, which considers a lower bound of plasma performance. By using the CDBM model, a JT-60SA high-beta steady-state plasma has been conservatively predicted within the machine capability. The conservative prediction shows that the JT-60SA has enough capability to explore high-beta steady-state plasmas and their controllability. Model modifications related with an E × B shear effect to improve the prediction capability are discussed.

Published
2017
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15. ICRH ITER-like antenna tested on TS commissioning, electrical modeling and load resilience studies

Author

A. Argouarch, K. Vulliez, P. Mollard, G. Lombard, G. Bosia, L. Colas, A. Mendes, D. Volpe, L. Millon, A. Ekedahl, S. Bremond, F. Clairet, G.T. Hoang, M. Elkhaldi, B. Beaumont, A. Bécoulet, G. Berger-by, G. Giruzzi, J. Gunn, P. Hertout, F. Rimini, and F. Saint-Laurent

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Tore Supra, Fusion power, law.invention, Power (physics), symbols.namesake, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Mach number, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, symbols, General Materials Science, Supersonic speed, Antenna (radio), Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

A prototype of ICRF antenna based on the load-resilient electrical layout anticipated for ITER has been built at CEA-Cadarache. It consists of two toroidally adjacent resonant double loops (RDLs) based on the conjugate-T concept proposed for the ITER ICRF array. This prototype has been recently validated in Tore Supra plasmas exhibiting fast density perturbations in front of the antenna. This paper reports on the load resilience properties of the antenna prototype, as well as the RF modeling and the commissioning. Significant effort on modeling, coupled to an extensive low power campaign, has allowed characterization of the antenna in both vacuum and plasma loading conditions. Plasma load modelings computed with the code TOPICA – very helpful to set up the matching points on plasmas – are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The main studies focus on load resilience properties have been carried out in L-mode plasmas. Supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI), able to launch a series of very short/dense gas jets at Mach number up to 5, was used to mimic the sudden increases of the antenna coupling provoked by ELMs. The results are found to be in good agreement with RF circuit calculations that include 3D modeling.

Published
2009
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16. Integrated plasma controls for steady state scenarios

Author

M. Goniche, A. Ekedahl, Francesca Turco, Patrick Maget, Jérôme Bucalossi, F. Clairet, L. Laborde, Sylvain Brémond, Didier Mazon, Clarisse Bourdelle, F. Kazarian, J.F. Artaud, V. Basiuk, Oliviero Barana, G. Giruzzi, Frederic Imbeaux, Y. Peysson, F.G. Rimini, Yann Corre, P. Monier-Garbet, Brigitte Pegourie, P. Moreau, R. J. Dumont, L. Colas, E. Tsitrone, F. Saint-Laurent, and E. Joffrin

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Steady state, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Control theory, Limiter, Magnetic confinement fusion, Solenoid, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Actuator, Power (physics), Voltage
Abstract

In recent campaigns, Tore Supra has focused its efforts on the physics optimisation and operation of stationary scenarios with high input power (up to 8 MW), duration of more than 60 s and vanishing loop voltage (up to 80% of non-inductive current). For physics integration, Tore Supra has been equipped with a large number of new real time sensors. The control of the lower hybrid (LH) wave deposition profile width measured by the hard x-ray camera has been achieved with the parallel refractive index n|| varying from 1.7 to 2.3 and the LH-wave power using different types of control techniques. In addition, the control of the current profile with the parallel refractive index of the LH-launched spectrum has also been combined with loop voltage control using the central solenoid voltage as actuator. The effect of electron cyclotron heating as an actuator has been examined for control of temperature bifurcation phenomena such as internal transport barrier. On the basis of the experimental power flux analyses, the seven infrared cameras monitoring the five antennas and the toroidal pumped limiter have been used for implementing new power load limit avoidance control schemes which have been successfully combined with the LH-deposition profile and loop voltage control.

Published
2007
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17. Simulation of the hybrid and steady state advanced operating modes in ITER

Author

T. Oikawa, A.A. Tucillo, M. Schneider, Tomonori Takizuka, F. Imbeaux, M. Murakami, G. Giruzzi, Nobuhiko Hayashi, T.C. Luce, E. Joffrin, Y.-S. Na, C.E. Kessel, Takahisa Ozeki, J. Garcia, V. Basiuk, Jin Myung Park, Holger St. John, R.V. Budny, Jean-Francois Artaud, and A. C. C. Sips

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Steady state (electronics), Safety factor, Tokamak, Thermonuclear fusion, Nuclear engineering, Magnetic confinement fusion, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, ASTRA, Bootstrap current, law.invention, law, Atomic physics
Abstract

Integrated simulations are performed to establish a physics basis, in conjunction with present tokamak experiments, for the operating modes in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Simulations of the hybrid mode are done using both fixed and free-boundary 1.5D transport evolution codes including CRONOS, ONETWO, TSC/TRANSP, TOPICS and ASTRA. The hybrid operating mode is simulated using the GLF23 and CDBM05 energy transport models. The injected powers are limited to the negative ion neutral beam, ion cyclotron and electron cyclotron heating systems. Several plasma parameters and source parameters are specified for the hybrid cases to provide a comparison of 1.5D core transport modelling assumptions, source physics modelling assumptions, as well as numerous peripheral physics modelling. Initial results indicate that very strict guidelines will need to be imposed on the application of GLF23, for example, to make useful comparisons. Some of the variations among the simulations are due to source models which vary widely among the codes used. In addition, there are a number of peripheral physics models that should be examined, some of which include fusion power production, bootstrap current, treatment of fast particles and treatment of impurities. The hybrid simulations project to fusion gains of 5.6–8.3, βN values of 2.1–2.6 and fusion powers ranging from 350 to 500 MW, under the assumptions outlined in section 3. Simulations of the steady state operating mode are done with the same 1.5D transport evolution codes cited above, except the ASTRA code. In these cases the energy transport model is more difficult to prescribe, so that energy confinement models will range from theory based to empirically based. The injected powers include the same sources as used for the hybrid with the possible addition of lower hybrid. The simulations of the steady state mode project to fusion gains of 3.5–7, βN values of 2.3–3.0 and fusion powers of 290 to 415 MW, under the assumptions described in section 4. These simulations will be presented and compared with particular focus on the resulting temperature profiles, source profiles and peripheral physics profiles. The steady state simulations are at an early stage and are focused on developing a range of safety factor profiles with 100% non-inductive current.

Published
2007
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18. Experimental observation ofm/n= 1/1 mode behaviour during sawtooth activity and its manifestations in tokamak plasmas

Author

V S Udintsev, M Ottaviani, P Maget, G Giruzzi, J-L Ségui, T Aniel, J F Artaud, F Clairet, M Goniche, G T Hoang, G T A Huysmans, F Imbeaux, E Joffrin, D Mazon, A L Pecquet, R Sabot, A Sirinelli, L Vermare, Tore Supra Team, A Krämer-Flecken, H R Koslowski, TEXTOR Team, A J H Donné, F C Schüller, C W Domier, N C Luhmann, and S V Mirnov

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Magnetic confinement fusion, Magnetic reconnection, Sawtooth wave, Tore Supra, Kink instability, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Electron temperature, ddc:530, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics
Abstract

To shed some light on the development of the fast m/n = 1/1 precursor to the sawtooth crash and its influence on plasma transport properties in the vicinity of the q = 1 surface, series of dedicated experiments have been conducted on the Tore Supra and TEXTOR tokamaks. It has been concluded that, before a crash, the hot core gets displaced with respect to the magnetic axis, drifts outwards by as much as 8–10 cm and may change its shape. Observation of the magnetic reconnection process has been made by means of electron cyclotron emission diagnostics. The heat pulse is seen far outside the inversion radius. The colder plasma develops a magnetic island on the former magnetic axis, after the hot core expulsion. Different kinds of behaviour of the m = 1 precursor before the crash, with respect to the displacement of the hot core and the duration of the oscillating phase, have been observed. An ideal kink model alone cannot be used for explanation; therefore, resistive effects play an important role in the mode development. Possible mechanisms that lead an m = 1 mode to such behaviour, and their links to the change in the central q-profile, are discussed. Results have been discussed in the light of various theoretical models of the sawtooth.

Published
2005
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19. Electron cyclotron heating and current drive studies during current ramp-up in Tore-Supra

Author

C Fenzi-Bonizec, M. Lennholm, Clarisse Bourdelle, V. Basiuk, P.R. Thomas, G. Giruzzi, G. T. Hoang, Jérôme Bucalossi, F.G. Rimini, J. L. Segui, and Roland Sabot

Subjects
Materials science, Cyclotron, Magnetic confinement fusion, Electron, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, Temperature gradient, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electron temperature, Current (fluid), Atomic physics
Abstract

In a recent series of experiments, electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) has been successfully used, at a level of 0.75 MW, for current profile tailoring during the current ramp-up in Tore-Supra. The electron cyclotron resonance heating power deposition was varied from on-axis to off-axis and the direction of the driven current from co to counter. In these conditions, the current profile is significantly modified with respect to those typically obtained in pure ohmic scenarios. Central reversed magnetic shear conditions have been achieved with on-axis counter-ECCD, accompanied by high electron temperature gradients, exhibiting internal transport barrier features. This improved electron transport is maintained for some time on the current flat-top when combining ECCD with ion cyclotron resonance heating in a (H)D minority scheme. Integrated interpretative analysis with the CRONOS code confirms that deeply reversed magnetic shear is indeed attained by on-axis counter-ECCD in low density conditions and in combination with a relatively fast controlled current ramp. The high electron temperature gradient is found to be located inside the negative magnetic shear region.

Published
2005
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20. Analytical solution of the diffusion equation in a cylindrical medium with step-like diffusivity

Author

A. Clémençon, Céline Guivarch, S. P. Eury, G. Giruzzi, and X. L. Zou

Subjects
Physics, Diffusion layer, Temperature gradient, Molecular diffusion, Diffusion equation, Diffusion, Thermodynamics, Microturbulence, Heat equation, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermal diffusivity
Abstract

The exact analytical solution of the one-dimensional diffusion equation in a cylinder has been found, for a medium characterized by a diffusion coefficient with step-like and/or monomial variations, in addition to a constant damping term. This type of equation has important applications in the field of magnetically confined plasmas, in the presence of a transport barrier. A sharp variation of the heat diffusivity can also result from the microturbulence that develops whenever the temperature gradient exceeds a critical value. This analytical solution can be used to model the evolution, in space and time, of the electron temperature of a plasma heated up by an external source, the step in the heat diffusion coefficient being related to the space location of the critical temperature gradient. The general properties of the solution and its application to the analysis of perturbative electron heating experiments are discussed.

Published
2004
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21. Impact of bulk non-Maxwellian electrons on electron temperature measurements (invited)

Author

V. Krivenski, E. de la Luna, M. Zerbini, J. M. Travere, R. Prentice, C. Gowers, and G. Giruzzi

Subjects
Physics, Thomson scattering, Cyclotron, Plasma, Electron, Neutral beam injection, law.invention, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electron temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Ion cyclotron resonance
Abstract

In neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance frequency (NBI+ICRF) heated high-temperature Joint European Torus (JET) plasmas, electron cyclotron emission (ECE) spectra measured by the Michelson interferometer are inconsistent with the electron bulk distribution being Maxwellian. This conclusion follows from new, accurate modeling of the ECE spectra over the full measured frequency range, covering the first four harmonics of the cyclotron frequency. A model distribution function obtained by fitting a measured ECE spectrum reveals a distortion of the Maxwellian that is sharply localized at ∼1.5×thermal momentum. A consequence deduced from this distribution is that the electron temperature measured by JET’s Thomson scattering diagnostic, which weighs the bulk electrons differently, should be lower than the ECE one in the spatial region where this distortion exists. This prediction appears to be confirmed by temperature profile comparisons showing that core Thomson scattering electron temperatures on JET are up to 20% lower than ECE values for plasmas with strong NBI+ICRF heating. The possibility of addressing experimentally the question of whether the plasma has a Maxwellian bulk is also discussed. This goal can be accomplished by observing the emission at different angles with respect to the magnetic field (oblique ECE). Simulations of oblique ECE spectra using the model distribution function obtained previously show an angular variation of the emission that is characteristic of the distorted bulk.

Published
2003
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22. Synchrotron radiation loss in tokamaks of arbitrary geometry

Author

G. Granata, I. Fidone, and G. Giruzzi

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scaling law, Tokamak, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Synchrotron radiation, Geometry, Condensed Matter Physics, Reflectivity, Synchrotron, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics
Abstract

The effect of first wall reflectivity on synchrotron radiation loss in tokamak reactors of arbitrary geometry is discussed. A commonly employed approximation is revisited, in the light of a recent accurate scaling law for global synchrotron loss in tokamaks of arbitrary geometry. It is shown that the synchrotron loss expected in reactors with highly reflecting walls is reduced with respect to previous estimates.

Published
2001
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23. Correlation analysis of 110 GHz ECH modulation experiments on the DIII-D tokamak

Author

S. Bernabei, John Lohr, M. Zerbini, M. Murakami, Dan Ponce, C.C. Petty, G. Giruzzi, R. Prater, T.C. Luce, and Max E Austin

Subjects
Tokamak, Materials science, DIII-D, Cyclotron, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermal diffusivity, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Gyrotron, Electron temperature, Atomic physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Experiments on electron cyclotron heating (ECH) power modulation have been carried out on the DIII-D tokamak with a gyrotron generating about 900 kW and operating at the second cyclotron harmonic, to investigate the power deposition in the plasma, to characterize the microwave beam and to study electron thermal transport. To this end the 110 GHz Gycom Centaur gyrotron output has been modulated in the range 50-300 Hz. The ECH power deposition, beam propagation and the plasma thermal diffusivity have been investigated by using the cross-correlation between the incident ECH power and the electron temperature reaction.

Published
1999
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24. Hot plasma effects on the polarization of electron cyclotron waves

Author

R. Dumont and G. Giruzzi

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Waves in plasmas, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), law.invention, Magnetic field, Two-stream instability, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, Electromagnetic electron wave, Atomic physics, Plasma stability
Abstract

The evolution of the wave polarization during the propagation of electron cyclotron waves in hot plasmas is investigated. The coupled mode equations are solved in slab geometry, including the relativistic corrections to the dielectric tensor. This formalism is applied to purely ordinary or extraordinary modes, propagating obliquely with respect to the magnetic field in tokamak plasmas, in order to determine the rate of change of the mode purity due to finite temperature effects. It is found that such an alteration of the mode purity can be one to three orders of magnitude larger than in a cold plasma. However, the overall effect remains tolerable for most applications and typical parameters of magnetically confined plasmas.

Published
1999
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25. Investigation of lower hybrid wave damping in the PBX-M tokamak

Author

D. Ignat, F. Paoletti, G. Giruzzi, R. Kaita, G. T. Hoang, M. Okabayashi, S. von Goeler, S. Bernabei, and A. Cardinali

Subjects
Physics, Ray tracing (physics), Wave propagation, Phase (waves), Group velocity, Plasma diagnostics, Electron, Atomic physics, Phase velocity, Condensed Matter Physics, Lower hybrid oscillation
Abstract

Lower hybrid (LH) current drive experiments on the Princeton Beta Experiment-Modified (PBX-M) [Phys. Fluids B 2, 1271 (1990)] have shown that the current profile can be changed by varying the phase velocity of the waves. The radial profile of the current carrying electrons was deduced from two-dimensional hard x-ray tomography. For a certain range of phase velocities, there is a correlation between the peak of the fast electron profile and the launched wave spectrum, despite the presence of a wide spectral gap between the phase velocity and the thermal electron energy distribution. A new model is proposed to explain how first-pass wave damping is possible in such plasmas. The rf power can form a tail of energetic electrons, and subsequently waves with moderate phase velocity can damp on them. For waves with very fast phase velocity, there must be an upshift of the n∥ spectrum for any damping to occur. These hypotheses are supported by ray tracing results which are coupled to relativistic Fokker–Planck cal...

Published
1997
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26. Plasma diagnostics using synchrotron radiation in tokamaks

Author

I. Fidone, G. Giruzzi, and G. Granata

Subjects
Physics, Dense plasma focus, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Harmonics, Harmonic, Synchrotron radiation, Electron temperature, Electromagnetic electron wave, Plasma diagnostics, Electron, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

Emission of synchrotron radiation for electron temperature diagnostics in dense and hot tokamak plasmas is discussed. This novel diagnostic scheme is motivated by the need to overcome several limitations of the familiar first and second harmonic method, caused by cutoff, refraction, and harmonic overlap. Emission at high harmonics is not restricted by density and temperature upper limits, and the method is then particularly appropriate for reactor relevant regimes. This method yields global information on the electron temperature profile, since the source of high harmonic emission is poorly localized in space. Synchrotron radiation is emitted by electrons over a wide spectrum of energies, ranging from thermal to superthermal values, and is therefore also useful to investigate deviations of the electron velocity distribution from the Maxwellian. In contrast, the source of the optically thick low harmonic radiation is highly localized in the ordinary space near the resonance points, which implies that the e...

Published
1996
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27. Hamiltonian analysis of fast wave current drive in tokamak plasmas

Author

J. Chinardet, D. Fraboulet, G. Giruzzi, B. Saoutic, D. Moreau, and A. Bécoulet

Subjects
Hamiltonian mechanics, Physics, Tokamak, Plasma, Magnetosonic wave, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Computational physics, symbols.namesake, Nonlinear system, Classical mechanics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Phase space, symbols, Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
Abstract

The Hamiltonian formalism is used to address the problem of the direct resonant interaction between the fast magnetosonic wave and the electrons in a tokamak plasma. The intrinsic stochasticity of the electron trajectories in phase space is first derived. Together with extrinsic decorrelation processes, it assesses the validity of the quasilinear approximation for the kinetic studies of fast wave current drive (FWCD). A full‐wave solution of the Maxwell–Vlasov set of equations provides the exact pattern of the wave fields in the tokamak geometry, consistent with a realistic antenna spectrum. The local quasilinear diffusion tensor is then derived from the wave fields and the driven current density profile, the power deposition profile and the current drive efficiency are computed, including possible nonlinear effects in the kinetic equation. Several applications of FWCD on existing and future machines are given, and the combination of FWCD with other noninductive current drive methods is investigated. Fina...

Published
1994
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28. Diagnosing fast electron diffusion by electron cyclotron radiation

Author

G Giruzzi

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Cyclotron, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electric field, Physics::Space Physics, Plasma diagnostics, Cyclotron radiation, Diffusion (business), Atomic physics
Abstract

The problem of the radial diffusion of fast electrons in tokamak plasmas and its impact on electron cyclotron diagnostics is investigated. A three-dimensional Fokker-Planck code has been developed describing the evolution of the electron distribution function due to the action of Coulomb collisions, DC electric fields, RF heating and radial diffusion induced by turbulent magnetic fields. In ohmic plasmas, non-Maxwellian distributions are generated by the radial diffusion process in the pressure gradient region; it is shown that vertical electron cyclotron emission or transmission measurements on non-central chords yield, in principle, detailed information on the structure of the superthermal electron distribution. This effect can be used to investigate the radial structure and properties of the turbulent fields. In lower-hybrid current driven plasmas, the possibility of diagnosing fast electron diffusion by electron cyclotron emission (ECE) in the equatorial plane at large toroidal angles, and frequencies between the first and second harmonic is analysed and discussed.

Published
1993
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29. Temperature dependence of synchrotron radiation loss in inhomogeneous tokamak plasmas

Author

R. L. Meyer, G. Giruzzi, I. Fidone, and G. Granata

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Physics, Tokamak, Plasma parameters, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Computational Mechanics, Bremsstrahlung, General Physics and Astronomy, Synchrotron radiation, Plasma, Radiation, Condensed Matter Physics, Electromagnetic radiation, law.invention, Physics::Plasma Physics, Mechanics of Materials, law, Electron temperature, Atomic physics
Abstract

Synchrotron radiation in a tokamak with inhomogeneous plasma parameters is investigated to determine the role of the temperature profile on the global loss. Using reactor relevant parameters, it is shown that synchrotron radiation is profile dependent, namely, at constant thermal energy, the emitted radiation increases with the peak temperature. An approximated analytical formula for the global loss is found.

Published
1992
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30. Measurement of lower‐hybrid‐driven current profile by Abel inversion of electron‐cyclotron wave transmission spectra

Author

X. Caron, G. Giruzzi, I. Fidone, and R. L. Meyer

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Physics, Tokamak, business.industry, Attenuation, Computational Mechanics, General Physics and Astronomy, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Lower hybrid oscillation, Electromagnetic radiation, Computational physics, law.invention, Amplitude, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, Mechanics of Materials, law, Plasma diagnostics, Cyclotron radiation, business
Abstract

A method for measuring the radial profile of the lower‐hybrid‐driven current in a low‐density tokamak plasma using electron‐cyclotron wave attenuation is discussed. This diagnostic scheme is reminiscent of the transmission interferometry approach, commonly used in tokamaks to measure the plasma density, but now the wave amplitude instead of the phase is measured. Wave attenuation of the ordinary mode at ωp ≪ ω < ωc along vertical chords is measured; at these frequencies, the waves are absorbed by the superthermal tail sustained by lower‐hybrid waves and the local wave absorption coefficient is proportional to the noninductive current density. The radial profile of this current is obtained from Abel inversion. An application to the Tore Supra tokamak is presented.

Published
1991
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31. Electron cyclotron heating in NET using the ordinary mode at downshifted frequency

Author

G. Giruzzi and I. Fidone

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Cyclotron, Plasma, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, Magnetic field, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Reflection (physics), Electron temperature, Atomic physics
Abstract

The proposed new scenario of electron cyclotron heating of a tokamak reactor makes use of the low-field-side, normally injected ordinary mode at downshifted frequency. Using the NET parameters, it is shown that the ordinary mode is strongly damped in the central plasma region at an electron temperature in excess of a few keV after reflection by an obliquely oriented mirror located opposite to the launching position. This scheme makes it possible to heat NET with wave sources at frequencies as low as 100-125 GHz at a magnetic field of 6 T, i.e. an electron gyrofrequency of 168 GHz.

Published
1990
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32. Review of possibilities for a collective Thomson scattering system on ITER

Author

G. Giruzzi and F. P. Orsitto

Subjects
Physics, Thomson scattering, Scattering, business.industry, Free-electron laser, Inelastic scattering, Light scattering, law.invention, Signal-to-noise ratio, Optics, law, Gyrotron, Plasma diagnostics, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

The radiation source wavelength useful for a Collective Thomson Scattering (CTS) on ITER is analyzed in this paper, and the related scattering geometry, signal to noise ratio and technology needed for the measurement of the alpha particles are specified. The ITER plasma parameters taken for reference1 in the calculations are: ne= 1.2 1020m-3, Te = 22keV , Ti = 20KeV, n∝/ne = 0.0017, BT=5.7T, R =8.1m,a=3.0m,k=1.55.The plasma, machine and alpha parameters are quite different from those included in the first proposal2 for a Collective Scattering System, where a FEL(Free Electron Laser) source at 1.5THz(λ=200µm) was proposed.In the present work three sources are considered with wavelength λ=l0.6µm(CO2 laser P(20)line), 200µm(FEL),4.61mm(65GHz gyrotron). For the evaluation of source figures the calculation of ECE background radiation level is needed, after some geometry constraints are discussed,and then the evaluation of scattered power and signal to noise ratio is performed, adding observations on the technology needed.

Published
1997
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33. Vertical viewing of electron‐cyclotron emissions for diagnosing fast‐electron dynamics in TEXT‐U

Author

R. F. Steimle, D. R. Roberts, C. Watts, G. Giruzzi, and G. Cima

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cyclotron, Electron, Plasma, Radius, Viewing angle, law.invention, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, Plasma diagnostics, Pitch angle, Atomic physics, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

A system for vertically observing the second‐harmonic electron‐cyclotron emissions from the TEXT‐U tokamak in conjunction with fundamental electron‐cyclotron heating is described. Using external collection optics and heterodyne receivers, measurements of the distribution function can be performed over two‐thirds of the plasma radius and on transport time scales. Observations are typically of electrons with energy E

Published
1995
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34. Impact of magnetic turbulence on rf current drive

Author

G. Giruzzi

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Physics, Tokamak, Turbulence, Computational Mechanics, General Physics and Astronomy, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, Magnetic field, law.invention, Mechanics of Materials, law, Fokker–Planck equation, Statistical physics, Diffusion current, Current (fluid), Electric current, Diffusion (business)
Abstract

The kinetic theory of rf current drive in tokamak plasmas in the presence of magnetic turbulence is investigated. The main effect of the turbulence is to cause radial diffusion of the superthermal electrons. For typical parameters of large machines, the diffusion time can be of the same order of the slowing‐down time of the current carriers. In these conditions, a significant regime is identified in which the total driven current is enhanced by the effect of the radial diffusion. This is demonstrated analytically in the weak turbulence limit, and numerically confirmed in the general case, by means of a fully three‐dimensional Fokker–Planck code, for both parallel and perpendicular velocity‐space diffusion.

Published
1992
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35. Integrated modelling of steady-state scenarios and heating and current drive mixes for ITER

Author

Amanda Hubbard, Yong-Su Na, H.E. St. John, T.H. Osborne, Shunsuke Ide, J. Garcia, Itpa, E. F. Jaeger, Mitsuru Honda, Vassili Parail, A. R. Polevoi, G. Giruzzi, J.A. Snipes, M. Murakami, Jin Myung Park, R.V. Budny, Ron Prater, F. Imbeaux, Atsushi Fukuyama, A. C. C. Sips, P. B. Snyder, T.C. Luce, P.T. Bonoli, I. Voitsekhovitch, E. J. Doyle, Nobuhiko Hayashi, and T. Oikawa

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Steady state, Cyclotron, Pulse duration, Plasma, Radius, Condensed Matter Physics, Bootstrap current, law.invention, Computational physics, law, Beta (plasma physics), Boundary value problem
Abstract

Recent progress on ITER steady-state (SS) scenario modelling by the ITPA-IOS group is reviewed. Code-to-code benchmarks as the IOS group's common activities for the two SS scenarios (weak shear scenario and internal transport barrier scenario) are discussed in terms of transport, kinetic profiles, and heating and current drive (CD) sources using various transport codes. Weak magnetic shear scenarios integrate the plasma core and edge by combining a theory-based transport model (GLF23) with scaled experimental boundary profiles. The edge profiles (at normalized radius ρ = 0.8–1.0) are adopted from an edge-localized mode-averaged analysis of a DIII-D ITER demonstration discharge. A fully noninductive SS scenario is achieved with fusion gain Q = 4.3, noninductive fraction f NI = 100%, bootstrap current fraction f BS = 63% and normalized beta βN = 2.7 at plasma current I p = 8 MA and toroidal field B T = 5.3 T using ITER day-1 heating and CD capability. Substantial uncertainties come from outside the radius of setting the boundary conditions (ρ = 0.8). The present simulation assumed that βN (ρ) at the top of the pedestal (ρ = 0.91) is about 25% above the peeling–ballooning threshold. ITER will have a challenge to achieve the boundary, considering different operating conditions (T e/T i ≈ 1 and density peaking). Overall, the experimentally scaled edge is an optimistic side of the prediction. A number of SS scenarios with different heating and CD mixes in a wide range of conditions were explored by exploiting the weak-shear steady-state solution procedure with the GLF23 transport model and the scaled experimental edge. The results are also presented in the operation space for DT neutron power versus stationary burn pulse duration with assumed poloidal flux availability at the beginning of stationary burn, indicating that the long pulse operation goal (3000 s) at I p = 9 MA is possible. Source calculations in these simulations have been revised for electron cyclotron current drive including parallel momentum conservation effects and for neutral beam current drive with finite orbit and magnetic pitch effects.

Published
2011
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36. Impact of off-axis RF current drive on JET advanced scenarios

Author

M. Schneider, V. Basiuk, G. Giruzzi, J. Decker, X. Litaudon, Y. Peysson, J. Garcia, J.F. Artaud, Frederic Imbeaux, and J. Mailloux

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cyclotron, Mode (statistics), High density, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Power (physics), Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, Aerospace engineering, Current (fluid), business
Abstract

The impact of the radio-frequency heating and current drive systems on JET advanced scenarios at high density is analysed by means of the CRONOS suite of codes for integrated tokamak modelling. In particular, the performance of the proposed electron cyclotron heating and current drive system for JET is evaluated. As a first step, the code is applied in the interpretative mode to analyse two high power advanced scenario discharges of JET, in order to validate both the heating and current drive computational modules and the overall simulation procedure. Then, JET advanced scenarios are studied by predictive simulations on the basis of previous results. The simulations show that lower hybrid and electron cyclotron heating and current drive systems can together provide off-axis current in order to create and sustain steady-state scenarios on JET at high density. These results give deeper insight into the future advanced scenarios in ITER, since they establish a clear way to test some key aspects of them in present day devices such as JET.

Published
2011
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37. Operational limits during high power long pulses with radiofrequency heating in Tore Supra

Author

F.G. Rimini, L. Manenc, F. Kazarian, B. Pégourié, D. Douai, F. Samaille, M. Goniche, R. Mitteau, P. Moreau, V. Basiuk, O. Meyer, L. Colas, Annika Ekedahl, Jérôme Bucalossi, Suk-Ho Hong, G. Dunand, J.L. Schwob, P. Monier-Garbet, R. J. Dumont, E. Delchambre, Sylvain Brémond, L. Millon, Yann Corre, F. Saint-Laurent, Frederic Imbeaux, G. Giruzzi, E. Tsitrone, and Gilles Lombard

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Power capability, Nuclear engineering, Ripple, Plasma, Radiation, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Power (physics), law, Radiofrequency heating
Abstract

Issues related to the limitations and optimization of long pulse operation at high radiofrequency (RF) power levels in the Tore Supra tokamak are presented. An increasing operational limitation was encountered during the experimental campaigns in 2006–2007, affecting the high power and long pulse performance. This limitation was characterized by the sudden appearance of a multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE), often followed by a disruption. The analyses revealed that the limitation could be linked to over-heating and flaking of the carbon re-deposition layers on the main plasma facing components (PFCs). The carbon deposits on all PFCs were therefore completely removed during the winter shutdown 2007–2008. Following this, a remarkable improvement in the injected power capability was observed, resulting in almost 12 MW of injected power during 10 s, without any of the previous signs of limitation (MARFE, disruption). Furthermore, the RF antennas are subject to localized heat loads due to RF sheath effects and interaction by fast particles, effects which need to be minimized in particular for long pulse operation. Experimental results concerning the heat load on the antennas, caused by fast ion losses in the presence of magnetic ripple, are presented in this paper.

Published
2009
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38. O-regime dynamics and modeling in Tore Supra

Author

D. Mazon, Jean-Francois Artaud, Francesca Turco, J. L. Segui, Oliviero Barana, G. Giruzzi, Frederic Imbeaux, V. S. Udintsev, and R. J. Dumont

Subjects
Physics, Nonlinear system, Physics::Plasma Physics, Nuclear fusion, Electron temperature, Plasma, Tore Supra, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Plasma oscillation, Action (physics), Noise (radio)
Abstract

The regime of nonlinear temperature oscillations (O-regime), characteristic of noninductive discharges on Tore Supra [Equipe Tore Supra, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Nice, France, 1988 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1989), Vol. 1, p. 9], is investigated in its triggering and suppressing mechanism. This regime can be described by two nonlinearly coupled equations for the current density j(r) and the electron temperature Te(r) where the equation coefficients are functions of j and Te themselves. Both the integrated modeling code CRONOS [V. Basiuk et al., Nucl. Fusion 43, 822 (2003)] and a two-patch predator-prey system with diffusion and noise have been used and results have been compared to the experimental observations of the O-regime. A database of discharges is analyzed which features monotonic, flat, and reversed safety factor (q) profiles in order to characterize the action of external actuators on the regime d...

Published
2009
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39. An upgraded 32-channel heterodyne electron cyclotron emission radiometer on Tore Supra

Author

D. Molina, Patrick Maget, J. L. Segui, M. Goniche, G. T. A. Huysmans, G. Giruzzi, and M. Ottaviani

Subjects
Physics, Heterodyne, Tokamak, Radiometer, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Cyclotron, Tore Supra, law.invention, Optics, law, Electron temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

A 32-channel, 1GHz spaced heterodyne radiometer is used on the Tore Supra tokamak to measure electron cyclotron emission (ECE) in the frequency range 78–110GHz for the ordinary mode (O:E‖B,k⊥B) and 94–126GHz for the extraordinary mode (X:E⊥B,k⊥B). The radial resolution is essentially limited by ECE relativistic effects, depending on electron temperature and density, and not by the channels’ frequency spacing. The time resolution depends on the acquisition scheme: the system allows for both 1ms and 10μs acquisition. For example, this leads to precise electron temperature mapping during MHD activity. First experimental results obtained with this upgraded 32-channel radiometer are presented.

Published
2005
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40. Exact solutions of the diffusion-convection equation in cylindrical geometry

Author

S. P. Eury, E. Harauchamps, X. L. Zou, and G. Giruzzi

Subjects
Physics, Convection, Temperature gradient, Work (thermodynamics), Diffusion equation, Classical mechanics, Diffusion, Microturbulence, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermal diffusivity, Convection–diffusion equation
Abstract

The analytical solution of the one-dimensional diffusion-convection equation in a cylinder has been found, for various functional forms of the diffusion coefficient, convection velocity and with an additional damping term. This is a significant generalization of a previous work [A. Clemencon, C. Guivarch, S. P. Eury, X. L. Zou, and G. Giruzzi, Phys. Plasmas 11, 4998 (2004)] on the diffusion equation, including now a convection term that can be constant, monomially increasing in the space coordinate, or have step-like variations. This type of equation has important applications in the field of magnetically confined plasmas, in which convection effects are experimentally observed in both particle and energy transports. Sharp variations of heat diffusivity, convection velocity, and damping term can result from the microturbulence which develops whenever the temperature gradient exceeds a critical value. A general scheme is developed to connect solutions in domains with different functional forms of the coefficients. The properties of the solutions are illustrated and discussed.

Published
2005
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41. Comments on ‘‘Analysis of electron cyclotron current drive using neoclassical Fokker–Planck code without bounce‐average approximation’’ [Phys. Plasmas 2, 4570 (1995)]

Author

E. Westerhof, A. G. Peeters, R. W. Harvey, G. Giruzzi, and M. R. O'Brien

Subjects
Physics, Current (mathematics), law, Quantum mechanics, Quantum electrodynamics, Cyclotron, Code (cryptography), Transport theory, Fokker–Planck equation, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, Current density, law.invention
Abstract

The conclusion reached in ref. 1 that the 3‐D Fokker‐Planck code verses the 2‐D bounce‐averaged code does not yield the correct current density is prove to be wrong. It is aruged that the results for the 3‐D code are very close to those of the 2‐D code that employs a bounce‐average procedure.(AIP)

Published
1996
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42. A control-oriented model of the current profile in tokamak plasma.

Author

E Witrant, E Joffrin, S Bremond, G Giruzzi, D Mazon, O Barana, and P Moreau

Subjects
TOKAMAKS, PLASMA gases, DIFFUSION, ELECTRIC currents, MICROWAVES, ELECTRIC coils, SCALING laws (Nuclear physics), MATHEMATICAL models
Abstract

This paper proposes a control-oriented approach to the tokamak plasma current profile dynamics. It is established based on a consistent set of simplified relationships, in particular for the microwave current drive sources, rather than exact physical modelling. Assuming that a proper model for advanced control schemes can be established using the so-called cylindrical approximation and neglecting the diamagnetic effects, we propose a model that focuses on the flux diffusion (from which the current profile is inferred). Its inputs are some real-time measurements available on modern tokamaks and the effects of some major actuators, such as the magnetic coils, lower hybrid (LHCD), electron and ion cyclotron frequency (ECCD and ICRH) systems, are particularly taken into account. More precisely, the non-inductive current profile sources are modelled as 3-parameters functions of the control inputs derived either from approximate theoretical formulae for the ECCD and bootstrap terms or from experimental scaling laws specifically developed from hard x-ray Tore Supra data for the LHCD influence. The use of scaling laws in this model reflects the fact that the operation of future reactors will certainly depend upon a great number of scaling laws and specific engineering parameters. The discretization issues are also specifically addressed, to ensure robustness with respect to discretisation errors and the efficiency (in terms of computation time) of the associated algorithm. This model is compared with experimental results and the CRONOS solver for tore supra tokamak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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43. Experimental observation of m/n = 1/1 mode behaviour during sawtooth activity and its manifestations in tokamak plasmas[This is an extended version of the paper presented at the 31st EPS Conf. on Plasma Physics (London, 28 June–2 July 2004).].

Author

V S Udintsev, M Ottaviani, P Maget, G Giruzzi, J-L Ségui, T Aniel, J F Artaud, F Clairet, M Goniche, G T Hoang, G T A Huysmans, F Imbeaux, E Joffrin, D Mazon, A L Pecquet, R Sabot, A Sirinelli, L Vermare, Tore Supra Team, and A Krämer-Flecken

Published
2005

45. Overview of the FTU results.

Author

B. Angelini, M.L. Apicella, G. Apruzzese, E. Barbato, A. Bertocchi, G. Bracco, A. Bruschi, G. Buceti, P. Buratti, A. Cardinali, L. Carraro, C. Castaldo, C. Centioli, R. Cesario, S. Cirant, V. Cocilovo, F. Crisanti, R. De Angelis, M. De Benedetti, and G. Giruzzi

Published
2003

46. Investigation of electron non-equilibrium kinetic processes by pulsed cyclotron heating in tokamak plasmas

Author

G. Giruzzi, I. Fidone, G. Granata, and V. Krivenski

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Cyclotron, Phase (waves), Electron, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Kinetic energy, law.invention, Pulse (physics), Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, Transient (oscillation), Atomic physics
Abstract

A method for investigating the non-equilibrium kinetic processes which determine the formation of a non-Maxwellian electron distribution in tokamak plasmas is discussed. The case of a non-Maxwellian fast electron tail is considered in detail. It is shown that the study of the transient phase after modification of the tail by a short pulse of electron cyclotron wave energy yields valuable information on the mechanisms of tail formation.

Published
1986
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47. Electron‐cyclotron heating in the presence of a dc electric field in tokamak plasmas

Author

R. L. Meyer, G. Granata, I. Fidone, and G. Giruzzi

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Cyclotron, General Engineering, Electron, Plasma, law.invention, Magnetic field, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Low magnetic field, Electric field, Fokker–Planck equation, Atomic physics
Abstract

The combined effects of the dc electric field and electron‐cyclotron wave absorption in tokamak plasmas are investigated. The case of the ordinary mode for nearly normal propagation from the low magnetic field side is studied by a two‐dimensional Fokker–Planck code. It is found that the small fraction of the wave energy that goes into the superthermal electrons enhances the effect of the continuous pushing of the tokamak electric field.

Published
1985
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48. Electron cyclotron heating at down-shifted frequencies in existing tokamak devices

Author

G. Giruzzi, I. Fidone, E. Mazzucato, and V. Krivenski

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Cyclotron, Electron, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Magnetic field, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electron temperature, Radio frequency, Atomic physics, Microwave
Abstract

Plasma heating in existing tokamak devices by electron cyclotron waves with frequency (f) significantly smaller than the electron gyrofrequency (fc) is investigated for the case of Maxwellian plasmas. It is shown that for central electron temperatures larger than 3 keV, strong absorption of extraordinary waves can occur at values of the toroidal field for which the condition f = fc is not satisfied in the plasma region. The cases of f = 60 GHz and f = 100 GHz are discussed for the PLT and TFTR devices as being representative of medium (≈30 kG) and high (≈50 kG) magnetic field tokamaks, respectively. Numerical calculations with a ray tracing code indicate that most of the RF energy is absorbed in a central plasma region. These results are of practical interest because they significantly simplify the main technical problem of ECH in a tokamak reactor, i.e. the development of high-frequency and high-power microwave sources.

Published
1986
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49. Structure of electron‐cyclotron ordinary mode damping

Author

R. L. Meyer, G. Giruzzi, I. Fidone, E. Mazzucato, M. Bornatici, V. Krivenski, and G. Granata

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Physics, Condensed matter physics, Cyclotron, Computational Mechanics, General Physics and Astronomy, Resonance, Plasma, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, symbols.namesake, Mechanics of Materials, law, Dispersion relation, Quantum electrodynamics, symbols, Speed of light, Relativistic quantum chemistry, Doppler effect
Abstract

The ordinary mode damping near the electron‐cyclotron frequency is investigated using the relativistic dispersion relation. It is shown that the Doppler splitting of the absorption spectrum claimed by Arunasalam et al. [Phys. Rev. A 36, 3909 (1987); 37, 2063 (1988)] is an erroneous result obtained from an oversimplified dispersion relation and assuming an infinite speed of light in the resonance condition.

Published
1989
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50. Advances in the physics studies for the JT-60SA tokamak exploitation and research plan.

Author

G Giruzzi, M Yoshida, N Aiba, J F Artaud, J Ayllon-Guerola, O Beeke, A Bierwage, T Bolzonella, M Bonotto, C Boulbe, M Chernyshova, S Coda, R Coelho, D Corona, N Cruz, S Davis, C Day, G De Tommasi, M Dibon, and D Douai

Subjects
*FUSION reactors, *PLASMA physics, *PHYSICS, *PHYSICS research, *PLASMA confinement, *PLASMA boundary layers
Abstract

JT-60SA, the largest tokamak that will operate before ITER, has been designed and built jointly by Japan and Europe, and is due to start operation in 2020. Its main missions are to support ITER exploitation and to contribute to the demonstration fusion reactor machine and scenario design. Peculiar properties of JT-60SA are its capability to produce long-pulse, high-β, and highly shaped plasmas. The preparation of the JT-60SA Research Plan, plasma scenarios, and exploitation are producing physics results that are not only relevant to future JT-60SA experiments, but often constitute original contributions to plasma physics and fusion research. Results of this kind are presented in this paper, in particular in the areas of fast ion physics, high-beta plasma properties and control, and non-linear edge localised mode stability studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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