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Despite their ecological importance and diversity, spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) are underrepresented in conservation policies in comparison to other groups. We review all extant conservation tools focusing on spiders in Europe, highlighting general patterns, limitations, gaps, and future directions. We assembled a comprehensive online database reporting all available information concerning the legal protection and conservation status of 4,154 spider species. Existing international legislation has limited coverage, with only one species listed in the Bern Convention and EU Habitats Directive. At the national and subnational levels, 178 species are formally mentioned in the legislation of 19 European countries. Moreover, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) includes assessments for 301 species worldwide, 164 of these threatened and eight native to Europe. In addition, spiders are mentioned in Regional Red Lists and Red Books in 28 out of 42 European countries considered in this review. Northern and Central European countries have the highest percentage of species assessed at the regional level in Red Lists and Red Books. The Mediterranean basin has the highest spider diversities in Europe but conservation efforts are lacking, both in terms of assessments and national or subnational legislation. Among European species, Dolomedes plantarius, Argyroneta aquatica and Eresus kollari are the most frequently mentioned in European conservation measures, possibly due to their ecological traits and their strict association with declining habitats. Considering the current threats to spiders in Europe, the protection of large areas of suitable habitat should be considered as the most effective approach to spider conservation.

The genus Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 is revised and all species are rediagnosed. The type species, described as Aranea avicularia Linnaeus, 1758, is the oldest mygalomorph species described and its taxonomic history is extensive and confusing. Cladistic analyses using both equal and implied weights were carried out with a matrix of 46 taxa from seven theraphosid subfamilies, and 71 morphological and ecological characters. The optimal cladogram found with Piwe and concavity = 6 suggests Avicularia and Aviculariinae are monophyletic. Subfamily Aviculariinae includes Avicularia Lamarck, 1818, Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Stromatopelma Karsch, 1881, Ephebopus Simon, 1892, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895, Heteroscodra Pocock, 1899, Iridopelma Pocock, 1901, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901, Ybyrapora gen. n., Caribena gen. n., and Antillena gen. n. The clade is supported by well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, greatly extended laterally. Avicularia synapomorphies are juveniles bearing black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles; spermathecae with an accentuated outwards curvature medially, and male palpal bulb with embolus medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Avicularia is composed of twelve species, including three new species: Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1818), Avicularia glauca Simon, 1891, Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n., A. minatrix Pocock, 1903, Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitão, 1920), Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923, Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, A. hirschii Bullmer et al. 2006, Avicularia merianae sp. n., A. lynnae sp. n., and A. caei sp. n.. Avicularia species are distributed throughout Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Three new genera are erected to accommodate former Avicularia species: Caribena gen. n., composed of Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. and Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837), comb. n.; Antillena gen. n., with a single species, Antillena rickwesti (Bertani & Huff, 2013), comb. n., both from the Caribbean; and Ybyrapora gen. n., composed of Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n., Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n. and Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. from Brazilian rainforest. The subspecies Avicularia avicularia variegata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 is elevated to species status, resulting in the combination Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n.. The following new synonymies are established: Avicularia velutina Simon 1889, Avicularia exilis Strand, 1907, Avicularia ancylochyra Mello-Leitão, 1923, Avicularia cuminami Mello-Leitão, 1930, and Avicularia nigrotaeniata Mello-Leitão, 1940 are junior synonyms of A. avicularia; Avicularia bicegoi Mello-Leitão, 1923 is a junior synonym of A. variegata stat. n., and Avicularia urticans Schmidt, 1994 is a junior synonym of Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923. Species transferred to other genera: Avicularia affinis (Nicolet, 1849) is transferred to Euathlus Ausserer, 1875, making the new combination Euathlus affinis (Nicolet, 1849), comb. n.; Avicularia subvulpina Strand, 1906 is transferred to Grammostola Simon, 1892, making the new combination Grammostola subvulpina (Strand, 1906), comb. n.; Avicularia aymara (Chamberlin, 1916) is transferred to Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994, making the new combination Thrixopelma aymara (Chamberlin, 1916), comb. n.; Avicularia leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841) and Avicularia plantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842) are transferred to Iridopelma Pocock, 1901, making the new combinations Iridopelma leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841), comb. n. and Iridopelma plantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n.; the two last species are considered nomina dubia. The following species are considered nomina dubia: Avicularia hirsutissima (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolus hirsutum Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Ischnocolus gracilis Keyserling, 1891 nomen dubium; Avicularia arabica (Strand, 1908) nomen dubium; Araneus hirtipes (Fabricius, 1787) nomen dubium; Avicularia ochracea (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; Avicularia walckenaerii (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; Avicularia testacea (C. L. Koch, 1841) nomen dubium; Avicularia detrita (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871 nomen dubium; Avicularia metallica Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Avicularia rapax (Ausserer, 1875) nomen dubium; Avicularia holmbergi Thorell, 1890 nomen dubium; Avicularia aurantiaca Bauer, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia azuraklaasi Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia huriana Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia ulrichea Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia braunshauseni Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Avicularia geroldi Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Avicularia soratae Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; Avicularia fasciculata Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; Avicularia fasciculata clara Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; and Avicularia surinamensis Strand, 1907 nomen dubium. Avicularia vestiaria (De Geer, 1778) is considered nomen nudum. Keys are provided for identification of all aviculariine genera, as well as to Avicularia, Caribena gen. n., Ybyrapora gen. n. and Antillena gen. n. species. Maps with records and information on species habitat are also presented. Lectotypes are newly designed for A. avicularia, A. variegata stat. n., A. juruensis, C. laeta comb. n., E. affinis comb. n. and a neotype is established for C. versicolor comb. n.

Guyruita giupponii n. sp. (Figs 3, 9, 30−34, 36, 39) Diagnosis. Males resembles those of G. atlantica in that the abdomen lacks a conspicuous black spot or stripe. They can be distinguished from those of G. atlantica by the abdomen having a faded grey stripe (Fig. 9), a short embolus less than twice the tegulum length, in retrolateral view (Fig. 31), the tibial apophysis with retrolateral lobe very curved (Fig. 32) and metatarsus I touching apex of prolateral, shorter lobe of tibial apophysis when folded. Females are unknown. Etymology. The species is named named after arachnologist Alessandro Giupponi, for his friendship and help in many collecting expeditions, and for collecting and making important theraphosid specimens available for this study. Material examined. Brazil: Espírito Santo: Holotype male, Sooretama, Reserva Biológica de Sooretama (18o59’S, 40o07’W), Equipe Arachne, 21 April 2006, ref. 960 (MNRJ 6969); male paratype, 20 April 2006, ref. 959, (MNRJ 6970). Male. MNRJ 6969. Carapace: 6.31 long, 5.40 wide. Chelicerae 2.04 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 6.28, 3.72, 4.72, 3.66, 3.08, 21.46, II: 5.13, 2.82, 3.69, 3.00, 2.59, 17.23. III: 4.34, 2.30, 3.09, 3.44, 2.55, 15.72. IV: 6.17, 2.74, 4.76, 5.10, 3.07, 21.84. Palp: 3.66, 1.68, 2.73, –, 1.61, 9.68. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 0.97, 0.87, 1.34, 1.02, palp= 0.86; patellae I–IV= 1.02, 0.94, 0.95, 0.97, palp= 0.80; tibiae I–IV= 0.79, 0.80, 0.85, 0.73, palp= 0.80; metatarsi I–IV= 0.67, 0.66, 0.55, 0.54; tarsi I–IV= 0.62, 0.62, 0.53, 0.56, palp= 0.82. Abdomen: 6.39 long, 3.77 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.01 long, 0.27 wide, 0.46 apart; PLS, 1.43 basal, 1.20 middle, 1.63 distal; midwidths 0.50, 0.42, 0.38, respectively. Carapace: 1.16 times longer than wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: Straight, deep, 0.55 wide. Clypeus 0.21. Eyes: Tubercle 0.65 high, 0.61 long, 1.16 wide. Anterior row slightly procurved. Posterior row straight. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.31, ALE 0.33, PME 0.22, PLE 0.26, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.09, AME–PME 0.08, ALE–ALE 0.72, ALE–PME 0.20, PME–PME 0.59, PME– PLE 0.03, PLE–PLE 0.96, ALE–PLE 0.07, AME–PLE 0.21. Maxillae: 1.38 longer than wide; ca. 133 cuspules over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.77 long, 1.18 wide, with ca. 181 cuspules on anterior half, each separated by one diameter. Labio-sternal groove large, shallow, flattened; sigilla large. Chelicerae: Basal segment with 9 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 2.91 long, 2.79 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, anterior and median rounded, one diameter from margin; posterior large, fusiform, one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: IV=I, II, III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.0. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 of tarsi I–IV. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate, III–IV divided by narrow band of setae. Metatarsi I–II for distal 1/2; III for distal 1/3; IV, for distal 1/ 4. III–IV divided by band of setae. ITC absent. Spines: Leg I: Fe p0-0-1; Pa 0; Ti 0; Me v0-0-1ap; Leg II: Fe 0; Pa 0; Ti v0-0-2ap; Me v0-0-1ap; Leg III Fe 0; Pa p1; Ti v0-0-2ap, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; Me v0-2-3ap, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; Leg IV Fe 0; Pa 0; Ti v0- 0-2ap, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; Me v1-2 -3ap, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; Palp: Fe p0-0-1, Pa 0, Ti v0-0-1. Palp (Figs 30−31): Globous bulb with small subtegulum. Embolus: long, not flattened, lacking keels, 0.85 long in retrolateral view, less than twice tegulum length. Thin distal width, tapering distally; basal, middle and distal widths 0.35, 0.11, 0.01, respectively. Tegulum: 0.46 long, 0.65 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium rectangular with subequal lobes, lacking well developed process on retrolateral lobe. Tibial apophysis (Figs 32−34): two lobes on prolateral leg I, with welldeveloped base, slightly ventro-retrolaterally positioned. Prolateral lobe shorter, with spine of same size as lobe on retrolateral face. Retrolateral lobe longer, curved inward, with small spine on apex of dorsal face. Metatarsus I straight, touches apex of prolateral, shorter lobe of tibial apophysis when folded. Color pattern (Fig. 3): carapace reddish brown with greyish setae. Coxae, labium, sternum, maxillae, and ventral femora brown. Legs and palps with greyish, short body setae with discrete golden sheen and greyish, long setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi absent. Abdomen dorsum with long, light brown setae uniformly distributed and short darker body setae forming faded irregular longitudinal spot in central area (Fig. 9). Abdomen venter light brown. Color pattern ontogeny. Unknown. Natural History. The Reserva Biológica de Sooretama is a conservation unit in the coastal Brazilian Atlantic forest in the north of state of Espírito Santo. This region, along with a south area of state of Bahia, is known as ‘Hiléia Baiana’ due to its resemblance to the Amazon Forest (Andrade-Lima 1966). The Hiléia has one of the most diverse and rich biotas on the planet, with high levels of endemism in many taxonomic groups (Pacheco et al. 1996; Thomas et al. 1998; Bertani & Fukushima 2009). The RESBIO Sooretama is a conservation area with the highest number of threatened or near-extinction faunal species in Brazil (Conselho Nacional da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica 2013). Distribution. Brazil, state of Espírito Santo (Fig. 39).

Guyruita waikoshiemi (Bertani & Araújo, 2005) (Figs 39–41) Holothele waikoshiemi Bertani & Araújo, 2005: 14, figs 1−5. Guyruita waikoshiemi: Guadanucci et al. 2007: 994; World Spider Catalog 2017; Carvalho, Martins, Schneider & Cabra-Garcia 2017, figs 8, 12−15. Remarks. G. waikoshiemi was described from a female from Venezuela (Bertani and Araújo 2005), and originally placed in Holothele Karsch, 1879 (Fig. 40). Later, it was transferred to Guyruita by Guadanucci et al. (2007) due to its multilobulated spermathecae (Fig. 41), divided tarsal scopulae on III and IV, and labium with more than 200 cuspules. Despite these characteristics, we do not believe that transfer is correct because all other Guyruita species have spermathecae with lobes on the edge, not in apical and ventro-subapical clusters as in G. waikoshiemi., Published as part of Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & Bertani, Rogério, 2018, Two new species of Guyruita Guadanucci et al., 2007 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Brazil, pp. 395-408 in Zootaxa 4370 (4) on pages 406-407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1146467, {"references":["Bertani, R. & Araujo, Y. (2005) A new species of Holothele Karsch, 1879 (Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae) from Venezuela. Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 12, 13 - 16. Available from: http: // sea-entomologia. org / Publicaciones / RevistaIbericaAracnologia / RIA 12 / 013 _ 016 Holothele. pdf (accessed 13 December 2017)","Guadanucci, J. P. L., Lucas, S. M., Indicatti, R. P. & Yamamoto, F. U. (2007) Description of Guyruita gen. nov. and two new species (Ischnocolinae, Theraphosidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 24 (4), 991 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752007000400015","Carvalho, L. S., Martins, P. H., Schneider, M. C. & Cabra-Garcia, J. (2017) New records of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from the state of Roraima, northern Brazil. Check List, 13 (1), 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.1.2040","Karsch, F. (1879) Arachnologische Beitrage. Zeitschrift fur die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 52, 534 - 562."]}

Guyruita Guadanucci et al., 2007 Holothele Karsch, 1879: 544 (in part: H. waikoshiemi); Bertani and Ara��jo 2005: 14, figs 1���5. Guyruita Guadanucci et al., 2007: 992, figs 1���15; World Spider Catalog, 2017. Type-species: Guyruita cerrado Guadanucci et al., 2007. Species included: Guyruita atlantica, Guyruita cerrado, Guyruita giupponii n. sp., Guyruita isae n. sp., and G. waikoshiemi. Diagnosis (modified from Guadanucci et al. 2007): males of Guyruita differ from those of Dolichothele Mello-Leit��o, 1923 and Catumiri Guadanucci, 2004 by the labium being as wide as long, and bearing 100���200 cuspules; from Holothele Karsch, 1879, Schismatothele Karsch, 1879, and Sickius Soares & Camargo, 1948 by metatarsus I which lies between the two lobes of the tibial apophysis (G. cerrado), or over the prolateral lobe (other Guyruita species). Females differ from those of all other Neotropical Ischnocolinae by the spermathecal receptacles bearing small lobes (except from Dolichothele). Females also differ from those of Dolichothele by possessing a labium as wide as long, bearing 100���200 cuspules. Distribution: Brazil and Venezuela (Fig. 39)., Published as part of Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & Bertani, Rog��rio, 2018, Two new species of Guyruita Guadanucci et al., 2007 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Brazil, pp. 395-408 in Zootaxa 4370 (4) on page 396, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1146467, {"references":["Guadanucci, J. P. L., Lucas, S. M., Indicatti, R. P. & Yamamoto, F. U. (2007) Description of Guyruita gen. nov. and two new species (Ischnocolinae, Theraphosidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 24 (4), 991 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752007000400015","Karsch, F. (1879) Arachnologische Beitrage. Zeitschrift fur die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 52, 534 - 562.","Bertani, R. & Araujo, Y. (2005) A new species of Holothele Karsch, 1879 (Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae) from Venezuela. Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 12, 13 - 16. Available from: http: // sea-entomologia. org / Publicaciones / RevistaIbericaAracnologia / RIA 12 / 013 _ 016 Holothele. pdf (accessed 13 December 2017)"]}

Guyruita isae n. sp. (Figs 1���2, 7, 21���27, 35, 39) Diagnosis. Males resemble those of G. cerrado by having a conspicuous large black spot on the dorsal abdomen. They can be distinguished from those of G. cerrado by the irregular shape of this spot (Fig. 7), by having a long embolus more than 3 times the tegulum length in retrolateral view (Fig. 22), slightly ventro-retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 23), and metatarsus I touching apex of prolateral, shorter lobe of tibial apophysis when folded. Females can be distinguished from other species by the irregular shape of the abdominal spot (Fig. 2). Etymology. The specific epithet is a matronym in honor of Isa Moreira, mother of one of the authors, Caroline Fukushima, whom she always has supported. Material examined. Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte: Male holotype, Martins, (6o06���S, 37o55���W), 626m asl, C. S. Fukushima, 23 October 2014, ref. C506 (MNRJ 6983); female paratype, same locality, in refuge with silk in ravine; matured in captivity, C. S. Fukushima, 22 October 2014, ref. C460 (MNRJ 6984). Additional material. Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte, A. P. L. Giupponi, 22 October 2014, Martins (6o06���S, 37o55���W): 1 imm., in refuge with silk in ravine, day, ref. A76 (MNRJ 6986); 1 male, same data but at night, ref. A123, matured in captivity (MNRJ 6987); 1 imm., at night, ref. A124 (MNRJ 6988); 1 imm. male, at night, ref. A125 (MNRJ 6989); 1 imm., at night, ref. A126 (MNRJ 6990); 1 imm. male, A. P. L. Giupponi, 23 October 2014, in refuge with silk in ravine at night, ref. A181 (MNRJ 6991); 1 female, (6o05���44���S, 37o55���10���W), 692m asl, C. S. Fukushima, 18 March 2014, day, ref. C58 (MNRJ 6985); 1 male, (6o03���S, 37o56���W), 703m asl, A. P. L. Giupponi, 25 October 2014, in refuge under tree bark in day, ref. A235 (MNRJ 6992); Ba��a Formosa (6o22���S, 35o01���W): 1 female, W. Pessoa, 18 April 2014, over bush leaf in trail, in day, ref. LXIII (MNRJ 6993). Male. MNRJ 6983. Carapace: 6.80 long, 5.68 wide. Chelicera: 1.78 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 6.58, 4.21, 5.66, 4.18, 3.74, 24.37, II: 5.41, 3.11, 3.98, 3.58, 3.06, 19.14. III: 4.81, 2.45, 3.14, 3.85, 2.97, 17.22. IV: 6.80, 3.37, 5.41, 5.76, 3.27, 24.61. Palp: 4.13, 2.47, 3.22,, 1.64, 11.46. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 1.07, 1.13, 1.23, 1.09, palp= 0.87; patellae I���IV= 1.10, 1.06, 0.95, 1.10, palp= 0.93; tibiae I���IV= 0.98, 0.70, 0.88, 0.84, palp= 0.98; metatarsi I���IV= 0.76, 0.60, 0.64, 0.63; tarsi I���IV= 0.72, 0.58, 0.62, 0.53, palp= 0.92. Abdomen: 7.25 long, 4.29 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.99 long, 0.29 wide, 0.42 apart; PLS, 1.58 basal, 0.82 middle, 1.62 distal; midwidths 0.58, 0.47, 0.38, respectively. Carapace: 1.19 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: Straight, deep, 0.56 wide. Clypeus 0.21. Eyes: Eye tubercle 0.65 high, 0.61 long, 1.16 wide. Anterior row slightly procurved. Posterior row straight. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.33, ALE 0.35, PME 0.17, PLE 0.28, AME��� AME 0.10, AME���ALE 0.08, AME���PME 0.04, ALE���ALE 0.69, ALE���PME 0.20, PME���PME 0.55, PME���PLE 0.02, PLE���PLE 0.88, ALE���PLE 0.12, AME���PLE 0.19. Maxilla: 1.69 longer than wide. Cuspules: ca. 128 over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.89 long, 1.16 wide, with ca. 173 cuspules on anterior half, spaced by one diameter of each other. Labio-sternal groove large, shallow, flattened. Sigilla not evident. Chelicerae: Basal segment with 8 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 3.26 long, 2.82 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, anterior and median rounded, one diameter from margin; posterior fusiform, less than one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: IV=I, II, III. Leg IV same length of leg I. Clavate trichobothria: distal 3/4 of tarsi I���IV. Scopula: Tarsi I���IV fully scopulate, III divided by narrow band of setae, IV divided by wide band of setae. Metatarsi I���II scopulate for distal 2/3; III���IV scopulate for distal 1/2; III���IV divided by setae. ITC absent. Spines: Leg I: Fe p0-0-2; Pa 0; Ti v0-01ap; Me v0-0-1ap; Leg II: Fe p0-0-1; Pa 0; Ti v0-2-3ap, p0-1-0; Me v1 -0-1ap; Leg III Fe p1-0-1, r0-1-2; Pa p1, r1; Ti v1-2 -3ap, p0-1-0, r1-0-1; Me v2 -0-3ap, p1-1-1, r0-1-1; Leg IV Fe r0-0-1, Pa r1; Ti v1-2 -2ap, r1-0-1; Me v2-1 -3ap, p1-1-1, r1-0-1; Palp: Fe p0-0-3, Pa 0, Ti v0-0-1. Palp (Figs 21���22): globous bulb with small subtegulum. Embolus: long, not flattened, lacking keels, 1.68 long in retrolateral view, ca. 3.0 times tegulum length. Thin distal width, tapering distally; basal, middle and distal width 0.44, 0.11, 0.01, respectively. Tegulum: 0.54 long, 0.75 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium rectangular with subequal lobes, lacking well developed process on retrolateral lobe. Tibial apophysis (Figs 23���25): two slightly curved lobes on prolateral leg I, with well-developed base, slightly ventro-retrolaterally positioned. Prolateral lobe shorter, with spine of same size as lobe on retrolateral face. Retrolateral lobe longer, with small spine on apex of dorsal face. Metatarsus I straight, touches apex of prolateral, shorter lobe of tibial apophysis when folded. Color (Figs 1, 7): carapace brown with golden setae. Coxae, labium, sternum, maxillae and ventral femora brown. Legs and palps with short, dark brown setae with golden sheen and long, light brown setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi absent. Abdomen dorsum with long, light brown setae uniformly distributed, and short black setae forming irregular longitudinal spot on central area. Abdomen venter light brown. Female. MNRJ 6984. Carapace: 7.81 long, 6.32 wide. Chelicera: 3.64 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 5.84, 3.75, 4.07, 3.39, 2.78, 19.83. II: 4.84, 3.26, 3.48, 3.01, 2.70, 17.29. III: 4.35, 2.77, 2.84, 3.69, 2.80, 16.45. IV: 6.18, 3.26, 4.85, 5.03, 2.98, 22.30. Palp: 4.19, 2.68, 2.64, ���, 3.01 12.52. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 1.16, 1.21, 1.42, 1.05, palp= 1.18; patellae I���IV= 1.28, 1.21, 1.30, 1.26, palp= 1.21; tibiae I���IV= 1.37, 1.17, 0.89, 1.12, palp= 1.19; metatarsi I���IV= 1.08, 1.00, 0.81, 0.81; tarsi I���IV= 0.97, 0.88, 0.80, 0.77, palp= 1.07. Abdomen: 9.99 long, 6.16 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.86 long, 0.51 wide, 0.48 apart; PLS, 1.78 basal, 1.22 middle, 1.79 distal; midwidths 1.02, 0.91, 0.69, respectively. Carapace: 1.24 longer than wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: Deep, straight, 0.91 wide. Clypeus 0.21. Eyes: Tubercle 0.65 high, 0.84 long, 1.40 wide. Anterior row slightly procurved. Posterior row slightly recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.31, ALE 0.40, PME 0.18, PLE 0.33, AME��� AME 0.15, AME���ALE 0.12, AME���PME 0.09, ALE���ALE 0.89, ALE���PME 0.29, PME���PME 0.71, PME���PLE 0.05, PLE���PLE 1.05, ALE���PLE 0.13, AME���PLE 0.32. Maxilla 1.41 longer than wide. Cuspules: ca. 141 over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.11 long, 1.71 wide, with ca. 184 cuspules on anterior half, spaced one diameter apart. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flattened, sigilla not evident. Chelicerae: Basal segment with 8 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: 3.73 long, 3.45 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, anterior not evident; rounded median, less than one diameter from margin; fusiform posterior, less than one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: IV, I, II, III. Leg IV 1.12 times longer than leg I. Clavate trichobothria: distal 1/3 of tarsi I���IV. Scopula: Tarsi I���IV fully scopulate, III divided by narrow band of setae, IV divided by a wide band of setae. Metatarsi I���II scopulate for distal 2/3; III���IV for distal 1/ 2. IV divided by wide band of setae. ITC absent. Spines: Leg I: Fe p-0-0-1; Pa 0; Ti v0-0-2ap; Me v1 -0-1ap; Leg II: Fe p0-0-1; Pa 0; Ti v0-0-2ap, p 0-1-0; Me v1 -0-1ap; Leg III Fe p-0-0-1, r0-0-1; Pa p1; ti v0-0-2, p0-1-0, r0-1-1; Me v2 -0-3ap, p1-1-1, r0-1-1; Leg IV Fe 0; Pa 0; Ti v0-0-3ap, p0-0-1, r1-0-2(1ap); Me v2-1 -4(3ap), p0-1-1, r1-0-1; Palp: Fe p0-0-1; Pa 0; Ti v0-1-3(2ap). Spermathecae (Fig. 26): Two completely separated, triangular spermathecae with multilobular edge, 4 well-chitinized lobules in left spermatheca, 3 lobules in right spermatheca. Color pattern (Fig. 2): Carapace dark brown with some golden setae. Carapace border with long, light brown setae. Coxae, labium, sternum, maxillae and ventral femora brown. Legs and palps with short, dark brown body setae and long light brown setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi absent. Abdomen dorsum with long, light brown setae uniformly distributed, and short, black body setae forming irregular longitudinal spot on central area. Abdomen venter light brown. Distribution: Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Norte, in remnant of Brazilian Atlantic rainforest surrounded by Caatinga areas (Fig. 39). One female was collected in Ba��a Formosa, a large coastal patch of Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with an abdominal pattern slightly different from specimens collected in Martins. Differences among females of these species can be found in the pattern; their and general morphology are very similar. Thus, this female may not be conspecific. As there is only one female, we decided to consider the Ba��a Formosa record as dubious. Color pattern ontogeny: Adults have the same coloration pattern of immatures. Natural History: Specimens were found in Martins, a ���brejo de altitude��� area in northeastern Brazil, i.e., a humid forest area surrounded by arid Caatinga (Pereira Filho & Montingelli 2011). This region mostly consists of mountains and hillsides higher than 500m (Ruiz-Esparza 2009), and receives more than 1,200mm of orographic rains (Prado 2003 in Ruiz-Esparza 2009). The specimens were found in refuges in ravines or on the ground, or under tree barks., Published as part of Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & Bertani, Rog��rio, 2018, Two new species of Guyruita Guadanucci et al., 2007 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Brazil, pp. 395-408 in Zootaxa 4370 (4) on pages 397-403, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1146467, {"references":["Pereira-Filho, G. A. & Montingelli, G. G. (2011) Check list of snakes from the Brejos de Altitude of Paraiba and Pernambuco, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 11 (3), 145 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032011000300011","Ruiz-Esparza, J. M. (2009) Influencia de um brejo de altitude sobre as caracteristicas da avifauna da caatinga (Serra da Guia, Sergipe e Bahia). Anais do III Congresso Latino Americano de Ecologia, 10 - 13 September 2009, Sao Lourenco, Minas Gerais, Brazil, pp. 1 - 3."]}

Key to Guyruita species Males (male of G. waikoshiemi unknown) 1. Abdomen with very conspicuous black stripe or spot (Figs 7−8)................................................. 2 - Abdomen with faded greyish stripe or homogeneously colored (Figs 9 −10)....................................... 3 2. Abdomen with central longitudinal black stripe connected with well-defined lateral stripes (Figs 5, 8), embolus less than 2.5 times tegulum length in retrolateral view (Fig. 14), tibial apophysis ventro-median (Fig. 18)................... G. cerrado - Abdomen with irregular large black spot on central area (Figs 1, 7), embolus more than 3 times longer than tegulum in retrolat- eral view (Fig. 22), tibial apophysis slightly ventro-retrolaterally positioned (Fig. 23)...................... G. isae n. sp. 3. Abdomen without spots or stripes (Figs 4, 10), embolus more than 3 times length of tegulum in retrolateral view (Fig. 12), lobes of tibial apophysis slightly curved (Fig. 15)................................................... G. atlantica - Abdomen with faded greyish stripe (Figs 3, 9), embolus less than twice as long as tegulum in retrolateral view (Fig. 31), retrolateral lobe of tibial apophysis very curved (Fig. 32)............................................ G. giupponii n. sp. Females (female of G. giupponii n. sp. unknown) 1. Spermathecae with two clusters of lobes (apical and ventro-subapical) (Fig. 41); tibia I incrassate (Fig. 40); Venezuela and extreme northern Brazil...................................................................... G. waikoshiemi - Spermathecae with lobes on edge; tibia I not incrassate; Brazil.................................................. 2 2. Abdomen with very conspicuous black spot or stripe (Figs 2, 6)................................................. 3 - Abdomen without any spot or stripe............................................................... G. atlantica 3. Abdomen with central longitudinal black stripe joined to well-defined lateral stripes (Fig. 6); found in cerrado areas (Fig. 39).............................................................................................. G. cerrado - Abdomen with irregular longitudinal large black spot on central area (Fig. 2); found in forested areas (Fig. 39)... G. isae n. sp.

Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leit��o, 1923) n. comb. Figs 1 ��30 Psalistops crassimanu Mello-Leit��o, 1923a: 121; 1923b: 4. Psalistops crassimanus: Roewer, 1942: 222. Diagnosis. Males resemble those of S. platense, S. iguazu, S. tenuistyla and S. palmar by having very slender and long apical portion of embolus and differ by having a strong embolus curvature close to its apex (Figs 19 ��21). Females resemble those of S. crassistyla, S. pavesii, S. leticiae, S. pescador by having spermathecae with single lobe bearing receptacles and differ by having spermathecae with an elongate lobe bearing two receptacles (Figs 11 ��14). Type material. Syntypes male and female, H. Luederwaldt col., Ilha dos Alcatrazes, S��o Paulo, Brazil, should be deposited at MZUSP, not located. Material examined. Alcatrazes island (24��05���S, 45��41���W) 1 female, R. Bertani, August 17 ��19 2005, IA 308 (MZUSP 71800); 1 male, October 26 2011, bromeliad, R. Bertani (MZUSP 71806). Additional material examined. BRAZIL, S��o Paulo, Alcatrazes Archipelago, Alcatrazes Island (24��05���S, 45��41���W): 1 male, R. Bertani, August 17 ��19 2005 (MZUSP 71801); 1 male, R. Martins, November 22 ��24 2005 (MZUSP 71802); 1 female, 2 imm., R. Bertani, October 25 2011 (MZUSP 71803); 1 male, R. Bertani et al. (pit-fall trap), October 25 ��27 2011 (MZUSP 71804); 1 male, 2 females, October 26 2011, R. Bertani (MZUSP 71805); 1 female, October 26 2011, G. Ayroza (MZUSP 71807); 1 imm., October 27 2011, G. Ayroza (MZUSP 71808); Pico do Orat��rio, 1 imm., S. Migliore, May 6 ��9 2014, S3, CAN (MZUSP 71809); Queimada Grande Island (24��29���S, 46��40���W), 1 female, R. Bertani, March 1995 (MZUSP 71810); 1 female, R. Bertani, December 5 1995 (MZUSP 71811); Queimada Pequena Island (24��22���S, 46��48���W), 1 female, 1 male, 3 imm., C. S. Fukushima & R. H. Nagahama, February 28 ���March 1 2007 (MZUSP 71812). Redescription. Female. MZUSP 71800 (Figs 6 ��11). Carapace 7.7 long, 5.19 wide. Abdomen 6.65 long, 4.28 wide. Total length 14.35. Carapace: Surface smooth, with sparse setae, especially around margins, anterior striae and behind eye group. Thoracic striae faint, shallow and narrow. Fovea short, procurved. Clypeus 0.10. Eight eyes arranged on tubercle 0.35 high, 1.24 wide, 0.81 long. MOQ 0.81 wide, 0.60 long. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. AME 0.32, ALE 0.43, PME 0.23, PLE 0.29. Eye interspaces: AME-AME 0.13, AME-ALE 0.06, ALE-ALE 0.63, PME-PLE 0.03, PME-PME 0.85, ALE-PLE 0.03. Chelicerae: 3.30 long, fine setae sparse on retrolateral side, denser patch of setae prodorsally, with eight thick teeth. Fangs light brown at base, darkening distally to blackish brown hue. Rastellum weak, distal edge with thickened setae. Labium (Fig. 8): 0.67 long, 1.36 wide with dense patch of fine setae anteriorly, and fine setae sparsely distributed medially. Cuspules absent. Labiosternal groove shallow, flat, with pair of sigilla. Maxillae: 2.13 long in front, 2.64 long behind, 1.51 wide, with 127 cuspules on upper mound in inner angle. Heel rounded. Anterior lobe weak. Fine setae throughout the surface, without dense patches. Lyra absent. Sternum: 3.64 long, 3.12 wide. Fine setae over surface, without dense patches. Three pairs of sigilla, rounded, first pair close to coxa I, second pair close to coxa II, and third pair close to coxa III. All sigilla one diameter from margin. Book lungs semi-circular, with elliptical aperture; booklung combs absent. Legs: formula IV, I, II, III. Spines: leg I: fe p0-0-1, pa 0, ti v0-0-1ap, p0-1-0, me v1 -0-1, ta 0; leg II: fe p0-0-1, pa 0, ti v1-2 -4(ap), p1-1-0, me v1-2 -2ap, ta 0; leg III fe d0-0-1, pa p1-1-1 r0-1-0, ti p1-1-0 r1-1-0 d0-1-0 v0-1-2ap, me p1-1-1 r1-1-1 d1-1-1 v2-2 -3ap, ta 0; leg IV fe r0-0-1, pa r0-1-0, ti r0-1-1 p0-1-0 v0-0-1ap, me p1-1-1 d1-1-1 v2- 2 -3ap; palp: fe p0-0-1, pa p0-0-1, ti p1-1-0 v1-2 -4ap, ta 0. Preening combs on metatarsi III (Fig. 10) and IV. Claws: STC on legs ��III with 4 teeth in each row and IV with 6 teeth in each row. ITC on leg IV, minute. Palp claw with 5 teeth. Scopulae: undivided on tarsi of palp and legs I and II, divided by thin setae on legs III and IV. Spermathecae: two, each with round base and two receptacles branching from them (Fig. 11). Spinnerets (Fig. 9): PMS 0.80 long, 0.39 wide. Basal, middle, and apical segments of PLS, 1.69 long, 0.84 wide; 1.08 long, 0.70 wide; 0.33 long, 0.41 wide, respectively. Apical segment short, triangular. All segments covered by fine setae. Color pattern (Fig. 26): Chelicerae dark brown, carapace and legs orange brown, abdomen dorsally bicolored, bearing brown areas mixed with pale areas, both scattered irregularly; ventrally bicolored, mostly pale with fewer brown spots. Male. MZUSP 71806 (Figs 15 ��21, 25). All characters as in females except: Intercheliceral tumescence present. Carapace 6.36 long, 4.39 wide. Abdomen 5.09 long, 2.69 wide. Total length 11.45. Eight eyes on tubercle 0.19 high, 1.08 wide, 0.82 long. Clypeus 0.07. MOQ 1.08 wide, 0.56 long. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior straight. AME 0.31, ALE 0.32, PME 0.26, PLE 0.26. Eye interspaces: AME-AME 0.11, AME-ALE 0.05, ALE- ALE 0.59, PME-PLE 0.02, PME-PME 0.49, ALE-PLE 0.07. Chelicerae 1.69 long. Labium: 0.70 long, 1.37 wide, with three cuspules. Maxillae (Fig. 17) 0.97 long in front, 1.19 long behind, 0.85 wide, with ca. 100 blunt cuspules on low mound in inner angle. Sternum: 3.67 long, 3.13 wide. Legs: formula IV, I, II, III. Spines: leg I: fe p0-0-2 r0-1-2, pa p0-0-1, ti p0-1-1 v3-2 -3 (1 retrolateral megaspine) ap (Fig. 21), me p1-0-1 r0-1-0 v1-2 -2ap, ta 0; leg II: fe p1-2-1 r0-1-2 pa p0-0-1, ti p0-1-1 v2-2 -2ap, me p2-0-1 r0- 1-0 v2-2 -2ap, ta 0; leg III fe p0-1-2 d2-1-1, pa p1-1-1 r0-1-1, ti p0-1-1 r0-1-1 d0-0-1 v2-2 -3(2 ap), me p2-1-1 r1-1- 1 d1-1-0 v2-2 -3ap, ta 0; leg IV fe p1-1-1 d1-0-0, r 0-1-1, pa p0-1-1 r0-1-0, ti p2-0-1 r1-0-1 v2-2 -3ap, me r0-1-0 d1- 1-1 v2-1 -4(3ap); palp: fe p0-0-1, pa 0, ti p0-0-1 r1-1-1, ta 0. Preening combs with 3 slender setae on metatarsi III and IV. Claws: STC with 6 teeth in each row on legs IĪII. STC missing on leg IV. All tarsi flexible. Scopulae of tarsus III entire. Palp (Figs 19 ��20): bulb piriform with duct tapering. Embolus short, sinuous, with hook-like apical portion. Nine parallel keels on prolateral face of bulb and nine on retrolateral face; two thicker, with fine membranes. Spinnerets (Fig. 18): PMS 0.6 long, 0.28 wide. Basal, middle, and apical segments of PLS 1.27 long, 0.60 wide; 0.80 long, 0.47 wide; 0.30 long, 0.32 wide, respectively. Note. STC of specimen MZUSP 71804 were examined for leg IV and they have 6 teeth in each row. Distribution. Known from three islands on the coast of the state of S��o Paulo, Brazil: Alcatrazes, Queimada Grande and Queimada Pequena (Figs 1 ��5). Discussion. Mello-Leit��o (1923) described a male and female of Psalistops crassimanus (Barychelidae, Trichopelmatinae) based on specimens collected by Luederwaldt and Fonseca during the expedition to the Alcatrazes Archipelago in 1920 (Luederwaldt & Fonseca 1923). The types, which should be deposited at the MZUSP, were not found and are, herein, considered lost. More recent expeditions to the Alcatrazes Archipelago as well as to the Queimada Grande and Queimada Pequena islands resulted in a better knowledge of their invertebrate faunas, mainly of spiders, which were collected more intensively. Thus, the mygalomoph fauna is now better known on these islands. Alcatrazes island has (unpublished records in prep.) five mygalomorph species, two theraphosids, an idiopid, a barychelid and a nemesiid. The two theraphosid species and the idiopid do not fit the P. crassimanus description in some aspects, such as the two branched spur on tibia I in theraphosid males and the distinct eye arrangement in Idiops Perty, 1833, with two eyes on the carapace edge. The single specimen of barychelid collected is an immature sasonine male. However, this specimen has a very conspicuous color pattern, black carapace bordered with golden setae, dorsal abdomen mottled with black and golden setae and legs with black femora dorsally; patellae, tibiae, and metatarsi covered with golden setae with black broad rings. This pattern is distinct from the somewhat homogeneous dark brown with brown setae present in P. crassimanus according to Mello-Leit��o (1923a). The barychelid also has a row of three long conspicuous spines retrolaterally on tibiae ��II and prolaterally on palpal tibia, which are not present on specimens of P. crassimanus according to the original description. Thus, the only other species from the island that could fit the P. crassimanus description is the nemesiid. The specimens collected at Alcatrazes island are compatible with the measurements given by Mello- Leit��o (1923a); the color pattern is the same, the male has the tibia I slightly incrassated and bearing a slightly curved apical megaspine retrolaterally (Fig. 21). Furthermore, the nemesiid is common in Alcatrazes whereas the barychelid is very rare. The family Barychelidae was poorly diagnosed and understood at the time Mello-Leit��o published his work (1923a), and some genera presently recognized as belonging to Nemesiidae were included in that familiy by this author, e. g., Diplothelopsis Tullgren, 1905 (Mello-Leit��o 1923a), Androthelopsis Mello-Leit��o, 1934 (now Pycnothele Chamberlin, 1917), and Psalistopoides Mello-Leit��o, 1934. Therefore, it is perfectly possible that Mello-Leit��o described a nemesiid in a barychelid genus. Natural history. In Alcatrazes, some specimens were found inside open burrows having the walls covered with silk. Wandering specimens, including male, female and immatures were found in April, August and October in the leaf litter. In Queimada Grande Island, the specimens of this species were hard to find. The two females were collected inside their retreats built between two large stones. The burrows are similar to those found in Alcatrazes. In Queimada Pequena Island, they were found under rocks or wandering during the night., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio, Mori, Andr�� & Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, 2017, Spiders of the S��o Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leit��o, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae), pp. 237-248 in Zootaxa 4363 (2) on pages 240-247, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1098720, {"references":["Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1923 a) Theraphosoideas do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 13, 1 ‾ 438.","Roewer, C. F. (1942) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. Bremen 1, 1 ‾ 1040.","Luederwaldt, H. & Fonseca, J. P. (1923) A Ilha dos Alcatrazes. Revista do Museu Paulista, 13, 441 ‾ 512.","Tullgren, A. (1905) Araneida from the Swedish expedition through the Gran Chaco and the Cordilleras. Arkiv for Zoologi, 2 (19), 1 ‾ 81. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4543","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1934) Tres aranhas novas nas colleccoes do Instituto Butantan. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 8, 401 ‾ 407","Chamberlin, R. V. (1917) New spiders of the family Aviculariidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 61, 25 ‾ 75."]}

Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881: 126; Raven, 1985: 106; Goloboff, 1995: 57; Indicatti et al., 2017: 436., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio, Mori, Andr�� & Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, 2017, Spiders of the S��o Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leit��o, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae), pp. 237-248 in Zootaxa 4363 (2) on page 240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1098720, {"references":["Holmberg, E. L. (1881) Generos y especies de aracnidos argentinos nuevos o poco conocidos. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 11, 125 ‾ 133, 169 ‾ 177, 270 ‾ 278.","Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and Systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 ‾ 180.","Goloboff, P. A. (1995) A revision of the South American spiders of the family Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Part I: species from Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 224, 1 ‾ 189.","Indicatti, R. P., Chavari, J. L., Zucatelli-Junior, M., Lucas, S. M. & Brescovit, A. D. (2017) Six new species of silk-lined burrow spider genus Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4254 (4), 435 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4254.4.2"]}

Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. Figs 1 ̄30 Psalistops crassimanu Mello-Leitão, 1923a: 121; 1923b: 4. Psalistops crassimanus: Roewer, 1942: 222. Diagnosis. Males resemble those of S. platense, S. iguazu, S. tenuistyla and S. palmar by having very slender and long apical portion of embolus and differ by having a strong embolus curvature close to its apex (Figs 19 ̄21). Females resemble those of S. crassistyla, S. pavesii, S. leticiae, S. pescador by having spermathecae with single lobe bearing receptacles and differ by having spermathecae with an elongate lobe bearing two receptacles (Figs 11 ̄14). Type material. Syntypes male and female, H. Luederwaldt col., Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil, should be deposited at MZUSP, not located. Material examined. Alcatrazes island (24°05’S, 45°41’W) 1 female, R. Bertani, August 17 ̄19 2005, IA 308 (MZUSP 71800); 1 male, October 26 2011, bromeliad, R. Bertani (MZUSP 71806). Additional material examined. BRAZIL, São Paulo, Alcatrazes Archipelago, Alcatrazes Island (24°05’S, 45°41’W): 1 male, R. Bertani, August 17 ¯19 2005 (MZUSP 71801); 1 male, R. Martins, November 22 ¯24 2005 (MZUSP 71802); 1 female, 2 imm., R. Bertani, October 25 2011 (MZUSP 71803); 1 male, R. Bertani et al. (pit-fall trap), October 25 ¯27 2011 (MZUSP 71804); 1 male, 2 females, October 26 2011, R. Bertani (MZUSP 71805); 1 female, October 26 2011, G. Ayroza (MZUSP 71807); 1 imm., October 27 2011, G. Ayroza (MZUSP 71808); Pico do Oratório, 1 imm., S. Migliore, May 6 ¯9 2014, S3, CAN (MZUSP 71809); Queimada Grande Island (24°29’S, 46°40’W), 1 female, R. Bertani, March 1995 (MZUSP 71810); 1 female, R. Bertani, December 5 1995 (MZUSP 71811); Queimada Pequena Island (24°22’S, 46°48’W), 1 female, 1 male, 3 imm., C. S. Fukushima & R. H. Nagahama, February 28 –March 1 2007 (MZUSP 71812). Redescription. Female. MZUSP 71800 (Figs 6 ̄11). Carapace 7.7 long, 5.19 wide. Abdomen 6.65 long, 4.28 wide. Total length 14.35. Carapace: Surface smooth, with sparse setae, especially around margins, anterior striae and behind eye group. Thoracic striae faint, shallow and narrow. Fovea short, procurved. Clypeus 0.10. Eight eyes arranged on tubercle 0.35 high, 1.24 wide, 0.81 long. MOQ 0.81 wide, 0.60 long. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. AME 0.32, ALE 0.43, PME 0.23, PLE 0.29. Eye interspaces: AME-AME 0.13, AME-ALE 0.06, ALE-ALE 0.63, PME-PLE 0.03, PME-PME 0.85, ALE-PLE 0.03. Chelicerae: 3.30 long, fine setae sparse on retrolateral side, denser patch of setae prodorsally, with eight thick teeth. Fangs light brown at base, darkening distally to blackish brown hue. Rastellum weak, distal edge with thickened setae. Labium (Fig. 8): 0.67 long, 1.36 wide with dense patch of fine setae anteriorly, and fine setae sparsely distributed medially. Cuspules absent. Labiosternal groove shallow, flat, with pair of sigilla. Maxillae: 2.13 long in front, 2.64 long behind, 1.51 wide, with 127 cuspules on upper mound in inner angle. Heel rounded. Anterior lobe weak. Fine setae throughout the surface, without dense patches. Lyra absent. Sternum: 3.64 long, 3.12 wide. Fine setae over surface, without dense patches. Three pairs of sigilla, rounded, first pair close to coxa I, second pair close to coxa II, and third pair close to coxa III. All sigilla one diameter from margin. Book lungs semi-circular, with elliptical aperture; booklung combs absent. Legs: formula IV, I, II, III. Spines: leg I: fe p0-0-1, pa 0, ti v0-0-1ap, p0-1-0, me v1 -0-1, ta 0; leg II: fe p0-0-1, pa 0, ti v1-2 -4(ap), p1-1-0, me v1-2 -2ap, ta 0; leg III fe d0-0-1, pa p1-1-1 r0-1-0, ti p1-1-0 r1-1-0 d0-1-0 v0-1-2ap, me p1-1-1 r1-1-1 d1-1-1 v2-2 -3ap, ta 0; leg IV fe r0-0-1, pa r0-1-0, ti r0-1-1 p0-1-0 v0-0-1ap, me p1-1-1 d1-1-1 v2- 2 -3ap; palp: fe p0-0-1, pa p0-0-1, ti p1-1-0 v1-2 -4ap, ta 0. Preening combs on metatarsi III (Fig. 10) and IV. Claws: STC on legs ĪIII with 4 teeth in each row and IV with 6 teeth in each row. ITC on leg IV, minute. Palp claw with 5 teeth. Scopulae: undivided on tarsi of palp and legs I and II, divided by thin setae on legs III and IV. Spermathecae: two, each with round base and two receptacles branching from them (Fig. 11). Spinnerets (Fig. 9): PMS 0.80 long, 0.39 wide. Basal, middle, and apical segments of PLS, 1.69 long, 0.84 wide; 1.08 long, 0.70 wide; 0.33 long, 0.41 wide, respectively. Apical segment short, triangular. All segments covered by fine setae. Color pattern (Fig. 26): Chelicerae dark brown, carapace and legs orange brown, abdomen dorsally bicolored, bearing brown areas mixed with pale areas, both scattered irregularly; ventrally bicolored, mostly pale with fewer brown spots. Male. MZUSP 71806 (Figs 15 ̄21, 25). All characters as in females except: Intercheliceral tumescence present. Carapace 6.36 long, 4.39 wide. Abdomen 5.09 long, 2.69 wide. Total length 11.45. Eight eyes on tubercle 0.19 high, 1.08 wide, 0.82 long. Clypeus 0.07. MOQ 1.08 wide, 0.56 long. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior straight. AME 0.31, ALE 0.32, PME 0.26, PLE 0.26. Eye interspaces: AME-AME 0.11, AME-ALE 0.05, ALE- ALE 0.59, PME-PLE 0.02, PME-PME 0.49, ALE-PLE 0.07. Chelicerae 1.69 long. Labium: 0.70 long, 1.37 wide, with three cuspules. Maxillae (Fig. 17) 0.97 long in front, 1.19 long behind, 0.85 wide, with ca. 100 blunt cuspules on low mound in inner angle. Sternum: 3.67 long, 3.13 wide. Legs: formula IV, I, II, III. Spines: leg I: fe p0-0-2 r0-1-2, pa p0-0-1, ti p0-1-1 v3-2 -3 (1 retrolateral megaspine) ap (Fig. 21), me p1-0-1 r0-1-0 v1-2 -2ap, ta 0; leg II: fe p1-2-1 r0-1-2 pa p0-0-1, ti p0-1-1 v2-2 -2ap, me p2-0-1 r0- 1-0 v2-2 -2ap, ta 0; leg III fe p0-1-2 d2-1-1, pa p1-1-1 r0-1-1, ti p0-1-1 r0-1-1 d0-0-1 v2-2 -3(2 ap), me p2-1-1 r1-1- 1 d1-1-0 v2-2 -3ap, ta 0; leg IV fe p1-1-1 d1-0-0, r 0-1-1, pa p0-1-1 r0-1-0, ti p2-0-1 r1-0-1 v2-2 -3ap, me r0-1-0 d1- 1-1 v2-1 -4(3ap); palp: fe p0-0-1, pa 0, ti p0-0-1 r1-1-1, ta 0. Preening combs with 3 slender setae on metatarsi III and IV. Claws: STC with 6 teeth in each row on legs IĪII. STC missing on leg IV. All tarsi flexible. Scopulae of tarsus III entire. Palp (Figs 19 ̄20): bulb piriform with duct tapering. Embolus short, sinuous, with hook-like apical portion. Nine parallel keels on prolateral face of bulb and nine on retrolateral face; two thicker, with fine membranes. Spinnerets (Fig. 18): PMS 0.6 long, 0.28 wide. Basal, middle, and apical segments of PLS 1.27 long, 0.60 wide; 0.80 long, 0.47 wide; 0.30 long, 0.32 wide, respectively. Note. STC of specimen MZUSP 71804 were examined for leg IV and they have 6 teeth in each row. Distribution. Known from three islands on the coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil: Alcatrazes, Queimada Grande and Queimada Pequena (Figs 1 ̄5). Discussion. Mello-Leitão (1923) described a male and female of Psalistops crassimanus (Barychelidae, Trichopelmatinae) based on specimens collected by Luederwaldt and Fonseca during the expedition to the Alcatrazes Archipelago in 1920 (Luederwaldt & Fonseca 1923). The types, which should be deposited at the MZUSP, were not found and are, herein, considered lost. More recent expeditions to the Alcatrazes Archipelago as well as to the Queimada Grande and Queimada Pequena islands resulted in a better knowledge of their invertebrate faunas, mainly of spiders, which were collected more intensively. Thus, the mygalomoph fauna is now better known on these islands. Alcatrazes island has (unpublished records in prep.) five mygalomorph species, two theraphosids, an idiopid, a barychelid and a nemesiid. The two theraphosid species and the idiopid do not fit the P. crassimanus description in some aspects, such as the two branched spur on tibia I in theraphosid males and the distinct eye arrangement in Idiops Perty, 1833, with two eyes on the carapace edge. The single specimen of barychelid collected is an immature sasonine male. However, this specimen has a very conspicuous color pattern, black carapace bordered with golden setae, dorsal abdomen mottled with black and golden setae and legs with black femora dorsally; patellae, tibiae, and metatarsi covered with golden setae with black broad rings. This pattern is distinct from the somewhat homogeneous dark brown with brown setae present in P. crassimanus according to Mello-Leitão (1923a). The barychelid also has a row of three long conspicuous spines retrolaterally on tibiae ĪII and prolaterally on palpal tibia, which are not present on specimens of P. crassimanus according to the original description. Thus, the only other species from the island that could fit the P. crassimanus description is the nemesiid. The specimens collected at Alcatrazes island are compatible with the measurements given by Mello- Leitão (1923a); the color pattern is the same, the male has the tibia I slightly incrassated and bearing a slightly curved apical megaspine retrolaterally (Fig. 21). Furthermore, the nemesiid is common in Alcatrazes whereas the barychelid is very rare. The family Barychelidae was poorly diagnosed and understood at the time Mello-Leitão published his work (1923a), and some genera presently recognized as belonging to Nemesiidae were included in that familiy by this author, e. g., Diplothelopsis Tullgren, 1905 (Mello-Leitão 1923a), Androthelopsis Mello-Leitão, 1934 (now Pycnothele Chamberlin, 1917), and Psalistopoides Mello-Leitão, 1934. Therefore, it is perfectly possible that Mello-Leitão described a nemesiid in a barychelid genus. Natural history. In Alcatrazes, some specimens were found inside open burrows having the walls covered with silk. Wandering specimens, including male, female and immatures were found in April, August and October in the leaf litter. In Queimada Grande Island, the specimens of this species were hard to find. The two females were collected inside their retreats built between two large stones. The burrows are similar to those found in Alcatrazes. In Queimada Pequena Island, they were found under rocks or wandering during the night.

Pterinopelma sazimai sp. nov. (Figs 7���19) Holotype. Female, Brazil, state of Bahia, Andara��, Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina (S 12 �� 46 ' 9.21 '' W 41 �� 28 ' 6.79 ''), 1.262 m a.s.l., ZUEC, Fukushima, C. S., Bertani, R. & Nagahama, R. H., 17 February 2008. Paratypes: female, Brazil, state of Minas Gerais, Santana do Riacho, Parque Nacional da Serra do Cip�� [S 19 �� 17 ' W 43 �� 35 '], ZUEC, I. Sazima et al., 13���15 December 1971; two males IBSP 111631, same locality, M.T.V.A. Campos, May 1993. Additional material examined. Three juveniles, Brazil, state of Bahia, Mucug��, Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina (S 12 o 45 ��� 4.18 " W 41 o 30 ��� 3.73 "), Bertani, R., Fukushima, C. S. & Nagahama, R. H., 17 February 2008, are maintained alive in the laboratory. Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of Dr. Ivan Sazima, an important Brazilian zoologist who was the first researcher to collect exemplars of this species in the decades of 1970 and 1980. These specimens remained as the sole exemplars of the species known for a long time. Diagnosis. Males differ from those of P. vitiosum by the weakly developed palpal bulb keels (Figs 7 ���9) and the strongly curved metatarsus I (Fig. 10) touching the apex of the retrolateral tibial apophysis when folded. Females differ from those of P. vitiosum by the presence of type III urticating hairs, the sternum longer than wide (Fig. 12) and the presence of a blue iridescence on the setae covering the body (Fig. 14). Description. Female (holotype). Carapace 22.18 long, 19.71 wide, chelicerae 9.39. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 15.10, 9.48, 12.30, 10.72, 8.86, 56.46. II: 14.55, 9.07, 11.64, 10.56, 8.94, 54.76. III: 13.61, 8.99, 10.44, 11.87, 8.59, 53.50. IV: 16.33, 8.85, 13.37, 18.52, 8.57, 65.64. Palp: 11.74, 7.04, 9.22, ���, 8.84, 36.84. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 3.48, 4.18, 4.25, 3.82, palp= 3.10; patellae I���IV= 3.95, 3.72, 3.71, 3.82, palp= 3.25; tibiae I���IV= 3.23, 2.98, 3.14, 2.91, palp= 3.14; metatarsi I���IV= 2.15, 2.18, 2.07, 1.91; tarsi I���IV= 2.07, 2.13, 2.16, 2.14, palp= 2.38. Abdomen 23.10 long, 17.89 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.12 long, 1.09 wide, 1.20 apart; PLS, 3.64 basal, 2.69 middle, 3.32 distal; midwidths 1.66, 1.53, 1.06, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.12; cephalic area raised, thoracic striae deep. Fovea: deep, straight, 2.74 wide. Carapace covered with short, slender, dense setae and bordered with long setae pointing out. Eyes and eye tubercle: tubercle 1.09 high, length 2.11, width 3.07. Clypeus 0.55. Anterior row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.46, ALE 0.64, PME 0.31, PLE 0.78, AME���AME 0.81, AME���ALE 0.36, AME���PME 0.39, ALE���ALE 1.98, ALE���PME 0.59, PME���PME 1.37, PME���PLE 0.20, PLE��� PLE 2.10, ALE���PLE 0.52, AME���PLE 0.43. Ratio of eye group width to length 1.74. Maxillae: length to width: 1.59. Cuspules: between 100 ─ 200 spread over ventral inner heel. Lyra absent. Labium: length 2.74, width 3.35, with 155 cuspules spaced by less than one diameter from each other on anterior third center. Labio-sternal groove deep, flat, without evident sigilla. Chelicerae: rastellum absent, basal segments with 11 and 10 teeth on promargin, on the left and right chelicera, respectively; and denticles on basal area. Sternum (Fig. 12): length 10.53, width 6.87. Porterior angle rounded, not separating coxae IV. Sigilla: three pairs, all rounded, less than one diameter from margin. Legs:formulla: IV I II III. Clavate trichobothria: on distal 2 / 3 of tarsi I���IV. Leg coxae: with sparce soft setae; stridulatory or modified setae lacking. Scopula: Tarsi I���IV fully scopulate; IV divided by rows of setae. Metatarsi I���II fully scopulated; III 1 / 3, IV 1 / 5 distal scopulate. Metatarsi IV not divided by row of setae. Spines: palp: femur p0- 0-1 ap, patella 0, tibia v0- 0-2 ap, r0- 0-1; leg I: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v 0-1 - 2 ap, p0- 0-2 ap, metatarsus v0- 0-1 ap; leg II: femur 0, patella 0, tibia d 0-1 -0, r0- 0-1 ap, p0- 0-1 ap; metatarsus v0- 0-3 ap, p0- 0-1 ap; leg III: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v 0-1 - 2 ap, p0- 0-1, metatarsus v 0-2 - 3 ap, p 1-2 - 1 ap, r0- 0-1 (1 ap); leg IV: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v 1 - 1 -2ap, p 1 - 1 -0, r 0-1 - 2 (1 ap), metatarsus d0- 0-1 ap, v 3-5 - 5 (3 ap), p 0-1 - 1, r 0-1 - 2 ap. Claws: ITC absent from all legs; STC with small teeth. Urticating hairs: Type I and III on abdomen dorsum; III on posterior and central area of abdomen and I on surronding area. Type I with region "A" longer than region "B". Genitalia (Fig. 13): Two short spermathecae separated by heavily sclerotized short area, spermathecal stalk narrower than spermathecal bulb. Color (Fig. 14): Carapace, coxae, labium, sternum and maxila black. Legs with black short setae and long golden setae. Femora, patellae and tibiae with distal pale rings and inconspicuous stripes on patellae. All the body with blue iridescence. Abdomen black with long red setae on dorsal area. Description. Male (largest paratype). Carapace 16.46 long, 16.03 wide, chelicerae 7.14. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 14.51, 8.54, 11.35, 9.87, 8.59, 52.86. II: 14.43, 6.52, 10.23, 9.69, 4.57, 45.44. III: 12.30, 5.80, 9.31, 9.88, 7.29, 44.58. IV: 15.63, 6.44, 12.67, 16.14, 7.77, 58.65. Palp: 9.05, 4.03, 8.79, ���, 3.01, 24.88. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 3.46, 3.30, 3.83, 3.29, palp= 2.41; patellae I���IV= 3.43, 3.26, 3.18, 3.21, palp= 2.74; tibiae I���IV= 3.20, 2.69, 2.76, 2.68, palp= 3.03; metatarsi I���IV= 1.62, 1.78, 1.62, 1.64; tarsi I���IV= 1.56, 1.49, 1.54, 1.33, palp= 2.37. Abdomen 15.37 long, 9.64 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.04 long, 0.91 wide, 0.69 apart; PLS, 3.29 basal, 1.95 middle, 2.72 distal; midwidths 1.20, 1.07, 0.84, respectively. As female, except: Carapace: length to width 1.02; cephalic area slightly raised. Fovea 3.21 wide. Eye tubercle 0.77 high, length 2.17, width 2.68. Clypeus 0.64. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.43, ALE 0.49, PME 0.29, PLE 0.42, AME���AME 0.56, AME���ALE 0.39, AME���PME 0.22, ALE���ALE 1.97, ALE���PME 0.52, PME���PME 1.31, PME���PLE 0.19, PLE���PLE 2.13, ALE���PLE 0.45, AME���PLE 0.71. Ratio of eye group width to length 2.12. Maxillae: length to width: 1.92. Labium: length 2.33, width 2.54, with ca. 90 cuspules. Chelicerae: rastellum absent, basal segments with 11 teeth on promargin on both sides. Sternum: length 7.51, width 6.25. Legs: Scopula: Metatarsi III 1 / 2 scopulated. Spines: palp: femur p0- 0-1 ap, patella p 0-2 -0, tibia v 1 -0-0, p 2 - 2 - 2 (1 ap); leg I: femur p 1 - 0-2, patella p 0-1 -0, tibia v 1-2 -0, p 1 -0-0, metatarsus v0- 0-1 a, p 1 - 1 -0, r0- 0-2 (1 ap); leg II: femur r0- 0-1 ap, patela p 0-1 -0, tibia v 2-3 - 2 ap, p 2 - 2-121 ap), r 1 - 1-2 (1 ap); metatarsus v 3 - 3 - 1 ap, p 1 - 1-2 ap, r 1 - 1- 2 (1 ap); leg III: femur p0- 0-1 ap, r 0-1 - 1, patella p 1 - 1 - 1, r 0-1 -0, tibia v 2 - 2 -4(3 ap), p 3 - 2-4 (1 ap), r 2 - 1 - 1; metatarsus v 4 - 2 -4ap, p 3 - 1-5 (4 ap), r 1 - 1-3 (1 ap); leg IV: femur p 0-1 -0, r0- 0-1, patella p 0-1 -0, r 0-1 -0, tibia v 3-6 - 6 (3 ap), p 4 - 2 - 2 ap, r 1 - 1-2 (1 ap), metatarsus v 5 - 4 -9(3 ap), p 3-4 - 10 (3 ap), r 0-2 - 5 (1 ap). Palp (Figs 7 ���9): palpal bulb pyriform, embolus long, narrow, slightly flattened laterally at distal region. Prolateral keels present, the PS forming the embolus edge distally. PI long, with series of unequal denticles on its distal portion. A short. R rounded. SA absent. All keels extremely reduced. Tibial apophysis on I with two straight branches originating from common base, retrolateral longest (Figs 10 ─ 11). Metatarsus I strongly curved, when folded touches apex of retrolateral tibial apophysis branch. Color pattern (Fig. 15): As in female, but without blue iridescence. Distribution. Brazil, States of Bahia and Minas Gerais, on the "Serra do Espinha��o" range and its disjunctions (from 21 �� 10 ' to 10 �� S) (Fig. 19). Natural history. Individuals were collected on campo rupestre areas (Figs 17 ���18), which are characterized by their height above sea level (above 900m), in association with a high degree of outcropping and consequent reduction of soil depth (Giulietti & Pirani 1988). Juveniles (Fig. 16) were found under rocks, during the day (25 o C and 64 % relative humidity of air), on a campo rupestre area at about 1300m a.s.l. The female holotype was crossing a trail, in the afternoon (4 p. m.)., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio, Nagahama, Roberto Hiroaki & Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, 2011, Revalidation of Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 with description of a new species and the female of Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2814 on pages 8-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.205607, {"references":["Giuliette A. M & Pirani J. R. (1988) Patterns of geographic distribution of some plant species from the Espinhaco range, Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. In: Vanzolini P. E., Heyer W. R. (Eds) Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 39 - 69."]}

Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) comb. rev. (Figs 1 ���6, 19; Table 2) Eurypelma vitiosum Keyserling 1891: 21, pl. 1, f. 5 (holotype male from Brazil, Taquara, in BMNH, examined); Simon 1903: 937; Petrunkevitch 1911: 65, 776; Roewer 1942: 242, 1954: 1508. Eurypelma mollicomum: Simon 1892: 167 nec Ausserer, 1875. Pterinopelma vitiosum: Pocock 1901: 551, 1903: 108; Mello-Leit��o 1923: 190, 1943: 153; Petrunkevitch 1928: 80, 1939: 261; Bonnet 1955: 1831; Capocasale 1980: 5. Eupalaestrus vitiosum: P��rez-Miles 1992: 34; Platnick, 2010. First considered as nomen dubium by P��rez-Miles 1992: 34. Diagnosis. Males differ from those of P. sazimai by the better developed palpal bulb keels (Fig 1 ���3) and the metatarsus I touching the retrolateral side of the retrolateral tibial apophysis when folded. Females differ from those of P. sazimai by the absence of type III urticating hairs, the sternum being as long as wide (Fig. 5, Table 1) and the absence of a blue iridescence on the setae covering the body. Material examined. Holotype, 1 male from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Taquara [S 29 �� 38 ' W 50 �� 47 '], Dr. v. Ihering leg., (BMNH 1890.7.1.390). Additional material examined. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Canela [S 29 �� 21 ' W 50 �� 48 '], MCTP 1520, 1 male, J.W. Thom��, 1991; Caxias do Sul [S 29 �� 10 ' W 51 �� 10 '], 1 female, MCN 22102, F. Becker, 18 December 1991; Encantado [S 29 �� 14 ' W 51 �� 52 '], 1 male, MCN 22145, L. Dacroce, 17 April 1992; Ita��ba, Arroio do Tigre [S 29 �� 19 ' W 53 ��04'], 1 male, MCN 7963, H. Bischoff, 19 April 1978; MCN 7943, 1 male, M.H. Galileo, 18 April 1978; MCN 17732, MCN 17731, 2 females, A.A. Lise, 11 April 1978. Redescription. Male MCN 7963. Carapace 10.55 long, 10.15 wide, chelicerae 4.46. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 10.72, 5.31, 8.13, 7.42, 4.85, 36.43. II: 9.82, 4.94, 7.38, 6.90, 4.49, 33.53. III: 8.17, 4.03, 5.98, 7.32, 4.93, 30.13. IV: 10.08, 4.42, 8.64, 10.69, 5.25, 39.08. Palp: 6.54, 3.61, 5.53, ���, 2.29, 17.97. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 2.11, 2.09, 2.30, 1.85, palp= 1.3; patellae I���IV=2.09,1.80, 1.87, 1.72, palp= 1.91; tibiae I��� IV= 1.7, 1.68, 1.50, 1.57, palp= 2.03; metatarsi I���IV= 1.26, 1.10, 1.30, 1.20 tarsi I���IV= 1.14, 0.90, 1.05, 1.24, palp= 1.28. Abdomen 12.60 long, 7.42 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.53 long, 0.41 wide, 0.60 apart; PLS, 2.13 basal, 1.54 middle, 1.88 distal; midwidths 0.93, 0.70, 0.51, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.04; cephalic area moderately raised, thoracic striae shallow. Fovea: shallow, straight, 1.52 wide. Carapace covered with short, slender, dense setae and bordered with stiff setae pointing out. Eyes and eye tubercle: tubercle 0.38 high, length 1.20, width 1.59. Clypeus 0.05 wide. Anterior row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.29, ALE 0.36, PME 0.16, PLE 0.31, AME���AME 0.27, AME���ALE 0.14, AME���PME 0.15, ALE���ALE 1.00, ALE���PME 0.21, PME���PME 0.78, PME���PLE 0.03, PLE���PLE 1,0 7, ALE���PLE 0.08, AME���PLE 0.30. Ratio of eye group width to length 1.97. Maxillae: length to width: 1.59. Cuspules: 100 ─ 150 spread over ventral inner heel. Lyra absent. Labium: length 2.02, width 2.11, with ca. 100 cuspules spaced by less than one diameter from each other on anterior third center. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, without visible sigilla. Chelicerae: rastellum absent, basal segments with 10 and 9 teeth on right and left side, respectively, both with series of basal denticles. Sternum (Fig. 5): length 5.00, width 5.11. Porterior angle rounded, not separating coxae IV. Sigilla: not visible. Legs: legs formulla: IV I II III. Clavate trichobothria: on distal 2 / 3 of tarsi I���IV. Leg coxae: with sparse soft setae; stridulatory or modified setae lacking. Scopula: Tarsi I���III fully scopulate. Tarsus IV divided by row of setae. Metatarsi I─ II 2 / 3 scopulate; III 1 / 2, IV ascopulate. Spines: palp: femur 0, patella 0, tibia p 0-1 - 5 (3 ap); leg I: femur 0, patella 0, tibia p 1 -0-0; leg II: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v 1 - 1 -3ap, p 0-1 -0; metatarsus v 1 - 1 -3ap, p 0-1 -0 leg III: femur 0, patella 0, tibia p 1 - 1 - 1, r 1 - 1 - 0, metatarsus p 0-1 -0, r0- 0-1, leg IV: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v 1-2 - 3 (2 ap), p 0-1 -0, r 1 - 1 -0, metatarsus d0- 0-1 a, v 2-3 - 4 (3 ap), p 1-2 - 1, r 1-2 - 2 ap. Claws: ITC entirely absent; STC with small teeth. Urticating hairs: Type I with region "A" longer than region "B" on abdomen dorsum. Palp (Figs 1 ���3): palpal bulb pyriform, embolus long, slightly flattened laterally at distal region. Prolateral keels present. PS forming embolus edge distally. PI long, with series of unequal denticles on its basal and central areas. A present, short. R present, rounded. SA present, but inconspicuous. Tibial apophysis (Fig. 4) with two branches originating from common base, retrolateral longest, and with slight distal curvature; prolateral straight. Metatarsus I slightly curved, when folded touches retrolateral tibial apophysis branch laterally. Color pattern: Carapace dark brown with light brown hairs on its border. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxila dark brown. Legs dark brown with light brown long setae. Leg rings and stripes inconspicuous. Abdomen dorsally black with light brown long setae, ventrally black. SD 0.033 Description. Female. MCN 17732. Carapace 11.01 long, 10.16 wide, chelicerae 4.32. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 9.04, 5.41, 6.56, 4.86, 3.90, 29.77. II: 7.75, 4.73, 5.53, 4.90, 3.78, 26.69. III: 6.92, 4.04, 4.77, 4.59, 3.47, 23.79. IV: 8.85, 4.46, 6.89, 7.60, 3.84, 31.64. Palp: 6.95, 3.90, 4.81, ���, 4.25, 19.91. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 1.67, 1.47, 1.56, 1.05, palp= 1.32; patellae I���IV=2.0, 1.92, 1.75, 1.64, palp= 1.81; tibiae I��� IV= 1.76, 1.64, 1.48, 1.44, palp= 1.60; metatarsi I���IV= 1.65, 1.48, 1.25, 1.08; tarsi I���IV= 1.60, 1.41, 1.17, 1.28, palp= 1.55. Abdomen 12.62 long, 9.98 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.21 long, 0.80 wide, 0.8 apart; PLS, 2.44 basal, 1.45 middle, 1.89 distal; midwidths 1.07, 0.82, 0.58, respectively. As in male, except: Carapace: length to width 1.08; cephalic area raised, thoracic striae deep. Fovea: shallow, straight, 1.85 wide. Carapace with soft long setae pointing out. Eyes and eye tubercle: tubercle 0.38 high, length 1.35, width 2.01. Clypeus absent. Sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.25, ALE 0.52, PME 0.18, PLE 0.29, AME���AME 0.28, AME���ALE 0.26, AME���PME 0.19, ALE���ALE 0.98, ALE���PME 0.65, PME���PME 0.93, PME���PLE 0.40, PLE���PLE 1.23, ALE���PLE 0.17, AME���PLE 0.46. Ratio of eye group width to length 1.85. Maxillae: length to width: 1.39. Cuspules: 100 ─ 200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: length 1.83, width 2.62. Sternum: length 5.53 width 5.72. Legs: Scopula: Tarsi I���III fully scopulate, IV divided by a row of 4-5 setae. Metatarsi I���II 4 / 5 scopulate; III 1 / 2, IV 1 / 4 distal scopulate. IV not divided by row of setae. Spines: palp: femur p0- 0-1, patella 0, tibia v 1-2 - 2 ap, p 1- 2 - 2; leg I: femur p0- 0-1, patella 0, tibia v0- 0-1 ap, metatarsus v0- 0-1 ap; leg II: femur p0- 0-1, patella 0, tibia v 0-1 -0, p- 1 - 1 - 1; metatarsus v 1 - 0-3 ap, p 0-1 -0; leg III: femur r0- 0-1, patella 0, tibia v 0-1 - 2 ap, p 1 - 1 - 1, r 1 - 1 - 1, metatarsus v 1- 2 - 3 ap, p 1 - 1 - 1, r 0-1 - 2; leg IV: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v 0-1 - 2 ap, r0- 0-2, metatarsus v 2-4 - 6 (3 ap), p0- 0-1, r 0-3 - 3. Genitalia: Two short spermathecae separated by heavily sclerotized short area, spermathecal stalk narrower than spermathecal bulb (Fig. 6). Color: Abdomen ventrally brown. Distribution. Brazil, northern of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 19). In this region, the altitude ranges from a few meters to more than 800 meters a.s.l. The vegetation comprises Subcaducifolious Atlantic Forest with Araucaria angustifolia and patches of "campo" (IBGE 1977)., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio, Nagahama, Roberto Hiroaki & Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, 2011, Revalidation of Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 with description of a new species and the female of Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2814 on pages 5-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.205607, {"references":["Keyserling, E. (1891) Die Spinnen Amerikas. Brasilianische Spinnen. Nurnberg, 3, 1 ─ 278.","Simon, E. (1903) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, 2, 669 ─ 1080.","Petrunkevitch, A. (1911) A synonymic index-catalogue of spiders of North, Central and South America with all adjacent islands, Greenland, Bermuda, West Indies, Terra del Fuego, Galapagos, etc. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, 29, 1 - 791.","Roewer, C. F. (1942) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. Bremen, 1, 1 ─ 1040.","Simon, E. (1892) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, 1, 1 ─ 256.","Pocock, R. I. (1901) Some new and old genera of South American Avicularidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 8, 540 - 555.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1923) Theraphosoideas do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 13, 1 - 438.","Petrunkevitch, A. (1928) Systema Aranearum. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, 29, 1 - 270.","Bonnet, P. (1955) Bibliographia araneorum. Toulouse, 2 (1), 1 ─ 918.","Capocasale, R. M. (1980) Aranas del Uruguay, III Catalogo Sistematico de Especies. Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 10 (142), 1 - 20.","Perez-Miles, F. (1992) Revision del genero Eupalaestrus Pocock 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Revista brasileira de Biologia, 52, 27 - 35.","Platnick, N. I. (2010) The world spider catalog version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History. Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / entomology / spider / catalog / index. html (accessed February 2010)."]}

Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 revalidated Pterinopelma Pocock 1901: 551 (type species by monotypy Eurypelma vitiosa Keyserling 1891, holotype male, Brazil, Taquara, in BMNH, examined); Mello-Leit��o 1923: 183, 1943: 153; Petrunkevitch 1928: 80; 1939 a: 261; 1939 b: 567; Bonnet 1958: 3827; Gerschman & Schiapelli 1978: 86; Valerio 1980: 276. Diagnosis. Pterinopelma resembles Lasiodora C. L. Koch 1850, Vitalius and Nhandu Lucas 1983 by the combined absence of accessory prolateral keels and presence of prolateral superior, prolateral inferior, retrolatral and apical palpal keels in males (Figs 1 ���3, 7��� 9); and by the spermathecae short, separated by a heavily sclerotized short area in females (Figs 6, 13). Both sexes are distinguished from those of Lasiodora by the absence of stridulatory hairs on the prolateral coxae. From Nhandu and Vitalius the males are distinguished by the presence of denticles in the prolateral inferior keel (Figs 3, 9) and the weakly developed or absent subapical keel (Figs 1 ���3). Females can be distinguished from Nhandu by the absence of long setae on the carapace and from Vitalius either by the presence of uticating hair type III on the abdomen (P. sazimai sp. nov.), or by having a sternum wider than long (P. vitiosum) (Fig. 5). treated as missing data in cladistic analysis). Redescription. Carapace slightly longer than wide, cephalic region slightly raised to clearly raised, convex. Cephalic and thoracic striae shallow or deep. Fovea straight, shallow (P. vitiosum) or deep (P. sazimai sp. nov.). Chelicerae without rastellum, basal segments with 9 to 11 teeth. Eye tubercle distinct, wider than long. Clypeus absent (female P. vitiosum) or narrow. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. AME rounded, ALE, PLE and PME oval. Labium subquadrate, slightly wider than long, with numerous (90���155) cuspules on its anterior third. Maxila subretangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into a conical process, inner angle bearing numerous cuspules (100���200). Sternum longer than wide (P. sazimai sp. nov.) or as long as wide (P. vitiosum), anterior sigilla on sternum/labium edge not visible. Sternal sigilla less than one diameter from margin (P. sazimai sp. nov.) or sigilla not visible (P. vitiosum). PMS one-segmented, short; PLS three-segmented, basal segment longer than apical, both longer than median. Apical segment digitiform. STC with a median row of few small teeth. Tarsi I���III fully scopulated, IV divided by row of setae. Metatarsi I���II 2 / 3 to 4 / 5 scopulated, metatarsus III scopulated 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 its length, metatarsus IV apically scopulated, not divided by a row of setae. Femur IV with retrolateral scopula. Prolateral leg coxae and retrolateral palpal trochanter without stridulatory hairs. Male tibial apophysis with straight branches (P. sazimai sp. nov.) or retrolateral branch slightly curved (P. vitiosum) originating from common base, prolateral branch not thickened. Metatarsus I strongly (P. sazimai sp. nov.) or slightly (P. vitiosum) curved, when flexed touches retrolateral branch laterally (P. vitiosum) or apex of retrolateral branch (P. sazimai sp. nov.). Male palpal bulb pyriform, embolus long, slightly flattened distally. Prolateral keels present, extremely reduced in P. sazimai sp. nov. PS forms embolus edge distally. PI with series of unequal denticles. AC absent. R not pronounced. A short. SA poorly developed (P. vitiosum) or absent (P. sazimai sp. nov.). Spermathecae short, separated by heavily sclerotized short area. SS narrower than SB. Type I urticating hair in males and females with region "A" longer or equal to region "B". Type III (P. sazimai sp. nov.) or absent (P. vitiosum) in males and females. Carapace covered by short slender hairs; bordered by hairs pointing out from carapace center. Tibiae IV non-incrassated. Coxae and sternum covered by long hairs (P. vitiosum) or short hairs (P. sazimai sp. nov.). General color pattern brown (P. vitiosum), black (male P. sazimai sp. nov.) or with iridescent blue setae (P. sazimai sp. nov. female)., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio, Nagahama, Roberto Hiroaki & Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, 2011, Revalidation of Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 with description of a new species and the female of Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2814 on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.205607, {"references":["Pocock, R. I. (1901) Some new and old genera of South American Avicularidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 8, 540 - 555.","Keyserling, E. (1891) Die Spinnen Amerikas. Brasilianische Spinnen. Nurnberg, 3, 1 ─ 278.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1923) Theraphosoideas do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 13, 1 - 438.","Petrunkevitch, A. (1928) Systema Aranearum. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, 29, 1 - 270.","Bonnet, P. (1958) Bibliographia araneorum. Toulouse, 2 (4), 3027 ─ 4230.","Gerschman de Pikelin, B. S. & Schiapelli, R. D. (1978) Estudio de los ejemplares tipos de Lasiodora weijenberghi Thorell, 1894 y Eurypelma minax Thorell, 1894 (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 37 (1 - 4), 85 ─ 87.","Valerio, C. E. (1980) Aranas terafosidas de Costa Rica (Araneae: Theraphosidae). III. Sphaerobothria, Aphonopelma, Pterinopelma, Citharacanthus, Crypsidromus y Stichoplastus. Revista de Biologia tropical, 28, 271 ─ 296.","Koch, C. L. (1850) Ubersicht des Arachnidensystems. Nurnberg, Heft 5, pp. 1 ─ 77."]}

Bertani, Rogério, Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri (2009): Description of two new species of Avicularia Lamarck 1818 and redescription of Avicularia diversipes (C. L. Koch 1842) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) — three possibly threatened Brazilian species. Zootaxa 2223: 25-47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190150

Avicularia sooretama sp. nov. (Figs 5 ─8, 17; Appendix II, Figs B 1 ─B 4) Diagnosis: The male resembles those of A. diversipes and A. gamba sp. nov. by lacking a tibial apophysis on leg I. It differs from that of A. diversipes by the embolus being two to three times longer than the tegulum, with a curvature of less than 180 �� (Figs 5 ─ 7); from those of A. gamba sp. nov. by the presence of a small spiniform process on the cymbium and a longitudinal black stripe on the dorsocentral red abdomen (Fig. B 1). The female resembles A. gamba sp. nov. by retaining the characteristic juvenile color pattern on the abdomen (Fig. B 2) and by the spermathecae shape (Fig. 8). It can be distinguished from those of A. gamba sp. nov. by having spermathecae with a multilobular apex (Fig. 8) and a single red spot inside the central longitudinal black stripe on dorsal abdomen (Fig. B 2). Etymology: The specific name refers to the type locality, the Reserva Biol��gica de Sooretama. Material examined: Holotype male, Brazil, State of Esp��rito Santo, Reserva Biol��gica de Sooretama [18 o 59 ���S 40 o07���W], at night, AMNRJ, 18 April 2006 (MNRJ 18435); paratype female, Brazil, State of Esp��rito Santo, Pinheiros, Reserva Biol��gica C��rrego do Veado (18 o 37 ��� 0.16 "S 40 o 14 ��� 1.60 "W), 71 m a.s.l., AMNRJ, 22 October 2005 (MNRJ 12930). Additional material examined: BRAZIL: Bahia: Itamaraju [17 o03��� S, 39 o 32 ��� W], Fazenda Pau Brasil, CEPLAC, R 3000, 1 female, 22 December 1969 (MNRJ 12920); Itamaraju zone [17 o03��� S, 39 o 32 ��� W] or Fazenda Furtado, Prado, CEPLAC, R 3049, 1 immature male, 2 immatures (MNRJ 13798); Prado, CEPLAC, R 3134, 1 male (MNRJ 13791); Teixeira de Freitas [17 o 31 ��� S, 39 o 44 ��� W], 1 male, Cooperativa Agr��cola de Cotia, April 1981 (IBSP 4680); Una, Reserva Biol��gica do Una [15 ��09��� S, 39 ��02��� W], on forest floor, 1 male, A.D. Brescovit and R. Bertani, April 1998 (IBSP 9714); 1 immature female, same collectors, 13 April 1998 (IBSP 8066); Esp��rito Santo: Concei����o da Barra [18 �� 35 ��� S, 39 �� 43 ��� W], Floresta Nacional de Rio Preto, 1 female, U. Caramaschi and H. D. Niemeyer col., 27���31 January 1998 (MNRJ 12949); Linhares [19 o06��� S, 39 o 56 ��� W], Reserva Natural da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, 1 immature female, A.D. Brescovit et al. (IBSP 8600); Linhares, Floresta Nacional de Goytacazes [19 o 26 ��� S, 40 o04��� W], in afternoon, 1 immature female, 25 October 2005 (MNRJ 12915); Pinheiros [18 o 20 ��� S, 40 o08��� W], Reserva Biol��gica C��rrego do Veado (18 o 37 ��� 0.16 "S 40 o 14 ��� 1.60 "W), 71 m a.s.l., 2 immature females (MNRJ 12917); 1 female (MNRJ 12954); 1 immature male (MNRJ 12916), AMNRJ, 12���26 October 2005; Sooretama, Reserva Biol��gica de Sooretama [19 ��00' S 40 ��07' W], estrada do Parais��polis, during day, 1 immature, AMNRJ, 19 April 2006 (MNRJ 18436); Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia [22 o 19 ��� S, 44 �� 35 ��� W], Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, Casa do Lago Azul, 780 m a.s.l., 1 female, 30 May 1956 (IBSP 3478). Description: Holotype male. Carapace 10.8 long, 9.0 wide, chelicerae 4.7. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.8, 5.9, 10.6, 9.5, 5.3, 43.1. II: 10.6, 5.4, 9.2, 8.5, 4.5, 38.2. III: 9.8, 4.2, 7.7, 8.5, 4.1, 34.3. IV: 12.3, 5.2, 11.6, 11.8, 4.3, 45.2. Palp: 6.4, 3.5, 4.7, ���, 1.6, 16.2. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 1.9, palp= 1.5; patellae I���IV= 1.5, 1.9, 2.0, 2.0, palp= 1.7; tibiae I���IV= 1.4, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, palp= 1.5; metatarsi I���IV= 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 1.1; tarsi I���IV= 1.1, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, palp= 1.3. Abdomen 10.3 long, 6.2 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.2 long, 0.5 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 1.1 basal, 0.8 middle, 2.0 distal; midwidths 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.2; cephalic area not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: shallow, straight, 1.0 wide. Carapace covered by short, slender setae and some long scattered setae mainly in cephalic region. Eyes: tubercle high, length 1.8, width 2.3. Clypeus absent. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.66, ALE 0.53, PME 0.21, PLE 0.41, AME���AME 0.42, AME��� ALE 0.34, AME���PME 0.11, ALE���ALE 1.48, ALE���PME 0.48, PME���PME 1.39, PME���PLE 0.02, PLE���PLE 1.78, ALE���PLE 0.33, AME���PLE 0.30. Ratio of eye group width to length, 2.10. Maxillae: length to width: 1.65. Cuspules: 100 ─ 200 spread over ventral inner heel; lyra absent. Labium: length 1.2, width 1.5, with ca. 130 cuspules spaced by more than one diameter from each other on anterior third centrally. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, with two slightly separate large sigilla. Chelicerae: rastellum absent, basal segments with nine teeth in row and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum: length 5.4, width 4.1. Posterior angle sharp, but not separating coxae IV. Sigilla not evident. Legs: legs formula: IV=I II III. Clavate trichobothria on distal half of tarsus I and 2 / 3 of tarsi II���IV. Leg coxae with sparse soft setae; no stridulatory or modified setae. Scopula: tarsi I���III fully scopulate, IV divided by row three setae wide; metatarsi I���II fully scopulate; III for distal 2 / 3; IV 2 / 3 distal scopulate. IV divided by three-wide row of setae. Scopula hairs longest at lateral areas of tarsi and metatarsi, giving spatulate aspect to articles. Spines: entirely absent. Claws: ITC absent; STC without teeth. Tibial apophysis absent, distal prolateral area of leg I tibia with concentration of stiff setae. Urticating hairs: Type II on abdomen dorsum. Palp. Embolus slender, long, three times longer than tegulum, with curvature of roughly 90 �� to retrolateral side (Fig. 5 ─ 7). Cymbium: two subequal lobes, prolateral one triangular, with very short spiniform process on apex. Color pattern: dark brown carapace bordered with light brown hairs; all legs and pedipalps dorsally dark brown, femora darker. All appendages and carapace covered with light brown hairs with pinky sheen. Sternum, labium, maxillae, coxae and legs ventrally brown. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi pinkish. Reddish hairs and broad black stripe over central area on dorsal abdomen (Fig. B 1). Description: Paratype female. Carapace 10.5 long, 8.8 wide, chelicerae 4.7. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 8.1, 5.0, 6.1, 5.0, 3.6, 27.8. II: 7.4, 4.7, 5.9, 4.8, 3.6, 26.4. III: 6.6, 3.9, 5.1, 4.7, 3.5, 23.8. IV: 9.0, 4.7, 7.5, 6.9, 3.9, 32.0. Palp: 5.4, 3.5, 3.4, ���, 3.9, 16.2. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 1.8, 1.6, 2.2, 1.8, palp= 1.3; patellae I���IV=2.0, 1.9, 1.9, 2.0, palp= 1.6; tibiae I���IV= 1.8, 1.7, 1.8, 2.0, palp= 1.7; metatarsi I��� IV= 1.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4; tarsi I���IV= 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.4, palp= 1.7. Abdomen 11.5 long, 8.4 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.3 long, 0.6 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 2.0 basal, 1.2 middle, 2.3 distal; midwidths 1.2, 1.0, 0.8, respectively. As in male, except: Carapace: length to width 1.2; Fovea: 1.6 wide. Eyes: tubercle 1.7 long, 2.3 wide. Sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.66, ALE 0.53, PME 0.21, PLE 0.41, AME���AME 0.42, AME���ALE 0.34, AME���PME 0.11, ALE���ALE 1.48, ALE���PME 0.48, PME���PME 1.39, PME���PLE 0.02, PLE���PLE 1.78, ALE���PLE 0.33, AME���PLE 0.30. Ratio of eye group width to length, 2.0. Maxillae: length to width: 1.6. Labium: length 1.2, width 2.0, with 35 cuspules spaced by more than one diameter from each other on anterior third centrally. Labio-sternal groove without discernible sigilla. Chelicerae: basal segments with 12 teeth in row and three small teeth on promargin. Sternum: length 5.0, width 4.1. Legs. Clavate trichobothria on distal 2 / 3 of tarsus I���IV. Metatarsi III���IV 2 / 3 distally scopulate. Genitalia: Two spermathecae, at basal third curving to external side in 90 �� angle, having folds in two thirds of distal part and ending in multilobular apex (Fig. 8). Color pattern: carapace brown bordered with light brown hairs; all legs and pedipalps dorsally brown and light brown hairs with pinky sheen. Sternum, labium, maxillae, coxae and legs ventrally brown. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi pinkish. Abdomen dorsally light brown with large longitudinal central black stripe with zigzag edges in which lies a red spot on posterior half and three ill-defined black stripes connected to the central one on each side (Fig. B 2). Color pattern ontogeny: Even though we examined only a few specimens in different stadia, the color pattern ontogeny of A. sooretama sp. nov. seems to be similar to that of A. diversipes (cf. Figs A 4 ─A 5) and A. gamba sp. nov. (cf. Figs C 3 ─C 5). The main difference in the color of the spiderlings is the shorter central long spot on the dorsal abdomen does not reach its most anterior portion (Fig. B 3) as in A. diversipes and A. gamba sp. nov. Other differences from A. diversipes are the lack of orange markings on the tarsi and metatarsi both in large juveniles and adults (Figs B 1 ─B 3). Adult males of A. sooretama sp. nov. have a pinky sheen all over the body and present a longitudinal central black stripe over the red abdomen (Fig. B 1). Adult females of A. sooretama sp. nov. seem to retain the juvenile color pattern (Fig. B 2). Distribution: Extreme south of State of Bahia to southern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Fig. 17). Natural History: The specimens collected in Reserva Biol��gica de Sooretama were found walking on leaves and over a tree trunk at night (R. Nagahama, pers. com.)., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio & Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, 2009, Description of two new species of Avicularia Lamarck 1818 and redescription of Avicularia diversipes (C. L. Koch 1842) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) ��� three possibly threatened Brazilian species, pp. 25-47 in Zootaxa 2223 on pages 29-32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190150

Avicularia gamba sp. nov. (Figs 9 ─ 12; 16 ─ 17 Appendix III, Figs C 1 ─C 6) Diagnosis: The male resembles those of A. diversipes and A. sooretama sp. nov. by lacking a tibial apophysis on leg I. It is distinguished from that of A. diversipes by the embolus being 3.5 times longer than the tegulum, with a curvature of less than 180 �� (Figs 9 ─ 11) and by the absence of orange stripes on the metatarsi. The male can be distinguished from that of A. sooretama sp. nov. by the absence of a spiniform process on the cymbium. The female resembles those of A. sooretama sp. nov. by retaining the characteristic juvenile color pattern on the abdomen (Fig. C 2) and by the spermathecal shape (Fig. 12). It is distinguished by having spermathecae constricted at its base, slightly curved outwards and ending in rounded apex (Fig. 12). The male and female can be additionally distinguished from those of A. diversipes and A. sooretama sp. nov. by having leg I slightly longer than leg IV, rather than leg I slightly shorter than leg IV. Etymology: The specific name is taken from the NGO " GAMBA ��� Grupo Ambientalista da Bahia", in recognition of their efforts in preserving Brazilian Atlantic rainforest remnants in the State of Bahia. The area in the RPPN Jequitib�� where the new species was discovery is protected by GAMBA's initiative. Material examined: Holotype male, Brazil, State of Bahia, El��sio Medrado, RPPN Jequitib�� (12 �� 52 ' 3.20 '' S, 39 �� 28 ' 9.09 " W), R. Bertani, C.S. Fukushima and R.H. Nagahama, 7 October 2007, collected at night, found immature inside a retreat made with silk and leaves, matured in captivity on June 2009 (MZSP 31115); paratype female, same data and collectors (MZSP 31116). Additional material examined: molts of live specimens maintained in laboratory. Description: Holotype male. Carapace 7.3 long, 6.9 wide, chelicerae 2.1. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 9.3, 4.6, 7.8, 7.6, 4.0, 33.3. II: 8.5, 3.8, 7.1, 5.9, 3.8, 29.1. III: 7.0, 3.3, 5.9, 6.2, 3.3, 25.7. IV: 9.1, 3.9, 8.4, 8.4, 3.1, 32.9. Palp: 5.2, 3.1, 4.0, ���, 1.6, 13.9. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.5, palp= 1.0; patellae I���IV= 1.2, 1.2, 1.3, 1.3, palp= 1.0; tibiae I���IV= 1.0, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, palp= 1.2; metatarsi I���IV= 0.8, 0.7, 0.8, 0.7; tarsi I���IV= 0.9, 0.8, 0.9, 0.9, palp= 1.2. Abdomen 8.2 long, 6.1 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.6 long, 0.4 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 1.3 basal, 0.9 middle, 1.5 distal; midwidths 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, respectively. Carapace: length to width 1.1; cephalic area moderately raised, thoracic striae visible. Fovea: shallow, straight, 1.0 wide. Carapace covered by short, slender setae and some long scattered setae mainly in cephalic region. Eyes: tubercle high, length 1.2, width 1.9. Clypeus absent. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.52, ALE 0.58, PME 0.15, PLE 0.51, AME���AME 0.33, AME��� ALE 0.27, AME���PME 0.08, ALE���ALE 1.27, ALE���PME 0.58, PME���PME 1.17, PME���PLE 0.03, PLE���PLE 1.50, ALE���PLE 0.23, AME���PLE 0.35. Ratio of eye group width to length, 2.0. Maxillae: length to width: 1.76; lyra absent. Cuspules: ca. 100 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: length 1.0, width 1.4, with ca. 90 cuspules spaced by more than one diameter from each other on anterior third center. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, with two large sigilla. Chelicerae: rastellum absent, basal segments with nine teeth in row and some small teeth on promargin. Sternum length 3.9, width 3.3. Posterior angle sharp, but not separating coxae IV. Sigilla not visible. Legs: legs formula: I=IV II III. Clavate trichobothria on distal 2 / 3 of tarsi I���IV. Leg coxae: with sparse soft setae; no stridulatory or modified setae. Tarsi I���II fully scopulate, III with sparse setae and IV divided by narrow row of setae. Metatarsi I���II scopulate for distal 4 / 5; III for distal 2 / 3; IV for distal 1 / 3; IV divided by row of setae. Scopula hairs longest at lateral areas of tarsi and metatarsi, giving a spatulate aspect to the articles. Spines absent on all legs and palps. Claws: ITC absent; STC without teeth. Tibial apophysis absent. Urticating hairs: Type II on abdomen dorsum. Palp. Embolus slender, long, with abrupt curve to retrolateral side on apical third (Figs 9 ─ 11). Cymbium: two subequal lobes, prolateral one triangular, without spiniform process on apex. Color pattern: dark brown carapace bordered with light brown hairs; all legs and pedipalps dorsally dark brown. All appendages and carapace covered with light brown hairs with pinky sheen. All tarsi with central orange stripe. Sternum, labium, maxillae, coxae and legs ventrally brown. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi pinkish. Orange hairs and broad red stripe over central area on dorsal brownish abdomen (Fig. C 1). Description: Paratype female. Carapace 7.5 long, 6.8 wide, chelicerae 3.9. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 6.2, 4.0, 5.1, 4.5, 2.8, 22.6. II: 5.6, 3.6, 4.4, 3.9, 2.8, 20.3. III: 4.8, 2.9, 3.6, 3.6, 2.5, 17.4. IV: 5.9, 3.4, 5.3, 4.8, 2.7, 22.1. Palp: 4.4, 2.7, 2.8, ���, 3.2, 13.1. Midwidths: femora I���IV= 1.5, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, palp= 1.2; patellae I���IV= 1.4, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, palp= 1.2; tibiae I���IV= 1.4, 1.4, 1.3, 1.3, palp= 1.2; metatarsi I���IV= 1.2, 1.2, 1.1, 0.9; tarsi I���IV= 1.4, 1.3, 1.3, 1.3, palp= 1.4. Abdomen 9.3 long, 6.8 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.1 long, 0.5 wide, 0.3 apart; PLS, 1.5 basal, 0.9 middle, 1.5 distal; midwidths 1.1, 0.8, 0.6, respectively. Carapace: length to width, 1.1; cephalic area moderately raised, thoracic striae visible. Fovea: shallow, straight, 1.1 wide. As in male, except: Eyes: tubercle length 1.2, width 2.1. Clypeus absent. Sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.55; ALE 0.47; PME 0.25; PLE 0.38; AME���AME 0.32; AME���ALE 0.21; AME���PME 0.14; ALE���ALE 1.24; ALE���PME 0.43; PME���PME 1.11; PME���PLE 0.05; PLE���PLE 1.44; ALE���PLE 0.33; AME���PLE 0.39. Ratio of eye group width to length, 1.7. Maxillae length to width, 1.7. Labium: length 1.1, width 1.6, with ca. 100 cuspules spaced by more than one diameter from each other on anterior third at center. Chelicerae: basal segments with nine teeth on right side and 10 on left side, both with some small teeth on promargin. Sternum length 4.1, width 3.3. Legs: Tarsi I���III fully scopulate, IV divided by three-wide row of setae. Metatarsi III scopulate for distal 1 / 2, IV for distal 1 / 4; IV divided by row of three setae. Urticating hairs: Type II on abdomen dorsum. Genitalia: Two large spermathecae constricted at their base, slightly curved outwards and ending in rounded apex (Fig. 12). Color pattern: carapace brown bordered with light brown hairs; all legs and pedipalps dorsally brown; longer hairs light brown with pinky and blue sheen. All tarsi with U-shaped orange mark. Sternum, labium, maxillae, coxae and legs ventrally brown, longer hairs distally whitish. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi pinkish. Light brown abdomen covered with long red setae with pinky sheen dorsally. Dorsal abdominal pattern: Large central longitudinal black stripe with zigzag edges having three red spots. Posterior spot larger than two anterior; central longitudinal black stripe fused to with three well defined lateral back stripes on each side (Fig. C 2). Color pattern ontogeny: The color pattern of spiderlings and small juveniles is very similar among individuals of A. gamba sp. nov, A. diversipes and A. sooretama sp. nov.. Spiderlings have in the abdomen dorsum a longitudinal dark green stripe with a central long spot of the same color of the lateral abdomen (light yellowish green). Three ill-defined transverse stripes connecting to the longitudinal stripe are evident (Fig. C 3). Slightly larger specimens have retained the metallic green pattern, but it is darker, mainly over the central carapace. Some lighter hairs can be seen over the lateral carapace, contrasting with the darker central area. In the abdomen dorsum, the central longitudinal stripe has zigzag edges, both longitudinal and transverse stripes become darker and the central spot inside it is yellow brown. The anterior part of the stripe bears two small spots (Fig. C 4). In larger stadia, the metallic green/blue general pattern is still evident. The carapace is the same color as the legs and with light brown hairs on the lateral edges and coxae. The abdominal longitudinal black stripe with zigzag edge contrasts with the three red spots within it. The transverse stripes are now black and conspicuous (Fig. C 5). In the adult female, the juvenile abdominal color pattern persists. The tarsi of all appendages have an orange U-shaped area; all legs and pedipalps have longer light brown hairs with pinkish and bluish sheen (Fig. C 2). The adult male has a dark brown carapace, all appendages and carapace with light brown hairs with pinky sheen, all tarsi with a central orange stripe and light brown abdomen with orange hairs and a broad vivid red longitudinal stripe over the dorsocentral area (Fig. C 1). Distribution: Known only for type locality, El��sio Medrado, State of Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 17). Natural History: All the exemplars found in RPPN Jequitib�� in El��sio Medrado, State of Bahia, were collected at night on the entrance of their retreat on the vegetation (Fig. 16). The retreats were constructed on different types of plants and their distance from the soil ranged from a few centimeters, in the case of retreat on a grass (Poaceae) to about 2 meters from the ground (retreat constructed on trees). These specimens were collected in a restricted area on the RPPN Jequitib��, totally less than 100 m from the first exemplar to the last one collected in a straight line of a trail. In the same trail, we found a female of A. diversipes walking on a trunk., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio & Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, 2009, Description of two new species of Avicularia Lamarck 1818 and redescription of Avicularia diversipes (C. L. Koch 1842) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) ��� three possibly threatened Brazilian species, pp. 25-47 in Zootaxa 2223 on pages 32-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190150

Pamphobeteus grandis sp. nov. (Figs 13���19. Tables 3, 4) Material examined: ��� Holotype male, MNRJ 34, Brazil: Acre: Embira River, B. de Oliveira. Paratypes: female, IBSP 8246, Brazil: Acre: Serra do Divisor National Park, R. Vieira et al. col., 9 Apr 1997; male, MNRJ 13594, Brazil: Amazonas, Rio Itecoahy Parko col., 1942; male, MNRJ 13710, Brazil: Amazonas: Rio Itecoahy Parko col. and 1 female, 2 males, MNRJ 14001, Brazil: Goi��s: Lako col. Diagnosis: ��� Males resemble those of P. antinous, P. c r a s s i f e m u r sp. nov., P. petersi, P. ultramarinus and P. vespertinus by the broad embolus; they can be distinguished from P. v e s p e r t i n u s, P. ultramarinus and P. petersi by the shorter embolus; from P. crassifemur sp. nov. by lacking thickened leg femora, especially the 3 rd pair, and from P. antinous by the more developed retrolateral keel on the bulb and the purple (instead of steel blue) femora. Females resemble those of P. p e t e r s i, P. c r a s s i f e m u r sp. nov. and P. ultramarinus in the spermathecae having a wide base, more than twice as long as the receptaculum (Fig. 17). They can be distinguished from P. c r a s s i f e m u r sp. nov. by lacking thickened femora, from P. petersi by its uniform abdominal color pattern, which contrasts with the red hairs of the latter, and from P. ultramarinus by the uniform cephalothorax pattern, without two large colored areas from both sides of eye tubercle that extend backwards. Etymology: ��� The specific name means ���huge��� in Latin. The specimen was found with a label written by Brazilian arachnologist, C��ndido Mello-Leit��o, stating ��� Phormictopus grandis, typus ���. However, the species has remained unpublished until now. Description (Holotype male): ��� Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 56. Cephalothorax 28.66 long, 24.70 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.68, ALE 1.05, PME 0.42, PLE 0.65, AME���AME 0.49, AME���ALE 0.59, AME���PME 0.28, ALE��� ALE 2.07, ALE���PME 0.55, PME���PME 1.92, PME���PLE 0.13, PLE���PLE 2.85, ALE���PLE 0.45. Eye tubercle: length 2.99, width 3.63; clypeus 1.26. Fovea deep, straight, 4.84 wide. Cephalic area moderately raised. Thoracic striae conspicuous. Labium: length 3.72, width 4.37, with 60 cuspules. Maxillae: 100���200 cuspules spread across inner edge. Sternum: length 11.47, width 10.20. Sigilla: posterior pair more than two diameters from margin. Chelicerae: 12 teeth decreasing in size from distal area and row of small teeth on promargin. Tarsi I���IV densely scopulate. Metatarsi I fully scopulate; II 2 / 3 scopulate, III 1 / 2 densely scopulate; IV 1 / 3 densely scopulate. Spination: femora palp p0��� 0���1, I p0��� 0���1, II p0��� 0���1, III p0��� 0���1, r0��� 0���1, IV r0��� 0���1; patellae palp 0, I p 2, II p 2, III p 3, r 2, IV p 2, r 3; tibiae palp v 0���1 ���0, p 3 ��� 3 ��� 2, I p 1 ��� 1 ��� 1, II v 0���1 ��� 2 (ap), p 1���2 ��� 1, III v 1���3 ��� 2 (ap), p 2 ��� 1 ��� 1, r 1 ��� 1 ��� 1, IV v 2���5 ��� 2 (ap), p 2 ��� 2 ��� 1, r 2 ��� 2 ��� 1; metatarsi I v0��� 0���2 (ap), II v 1 ��� 1 ���0, p 1 ��� 0���1, III v 3���4 ��� 4 (3 ap), p 2 ��� 1���2, r 0���1 ��� 1, IV v 20 (4 ap), p 2 ��� 2 ��� 1, r 0���1 ��� 1. Spiniform setae prolaterally on coxae I, retro- and prolaterally on coxae II���III, retrolateral coxae IV; prolateral/dorsal on trochantera I, prolateral/dorsal and retrolateral/dorsal on trochantera II���III, retrolateral trochantera IV. STC with small teeth. PLS segment lengths: apical missing, medial 3.97 and basal 5.28. PMS rounded, small. Urticating hair types I and III present. Cephalothorax and abdomen dark brown. Conspicuous stripes on leg and palpal femora, patellae and tibiae. All femora, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi, carapace and chelicerae iridescent purple (Fig. 18). Carapace and eye tubercle hairy. Tibial apophysis with retrolateral branch slightly longer than prolateral (Fig. 16). Metatarsus I folds between the two branches. Male palpal bulb strongly flattened laterally, spoon���like shaped (Figs 13���15). Prolateral superior keel well-developed, prolateral inferior keel absent; apical keel extended ventrally to mid-length of embolus; retrolateral keel long, reaching more than half of apical keel length in retrolateral view, strongly developed, forming a crest in its distal portion. Description: Paratype female, IBSP 8246. Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 61. Cephalothorax 25.40 long, 23.44 wide. Anterior eyes row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter��� distances: AME 0.45, ALE 0.67, PME 0.68, PLE 0.77, AME���AME 0.48, AME���ALE 0.50, AME���PME 0.28, ALE���ALE 2.19, ALE���PME 0.64, PME���PME 1.48, PME���PLE 0.18, PLE���PLE 2.26, ALE���PLE 0.73. Eye tubercle: length 2.77, width 3.25; clypeus 1.43. Fovea deep, slightly procurved, 5.68 long. Cephalic area moderately raised. Thoracic striae conspicuous. Labium: length 3.32, width 4.04, with ca. 100 cuspules. Maxillae: 100���200 cuspules spread across inner edge. Sternum: length 11.48, width 10.31. Sigilla: small 2 nd pair 1 �� diameter from margin; small 3 rd pair 1 diameter from margin; small 4 th pair, two diameters from margin. Chelicerae: 11 teeth decreasing in size from distal area and row of small teeth on promargin. Tarsi I���IV densely scopulate. Metatarsi I���II fully scopulate; III 1 / 2 densely scopulate; IV without scopula. Spination: femur palp p0��� 0���1, I p0��� 0���1, II 0, III r 0���3 ��� 1, IV r0��� 0���2; patellae palp p 1, I p 1, II p 1, III p 2, r 1, IV v 1���3 ��� 2 (ap), p 1���2 ��� 1, r 3; tibiae palp v 0���1 ��� 4 (ap), p 1���4 ��� 1; I 0���1 ��� 3 (ap), p 1 ��� 1 ���0, II v 0���1 ��� 3 (ap), p 1 ��� 1���2; III v 0���2 ��� 3 (ap), p 1 ��� 1 ��� 1, r 1 ��� 1 ��� 1, IV v 1 ��� 1 ��� 1; metatarsi I 0��� 0���3 (ap), II v 1 ��� 0���3 (ap), p 0���1 ��� 1 (ap), r 1 ��� 0���1 (ap) III v 4 ��� 2 ���6 (5 ap), p 2 ��� 1 ��� 1, r 0��� 1 ��� 1, IV 2 ��� 1 ���4 (ap), p 0���1 ��� 1, r0��� 0���1. Spiniform setae as in male. STC with small teeth. PLS segment lengths: apical 6.01, medial 4.37, basal 5.85. PMS rounded, small. Urticating hairs type I and III present. Cephalothorax and abdomen dark brown with light���brown hairs. Conspicuous stripes on legs and palpal femora and patellae. Labium, sternum, maxillae and coxae dark brown, other articles light brown. Cephalothorax and eye tubercle hairy. Chelicerae light brown. Two spermathecae broadly fused (Fig. 17). Distribution: ���Western part of the states of Acre and Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 19). Records from the state of Goias, Brazil (MNRJ 14001) are dubious. Goias formerly included the region that is now the state of Tocantins. This state has, in its northern boundary, some influences from Amazonian vegetation, which is, however, very distinct when compared with the known distribution for the species, i.e., deep Amazonian Forest in the western Brazilian boundary. Remarks: ��� Pocock (1903) presented a key separating P. antinous from other Pamphobeteus species based on the broad palpal organ of the male. At that time, P. antinous was the only species known outside the Andean region, suggesting a separation between Andean and east of the Andes groups of Pamphobeteus species. However, after mapping other recently described species, it can be seen that the division between broad and slender palpal embolus is related to northern/southern distribution (Fig. 19), not with the western/eastern side of the Andean mountain range. Note: ��� Females of P. augusti, P. insignis and P. ornatus are unknown. Females of P. antinous and P. v e s - pertinus were described by Schmidt (1993); however, based only on the poor descriptions it is not possible to be sure that they are conspecifics., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio, Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & J��nior, Pedro Ismael Da Silva, 2008, Two new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from Brazil, with a new type of stridulatory organ, pp. 45-58 in Zootaxa 1826 on pages 52-55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183116, {"references":["Pocock, R. I. (1903) On some genera and species of South American Aviculariidae. Annal and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 11, 81 - 115.","Schmidt, G. E. W. (1993) Vogelspinnen: Vorkommen, Lebensweise, Haltung und Zucht, mit Bestimmungsschlusseln fur alle Gattungen, Vierte Auflage. Landbuch Verlag, Hannover, 151 pp."]}

Pamphobeteus grandis sp. nov. (Figs 13–19. Tables 3, 4) Material examined: – Holotype male, MNRJ 34, Brazil: Acre: Embira River, B. de Oliveira. Paratypes: female, IBSP 8246, Brazil: Acre: Serra do Divisor National Park, R. Vieira et al. col., 9 Apr 1997; male, MNRJ 13594, Brazil: Amazonas, Rio Itecoahy Parko col., 1942; male, MNRJ 13710, Brazil: Amazonas: Rio Itecoahy Parko col. and 1 female, 2 males, MNRJ 14001, Brazil: Goiás: Lako col. Diagnosis: – Males resemble those of P. antinous, P. c r a s s i f e m u r sp. nov., P. petersi, P. ultramarinus and P. vespertinus by the broad embolus; they can be distinguished from P. v e s p e r t i n u s, P. ultramarinus and P. petersi by the shorter embolus; from P. crassifemur sp. nov. by lacking thickened leg femora, especially the 3 rd pair, and from P. antinous by the more developed retrolateral keel on the bulb and the purple (instead of steel blue) femora. Females resemble those of P. p e t e r s i, P. c r a s s i f e m u r sp. nov. and P. ultramarinus in the spermathecae having a wide base, more than twice as long as the receptaculum (Fig. 17). They can be distinguished from P. c r a s s i f e m u r sp. nov. by lacking thickened femora, from P. petersi by its uniform abdominal color pattern, which contrasts with the red hairs of the latter, and from P. ultramarinus by the uniform cephalothorax pattern, without two large colored areas from both sides of eye tubercle that extend backwards. Etymology: – The specific name means “huge” in Latin. The specimen was found with a label written by Brazilian arachnologist, Cândido Mello-Leitão, stating “ Phormictopus grandis, typus ”. However, the species has remained unpublished until now. Description (Holotype male): – Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 56. Cephalothorax 28.66 long, 24.70 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.68, ALE 1.05, PME 0.42, PLE 0.65, AME–AME 0.49, AME–ALE 0.59, AME–PME 0.28, ALE– ALE 2.07, ALE–PME 0.55, PME–PME 1.92, PME–PLE 0.13, PLE–PLE 2.85, ALE–PLE 0.45. Eye tubercle: length 2.99, width 3.63; clypeus 1.26. Fovea deep, straight, 4.84 wide. Cephalic area moderately raised. Thoracic striae conspicuous. Labium: length 3.72, width 4.37, with 60 cuspules. Maxillae: 100–200 cuspules spread across inner edge. Sternum: length 11.47, width 10.20. Sigilla: posterior pair more than two diameters from margin. Chelicerae: 12 teeth decreasing in size from distal area and row of small teeth on promargin. Tarsi I–IV densely scopulate. Metatarsi I fully scopulate; II 2 / 3 scopulate, III 1 / 2 densely scopulate; IV 1 / 3 densely scopulate. Spination: femora palp p0– 0–1, I p0– 0–1, II p0– 0–1, III p0– 0–1, r0– 0–1, IV r0– 0–1; patellae palp 0, I p 2, II p 2, III p 3, r 2, IV p 2, r 3; tibiae palp v 0–1 –0, p 3 – 3 – 2, I p 1 – 1 – 1, II v 0–1 – 2 (ap), p 1–2 – 1, III v 1–3 – 2 (ap), p 2 – 1 – 1, r 1 – 1 – 1, IV v 2–5 – 2 (ap), p 2 – 2 – 1, r 2 – 2 – 1; metatarsi I v0– 0–2 (ap), II v 1 – 1 –0, p 1 – 0–1, III v 3–4 – 4 (3 ap), p 2 – 1–2, r 0–1 – 1, IV v 20 (4 ap), p 2 – 2 – 1, r 0–1 – 1. Spiniform setae prolaterally on coxae I, retro- and prolaterally on coxae II–III, retrolateral coxae IV; prolateral/dorsal on trochantera I, prolateral/dorsal and retrolateral/dorsal on trochantera II–III, retrolateral trochantera IV. STC with small teeth. PLS segment lengths: apical missing, medial 3.97 and basal 5.28. PMS rounded, small. Urticating hair types I and III present. Cephalothorax and abdomen dark brown. Conspicuous stripes on leg and palpal femora, patellae and tibiae. All femora, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi, carapace and chelicerae iridescent purple (Fig. 18). Carapace and eye tubercle hairy. Tibial apophysis with retrolateral branch slightly longer than prolateral (Fig. 16). Metatarsus I folds between the two branches. Male palpal bulb strongly flattened laterally, spoon–like shaped (Figs 13–15). Prolateral superior keel well-developed, prolateral inferior keel absent; apical keel extended ventrally to mid-length of embolus; retrolateral keel long, reaching more than half of apical keel length in retrolateral view, strongly developed, forming a crest in its distal portion. Description: Paratype female, IBSP 8246. Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 61. Cephalothorax 25.40 long, 23.44 wide. Anterior eyes row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter– distances: AME 0.45, ALE 0.67, PME 0.68, PLE 0.77, AME–AME 0.48, AME–ALE 0.50, AME–PME 0.28, ALE–ALE 2.19, ALE–PME 0.64, PME–PME 1.48, PME–PLE 0.18, PLE–PLE 2.26, ALE–PLE 0.73. Eye tubercle: length 2.77, width 3.25; clypeus 1.43. Fovea deep, slightly procurved, 5.68 long. Cephalic area moderately raised. Thoracic striae conspicuous. Labium: length 3.32, width 4.04, with ca. 100 cuspules. Maxillae: 100–200 cuspules spread across inner edge. Sternum: length 11.48, width 10.31. Sigilla: small 2 nd pair 1 ½ diameter from margin; small 3 rd pair 1 diameter from margin; small 4 th pair, two diameters from margin. Chelicerae: 11 teeth decreasing in size from distal area and row of small teeth on promargin. Tarsi I–IV densely scopulate. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 1 / 2 densely scopulate; IV without scopula. Spination: femur palp p0– 0–1, I p0– 0–1, II 0, III r 0–3 – 1, IV r0– 0–2; patellae palp p 1, I p 1, II p 1, III p 2, r 1, IV v 1–3 – 2 (ap), p 1–2 – 1, r 3; tibiae palp v 0–1 – 4 (ap), p 1–4 – 1; I 0–1 – 3 (ap), p 1 – 1 –0, II v 0–1 – 3 (ap), p 1 – 1–2; III v 0–2 – 3 (ap), p 1 – 1 – 1, r 1 – 1 – 1, IV v 1 – 1 – 1; metatarsi I 0– 0–3 (ap), II v 1 – 0–3 (ap), p 0–1 – 1 (ap), r 1 – 0–1 (ap) III v 4 – 2 –6 (5 ap), p 2 – 1 – 1, r 0– 1 – 1, IV 2 – 1 –4 (ap), p 0–1 – 1, r0– 0–1. Spiniform setae as in male. STC with small teeth. PLS segment lengths: apical 6.01, medial 4.37, basal 5.85. PMS rounded, small. Urticating hairs type I and III present. Cephalothorax and abdomen dark brown with light–brown hairs. Conspicuous stripes on legs and palpal femora and patellae. Labium, sternum, maxillae and coxae dark brown, other articles light brown. Cephalothorax and eye tubercle hairy. Chelicerae light brown. Two spermathecae broadly fused (Fig. 17). Distribution: –Western part of the states of Acre and Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 19). Records from the state of Goias, Brazil (MNRJ 14001) are dubious. Goias formerly included the region that is now the state of Tocantins. This state has, in its northern boundary, some influences from Amazonian vegetation, which is, however, very distinct when compared with the known distribution for the species, i.e., deep Amazonian Forest in the western Brazilian boundary. Remarks: – Pocock (1903) presented a key separating P. antinous from other Pamphobeteus species based on the broad palpal organ of the male. At that time, P. antinous was the only species known outside the Andean region, suggesting a separation between Andean and east of the Andes groups of Pamphobeteus species. However, after mapping other recently described species, it can be seen that the division between broad and slender palpal embolus is related to northern/southern distribution (Fig. 19), not with the western/eastern side of the Andean mountain range. Note: – Females of P. augusti, P. insignis and P. ornatus are unknown. Females of P. antinous and P. v e s - pertinus were described by Schmidt (1993); however, based only on the poor descriptions it is not possible to be sure that they are conspecifics.

Pamphobeteus crassifemur sp. nov. (Figs 1 ���12, 19. Tables 1, 2) Xenesthis sp. Lucas 1982: 351 (misidentification). Diagnosis: ��� Males resemble those of P. antinous, P. grandis sp. nov., P. p e t e r s i, P. ultramarinus and P. v e s - pertinus by the broad embolus. They can be distinguished by the thickened femora, especially the 3 rd pair (Fig. 5). This characteristic feature is also diagnostic for females (Fig. 8). Material examined: ��� Holotype male IBSP 8330, Brazil: Rond��nia: Samuel Hydroelectric Power Station Dam, IBSP Faunal Rescue Team of Collectors, 9 Feb 1989. Paratype female IBSP 4945, as for holotype but, M. Costa, 10 Feb 1989. Additional material examined: ��� BRAZIL: Rond��nia: Porto Velho, dam of Samuel Hydroelectric Power Station, IBSP 12395, 1 female, 9 Feb 1989 and 1 immature, 30 Jan 1989; IBSP 12394, 1 female, 20 Dec 1998 and 1 immature, 30 Jan 1989; IBSP 12396, 1 female, 9 Feb 1988 and 1 immature, 20 Dec 1988; IBSP 12392, 1 female, 10 Feb 1989 and 1 immature, 30 Jan 1989; IBSP 12397, 1 female, 9 Jan 1989; IBSP 12393, 1 female, 10 Feb 1989 and 1 immature, 9 Jan 1989; IBSP 12391, 1 female and 1 immature, 10 Feb 1989; IBSP 4945, 1 female, M. Costa col., 10 Feb 1989; IBSP 4946, 1 female, 2 immatures; IBSP 11132, 1 male; IBSP 10324, 1 male, 10 Feb 1989; IBSP 11142, 1 female; IBSP 7025, 1 female, M. Costa col.; IBSP 8332, 1 male, 12 Dec 1988; IBSP 8330, 1 male, 9 Feb 1989; IBSP 10320, 1 female, 10 Feb 1989; Montenegro, IBSP 10378, 1 male, R. Bertani col., 22 Jul��� 2 Aug 2002; Pimenta Bueno, Tchegau Farm, IBSP 4548, 1 female, R. S. G. Almeida col., Jun 1989; Casseterite mineration area, between Alto Candaias and Massangana, IBSP 4096, 1 female, C. Froelich ded. May 1971; Mato Grosso: Barrac��o Queimado, 120 km from Vilhena, BR- 29 road, IBSP 3633, 1 female, Dr. H. Ara��jo ded., 28 Sep 1962. Etymology: ��� The specific name is taken from the Latin, crassus meaning ���thick��� and femur, a feature of the legs of males and females of this species. Description: Holotype male. Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 57. Cephalothorax 28.81 long, 27.31 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.75, ALE 0.60, PME 0.74, PLE 1.02, AME���AME 0.56, AME���ALE 0.46, AME���PME 0.42, ALE���ALE 2.26, ALE���PME 0.48, PME���PME 1.75, PME���PLE 0.21, PLE���PLE 3.05, ALE���PLE 0.66. Eye tubercle: length 3.05, width 3.71; clypeus 1.5. Fovea: deep, straight, 4.72 long. Cephalic area moderately raised. Thoracic striae conspicuous. Labium: length 3.62, width 3.73, with 72 cuspules. Maxillae: between 100���200 cuspules spread across inner edge. Sternum: length 13.55, width 9.02. Sigilla: small anterior pairs, less than one diameter from margin and larger posterior pair, more than two diameters from margin. Chelicerae: 11 teeth decreasing in size from distal area and row of small teeth on promargin. Tarsi I���IV densely scopulate. Metatarsi I ��� II fully scopulate; III 1 / 2 densely scopulate; IV 1 / 3 densely scopulate. All femora thickened, mainly 3 rd pair (Fig. 5). Spination: femora and patellae I���IV and palp 0; tibiae palp v0��� 0���1, p 0���1 ���0; I 0, II v 0���1 ��� 2 (ap), p 1 ���0���0; III v 0���1 ��� 2 (ap), IV v 0���1 ���0; metatarsi I 0, II v 1 ���0���0, III v 0���2 ��� 3 (2 ap), r0��� 0���1, IV v 11 (2 ap), p 2 ��� 0���1. Spiniform setae on prolateral coxae I, retro- and prolateral coxae II���III, retrolateral coxae IV; prolateral/dorsal trochantera I, prolateral/dorsal and retrolateral/dorsal trochantera II���III, retrolateral trochantera IV (Figs 9���12). STC with small teeth. PLS articles length: apical 6.28, medial 4.04 and basal 4.72. PMS rounded, small. Urticating hair types I and III present. Cephalothorax and abdomen dark brown with red-brown hairs. Femora, patellae and tibiae with conspicuous stripes. Slight purple sheen on femora. Tibial apophysis with retrolateral process longer than prolateral (Fig. 4). Metatarsus I folds between the two processes. Male palpal bulb strongly flattened laterally, spoon-like shaped (Figs. 1���3). Prolateral superior keel well-developed, prolateral inferior weakly developed. Apical keel extended ventrally to middle of embolus. Retrolateral keel short, reaching less than 0.25 of embolus length, strongly developed forming crest distally. TABLE 2. Pamphobeteus crassifemur sp. nov. Female paratype. Length of left legs and palpal segments. Description: ��� Paratype. Female. IBSP 4945. Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 66. Cephalothorax 30.87 long, 28.98 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.73, ALE 0.72, PME 0.85, PLE 1.12, AME���AME 0.73, AME���ALE 0.65, AME���PME 0.21, ALE���ALE 2.49, ALE���PME 0.62, PME���PME 1.89, PME���PLE 0.24, PLE���PLE 3.18, ALE���PLE 0.67. Eye tubercle: length 3.23 width 4.07; clypeus 2.12. Fovea: deep, straight, 5.55 wide. Cephalic area moderately raised. Thoracic striae conspicuous. Labium: length 4.99, width 4.43, at least 145 cuspules. Maxillae: 100��� 200 cuspules spread across internal edge. Sternum: length 13.14, width 10.31. Sigilla: posterior, small, more than two diameters from margin. Chelicerae: eight well-developed teeth and row of small teeth on promargin. Tarsi I���IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I���IV fully scopulate, metatarsi III���IV scopulate on apical half. Spination: femora I���IV and palp 0; patellae palp 0, I v0��� 0���2 (ap), II v0��� 0���2 (ap), III and IV 0; tibiae palp v 0���4 ��� 3 (2 ap), I v0��� 0���2 (ap), II v0��� 0���2 (ap), III v 0���1 ��� 3 (ap), IV v0��� 0���1 (ap); metatarsi I v0��� 0���2 (ap), II v 1 ��� 0���2 (ap), III v 3 ��� 3 ��� 3 (ap), r 1 ���0���0, p 1 ���0���0, IV 19 (2 ap). Spiniform setae and STC as in male. PLS articles length: apical 6.02, medial 5.0 and basal 4.12. PMS rounded, small. Urticating hair types I and III present. Color pattern as in male, except for absence of purple sheen. Two spermathecae broadly fused (Fig. 6). Distribution: Brazil: states of Rond��nia and Western Mato Grosso (Fig. 19)., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio, Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & J��nior, Pedro Ismael Da Silva, 2008, Two new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from Brazil, with a new type of stridulatory organ, pp. 45-58 in Zootaxa 1826 on pages 48-51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183116, {"references":["Lucas, S. (1982) Sobre a distribuicao geografica dos generos da subfamilia Theraphosinae Thorell 1870 no Brasil (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 46, 339 - 352."]}

Ephebopus uatuman Lucas, Silva & Bertani 1992 (Figs 3 –4, 13, 30) Ephebopus uatuman Lucas, Silva & Bertani 1992: 161, f. 1–7 Types: BRAZIL: Male holotype IB 4939, female paratype IB 4940, state of Amazonas, Presidente Figueiredo [2 o02’ S, 60 o01’ W], Uatuman River, Balbina Hydroelectric Power Station, 19.II. 1988, M. Costa; examined. Diagnosis: Similar to E. cyanognathus but this species differs from all congeners by the coloration in females, lacks the metallic blue chelicerae (Fig. 13), and shape of the genitalia of both sexes. The male ale differs from those of all other congeners by the palpal bulb being globular with a long embolus that abruptly tapers and is slightly bent apically (Fig. 3). Spermathecae of females of E. uatuman (Fig. 4) are similar to those of E. rufescens but differ from that of other congeners by having two stout columnar lobes that are widely separated, widest at base, and by being narrower apically. Description: Holotype male, lengths: total body, 34.0; chelicerae, 4.9; carapace, 12.0; abdomen, 17.1; leg I, 56.5; leg II, 50.3; leg III, 44.2; leg IV, 52.9. Leg formula I, IV, II, III. Color of carapace and legs dark amber brown; abdomen same color but with numerous longer reddish hairs; transverse narrow buff yellow banding between all femora and patellae. Palpal bulb globular, embolus long, abruptly tapers and slightly bent apically, and stouter than in E. cyanognathus (Fig. 3). Paratype female, lengths: total body, 37.9; chelicerae, 5.1; carapace, 14.8; abdomen, 18.0; leg I, 54.4; leg II, 47.84; leg III, 38.88; leg, 52.48. Leg formula I, IV, II, III. Color of carapace pale brown; legs darker than abdomen and carapace; abdomen with greenish metallic pubescence. Spermathecae: two columnar lobes, widely separated, widest at base and narrowing more apically (Fig. 4) than in E. rufescens. Additional Material Examined: 3 males (IB 7853–7855) and 3 females (IB 7850–7852) from same data as type material. Distribution: The type locality and Brazil, Amazonas, 30 km W. of Manaus, Jacaré Creek (Fig. 30). Natural History: Spiders were found in upland forest areas in Brazil: Amazonas, Reserva Balbina and 30 km W. of Manaus, Jacaré Creek. Antepenultimate, penultimate and female E. uatuman constructed a simple flare-mouthed tubular burrow in rainforest in soft year long damp soil covered in leaf litter (Fig. 15), similar to that of E. cyanognathus. The entrances were all a raised flared collar of leaves bound together with silk and opened above the litter. The burrow terminated in an enlarged chamber and was about 30–40 cm deep. Mature males were found in February.

Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 Lasiodora (ad part): Ausserer 1875: 192 ���194; Simon 1888: 403���404. Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901: 545; Pocock 1903: 91 ���93; Roewer 1942: 251 ���252; Bonnet 1958: 251; Schiapelli & Gerschman de Pikelin 1979: 295���296, Figs 25���31; P��rez-Miles et al. 1996: 54; Brignoli 1983: 133, 139; Platnick 2008. Type species: ��� Lasiodora nigricolor Ausserer 1875; by original designation. Diagnosis: ��� Pamphobeteus is most similar to Xenesthis Simon in males having an embolus with concave/ convex aspect in conjunction with the presence of a well developed apical keel that extends largely by the embolous edge, a well developed retrolateral keel (Figs 1���3), and metatarsus I folding between the tibial spur processes (Fig. 4); females have spermathecae largely fused, but still presenting vestiges of the two spermathecae in the distal region (Fig. 6). Males and females can further be distinguished from Xenesthis by having the scopulae on metatarsi IV restricted to apical portion. Distribution: ��� The species occurs in northwestern South American (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil) (Fig. 19)., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio, Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & J��nior, Pedro Ismael Da Silva, 2008, Two new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from Brazil, with a new type of stridulatory organ, pp. 45-58 in Zootaxa 1826 on page 47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183116, {"references":["Pocock, R. I. (1901) Some new and old genera of S. - American Aviculariidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 8, 540 - 555.","Ausserer, A. (1875) Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Arachniden - Familie der Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch - botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 25, 125 - 206.","Pocock, R. I. (1903) On some genera and species of South American Aviculariidae. Annal and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 11, 81 - 115.","Roewer, C. F. (1942) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. Bremen, 1, 1 - 1040.","Bonnet, P. (1958) Bibliographia araneorum. Toulouse, 2 (4): 3027 - 4230.","Perez-Miles, F., Lucas, S. M., da Silva Jr., P. I. & Bertani, R. (1996) Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1, 33 - 68.","Platnick, N. I. (2008) The world spider catalog, version 7.5. American Museum of Natural History. Available from http: // research. amnh. org / entomology / spiders / catalog / index. html (accessed February 2008)"]}

Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Figs 1 ���20, 30) Ephebopus Simon 1892: 155; Pocock 1903: 85; Raven 1985: 119; Marshall & Uetz 1990: 120; Lucas, Silva & Bertani 1991: 161; West & Marshall 2000: 6; Platnick 2008. Type species: Mygale murina Walckenaer 1837, by original designation. Diagnosis. Differs from all other theraphosid genera by the apical patch of type V urticating hairs on prolateral pedipalp femora of males and females (Figs 19���20). Description: Cephalothorax longer than wide, cephalic region slightly raised, convex. Cephalic and thoracic striae distinct. Fovea deep, straight. Chelicerae without rastellum. Eye tubercle distinct, wider than long. Clypeus absent. Anterior eye row straight. Labium subquadrate, slightly wider than long, with numerous (100���300) cuspules concentrated on anterior half. Maxilla subrectangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into conical process, inner angle bearing numerous cuspules (more than 100). Sternum longer than wide. Posterior sigilla submarginal. STC of males and female with median row of few small teeth. Tarsi I���IV and metatarsi I���II fully scopulated, metatarsus III scopulated along half its length, metatarsus IV apically scopulated. Scopulae of tarsi and metatarsi I���II extended very laterally giving them a spatulate appearance. Femur IV without retrolateral scopula. Type V of urticating hair in pad on distal prolateral palpal femora (Marshall & Uetz 1990). Legs with few spines on distal ventral tibiae and metatarsi. Stridulatory setae absent. Males. Spur on tibia I bipartite; metatarsus I straight, when flexed closes on outer upper process; male palpal bulb pyriform; embolus narrow, long, 2���3 times longer than tegulum, keels absent. Females. Two spermathecae weakly sclerotized. Species included: Ephebopus murinus (Figs 1 ���2, 11��� 12), E. uatuman (Figs 3 ���4, 13), E. cyanognathus (Figs 5 ���6, 16), E. rufescens (Figs 7 ���8, 17��� 18) and E. foliatus (Figs 9 ���10, 14). Distribution & Habitat: Northeastern and Central Brazilian Amazon, French Guiana, Southern Suriname and Southwestern Guyana (Fig. 30). E. murinus is found in lowland rainforests, in fringing grasslands above riparian flood plains; E. rufescens is found in both lowland and upland rainforest; E. uatuman and E. cyanognathus are found in upland rainforest areas; E. foliatus specimens were collected in lowland riparian rainforest. Remarks: Ephebopus fossor is considered a nomen dubium, as its type specimen is lost (pers. comm. J. Beccaloni, BMNH, 2000). Pocock���s (1903) original description is too vague to determine the correct generic placement of this species (e.g., lacking any reference to the brush of urticating hairs on the palpal femur) and its type locality in Ecuador is outside the otherwise known zoogeographical range of Ephebopus (i.e., northeastern South America). Ephebopus violaceus was transferred to Avicularia by Lucas et al. (1991) who failed to locate the holotype. They based the transfer only on the original description: first ocular row procurved, pattern on the dorsal side of abdomen and the division of the posterior tarsal scopulae; the latter suggesting the specimen was a juvenile. Recently, the holotype was rediscovered in the arachnological collection of Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Although a small specimen, after dissection of the genital region, we found well-formed spermathecae which do not resemble those of Avicularia species, since each receptaculum is short and lacks median curvature (Fig. 21). Furthermore, the specimen lacks type II urticating hairs, has an almost straight anterior ocular row, and has a few spines only on the ventral apex of tibiae and metatarsi. These two characteristics indicate it would belong to Ephebopus or Tapinauchenius. The absence of a type V urticating hair pad on the pedipalp femur suggests it is a Tapinauchenius species. In comparing the holotype of E. violaceus with that of Tapinauchenius purpureus, we found a strong resemblance in spermathecal shape (Figs 21���22). Furthermore, the two species are from the same region (north of Para state, Brazil and French Guiana), and both have the same typical purple color pattern (viz., " violaceus " and " purpureus "). Thus, E. violaceus is transferred to Tapinauchenius, creating the new combination Tapinauchenius violaceus (Mello-Leit��o 1930) and T. purpureus is considered a junior synonym of T. violaceus, new synonymy. Ephebopus murinus (Walckenaer 1837) (Figs 1 ���2, 11���12, 30) Mygale murina Walckenaer 1837: 220. Ephebopus murinus: Simon 1892: 155; Mello-Leit��o 1923: 316; Lucas, Silva & Bertani 1991: 246, f. 1���4. Santaremia pococki F.O.P.- Cambridge 1896: 746, pl. 33, f. 8���9, pl. 34, f. 20, pl. 35, f. 12; Pocock 1901: 548 ���549. Holo- type female from Santar��m, Par��, Brazil, in BMNH, not examined. First synonymized by Simon 1903: 952. Type: Mygale murina holotype female (MNHP AR 4760, 2160) from ���Le Para���; examined. Remarks: Walckenaer did not state the county of origin in the original description. Simon (1892) examined the type and placed it into Ephebopus; he also noted the country of origin was unknown, but cited there was the indication " Brazil ", "probably by mistake", since E. murinus "resembles the Aviculariids of the Old World" (translated from Simon 1892: 155). When Simon visited Pocock at the BMNH and examined the type specimens of Santaremia pococki, both Pocock and Simon concluded that Santaremia pococki was a junior synonym of E. murinus (Pocock 1901: 547���548; Simon 1903: 952) and concluded that Walckenaer's 1837 'Le Para' specimen came from that region of Brazil (Simon 1903). Actually, Bel��m, the present capital of the state of Par�� was, at that time, called Santa Maria do Gr��o Belem do Par��, and was commonly abbreviated to 'Para' (Papavero 1973). Santaremia pococki was described from Santarem, also in the state of Par��, where E. murinus is very common (F.O.P.- Cambridge 1896; pers. obs.). Because of the detailed original description of Santaremia pococki, which includes a color plate, together with type locality, we support the synonymy proposed by Simon and Pocock. Diagnosis: E. murinus differs from all other Ephebopus species by the bold, ivory-colored parallel bands dorsally on the patellae and tibiae I���IV of both sexes, more so in females on patellae and tibiae I���II (Fig. 11). Additionally, males differ from congeners in that the male palpal bulb is large and globular with a strong embolus tapering apically with the tip outwardly geniculate (Fig. 1). Females differ by the spermathecae having two widely separated tall columnar lobes, widest at the base, tapering apically with a small process medially on the outer edge of each lobe (Fig. 2). Description: Holotype female, lengths: total body, 61.3; chelicerae, 12.0; carapace, 24.1; abdomen, 25.2; leg I, 74.6; leg II, 67.0; leg III, 55.7; leg IV, 68.9. Leg formula I, IV, II, III. Color of legs and abdomen dark gray; patellae and tibiae dorsum with bold ivory colored parallel stripes, more so on legs I, II; carapace pale buff. Spermathecae: two tall columnar lobes, widely separated, widest at base constricting medially, continuing apically as tall lobes, outer edge of each lobe with small medial process (Fig. 2). Male (IBSP 4937), Brazil, state of Par��, Tucuru�� [3 o 45 ' S, 49 o 40 ' W], VI. 1986, lengths: total body, 37.8; chelicerae, 3.6; carapace, 15.3; abdomen, 18.9; leg I, 68.88; leg II, 59.14; leg III, 51.53; leg IV, 61.32. Leg formula, I, IV, II, III. Color of legs and abdomen dark reddish brown, legs and abdomen with longer amber setae; carapace with lighter amber pubescence; ivory-colored parallel stripes on all patellae and tibiae but not as bold as that found in females. Palpal bulb large, globular; embolus strong and tapering apically, tip outwardly geniculate (Fig. 1). Additional Material Examined: FRENCH GUIANA: 1 female, Iracoubo District, Iracoubo (05o 28 ��� N, 53 o 12 ��� W), III. 2001, S. Marshall; 1 female, Montsin��ry District, Emerald Jungle Village [4 o 49 ��� N, 52 o 21 ��� W], IV. 1999, S. Marshall; 1 male, Montsin��ry District, Emerald Jungle Village [4 o 49 ��� N, 52 o 21 ��� W], IV. 1999 (matured IX. 1999), S. Marshall. BRAZIL: 1 female, state of Par��, Ananindeua [1 o 21 ���S, 48 o 22 ��� W], 18.VII. 1974, R. F. de Silva; 2 males, state of Amap��, no other data. Distribution: Northeastern Brazilian Amazon, French Guiana and Southern Suriname (Fig. 30). Natural History: The burrows of E. murinus are distinctive among Ephebopus species. They are a vertical tube terminating in a retreat chamber as do some fossorial theraphosids, but the burrow entrance has a large and elaborate trumpet-shaped turret of silk (Fig. 11). We have also observed that early instars of E. murinus live in arboreal refugia, constructing retreats of silk in terrestrial bromeliads (SDM & RCW, pers. obs.) (Fig. 12). Unlike spiderlings of E. murinus, spiderlings of other Ephebopus species have not been found living in silk tubes in vegetation., Published as part of West, Rick C., Marshall, Samuel D., Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & Bertani, Rog��rio, 2008, Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae, pp. 35-58 in Zootaxa 1849 on pages 38-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183360, {"references":["Simon, E. (1892) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, 1, 1 - 256.","Pocock, R. I. (1903) On some genera and species of South American Aviculariidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser 7, 81 - 115.","Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180.","Marshall, S. D. & Uetz G. W. (1990) The pedipalpal brush of Ephebopus sp. (Araneae, Theraphosidae): evidence of a new site for urticating hairs. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 8, 122 - 124.","Lucas, S., da Silva Junior P. I. & Bertani R. (1991) The Brazilian species of the spider genus Ephebopus Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae), with descriptions of E. uatuman n. sp. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 53, 161 - 166.","West, R. C. & Marshall S. D. (2000) Description of two new species of Ephebopus Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Arthropoda, 8, 6 - 14.","Platnick, N. I. (2008) The world spider catalog, version 8.5. American Museum of Natural History. Available from http: // research. amnh. org / entomology / spiders / catalog / index. html (accessed 28 March 2008)","Walckenaer, C. A. (1837) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Apteres 1, Paris, Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, 1 - 682.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. de (1930) Aranhas do Cumina. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 32, 51 - 75.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. de (1923) Theraphosoideas do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 13, 1 - 438.","Cambridge, F. O. P. - (1896) On the Theraphosidae of the lower Amazons: being an account of the new genera and species of this group of spiders discovered during the expedition of the steamship ' Faraday' up the River Amazons. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 716 - 766.","Pocock, R. I. (1901) Some new and old genera of South American Aviculariidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 540 - 555.","Simon, E. (1903) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, 2, 669 - 1080.","Papavero, N. (1973) Essays on the history of Neotropical Dipterology. Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 2, 217 - 446."]}

Pamphobeteus crassifemur sp. nov. (Figs 1 –12, 19. Tables 1, 2) Xenesthis sp. Lucas 1982: 351 (misidentification). Diagnosis: – Males resemble those of P. antinous, P. grandis sp. nov., P. p e t e r s i, P. ultramarinus and P. v e s - pertinus by the broad embolus. They can be distinguished by the thickened femora, especially the 3 rd pair (Fig. 5). This characteristic feature is also diagnostic for females (Fig. 8). Material examined: – Holotype male IBSP 8330, Brazil: Rondônia: Samuel Hydroelectric Power Station Dam, IBSP Faunal Rescue Team of Collectors, 9 Feb 1989. Paratype female IBSP 4945, as for holotype but, M. Costa, 10 Feb 1989. Additional material examined: – BRAZIL: Rondônia: Porto Velho, dam of Samuel Hydroelectric Power Station, IBSP 12395, 1 female, 9 Feb 1989 and 1 immature, 30 Jan 1989; IBSP 12394, 1 female, 20 Dec 1998 and 1 immature, 30 Jan 1989; IBSP 12396, 1 female, 9 Feb 1988 and 1 immature, 20 Dec 1988; IBSP 12392, 1 female, 10 Feb 1989 and 1 immature, 30 Jan 1989; IBSP 12397, 1 female, 9 Jan 1989; IBSP 12393, 1 female, 10 Feb 1989 and 1 immature, 9 Jan 1989; IBSP 12391, 1 female and 1 immature, 10 Feb 1989; IBSP 4945, 1 female, M. Costa col., 10 Feb 1989; IBSP 4946, 1 female, 2 immatures; IBSP 11132, 1 male; IBSP 10324, 1 male, 10 Feb 1989; IBSP 11142, 1 female; IBSP 7025, 1 female, M. Costa col.; IBSP 8332, 1 male, 12 Dec 1988; IBSP 8330, 1 male, 9 Feb 1989; IBSP 10320, 1 female, 10 Feb 1989; Montenegro, IBSP 10378, 1 male, R. Bertani col., 22 Jul– 2 Aug 2002; Pimenta Bueno, Tchegau Farm, IBSP 4548, 1 female, R. S. G. Almeida col., Jun 1989; Casseterite mineration area, between Alto Candaias and Massangana, IBSP 4096, 1 female, C. Froelich ded. May 1971; Mato Grosso: Barracão Queimado, 120 km from Vilhena, BR- 29 road, IBSP 3633, 1 female, Dr. H. Araújo ded., 28 Sep 1962. Etymology: – The specific name is taken from the Latin, crassus meaning “thick” and femur, a feature of the legs of males and females of this species. Description: Holotype male. Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 57. Cephalothorax 28.81 long, 27.31 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.75, ALE 0.60, PME 0.74, PLE 1.02, AME–AME 0.56, AME–ALE 0.46, AME–PME 0.42, ALE–ALE 2.26, ALE–PME 0.48, PME–PME 1.75, PME–PLE 0.21, PLE–PLE 3.05, ALE–PLE 0.66. Eye tubercle: length 3.05, width 3.71; clypeus 1.5. Fovea: deep, straight, 4.72 long. Cephalic area moderately raised. Thoracic striae conspicuous. Labium: length 3.62, width 3.73, with 72 cuspules. Maxillae: between 100–200 cuspules spread across inner edge. Sternum: length 13.55, width 9.02. Sigilla: small anterior pairs, less than one diameter from margin and larger posterior pair, more than two diameters from margin. Chelicerae: 11 teeth decreasing in size from distal area and row of small teeth on promargin. Tarsi I–IV densely scopulate. Metatarsi I – II fully scopulate; III 1 / 2 densely scopulate; IV 1 / 3 densely scopulate. All femora thickened, mainly 3 rd pair (Fig. 5). Spination: femora and patellae I–IV and palp 0; tibiae palp v0– 0–1, p 0–1 –0; I 0, II v 0–1 – 2 (ap), p 1 –0–0; III v 0–1 – 2 (ap), IV v 0–1 –0; metatarsi I 0, II v 1 –0–0, III v 0–2 – 3 (2 ap), r0– 0–1, IV v 11 (2 ap), p 2 – 0–1. Spiniform setae on prolateral coxae I, retro- and prolateral coxae II–III, retrolateral coxae IV; prolateral/dorsal trochantera I, prolateral/dorsal and retrolateral/dorsal trochantera II–III, retrolateral trochantera IV (Figs 9–12). STC with small teeth. PLS articles length: apical 6.28, medial 4.04 and basal 4.72. PMS rounded, small. Urticating hair types I and III present. Cephalothorax and abdomen dark brown with red-brown hairs. Femora, patellae and tibiae with conspicuous stripes. Slight purple sheen on femora. Tibial apophysis with retrolateral process longer than prolateral (Fig. 4). Metatarsus I folds between the two processes. Male palpal bulb strongly flattened laterally, spoon-like shaped (Figs. 1–3). Prolateral superior keel well-developed, prolateral inferior weakly developed. Apical keel extended ventrally to middle of embolus. Retrolateral keel short, reaching less than 0.25 of embolus length, strongly developed forming crest distally. TABLE 2. Pamphobeteus crassifemur sp. nov. Female paratype. Length of left legs and palpal segments. Description: – Paratype. Female. IBSP 4945. Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 66. Cephalothorax 30.87 long, 28.98 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. Eyes sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.73, ALE 0.72, PME 0.85, PLE 1.12, AME–AME 0.73, AME–ALE 0.65, AME–PME 0.21, ALE–ALE 2.49, ALE–PME 0.62, PME–PME 1.89, PME–PLE 0.24, PLE–PLE 3.18, ALE–PLE 0.67. Eye tubercle: length 3.23 width 4.07; clypeus 2.12. Fovea: deep, straight, 5.55 wide. Cephalic area moderately raised. Thoracic striae conspicuous. Labium: length 4.99, width 4.43, at least 145 cuspules. Maxillae: 100– 200 cuspules spread across internal edge. Sternum: length 13.14, width 10.31. Sigilla: posterior, small, more than two diameters from margin. Chelicerae: eight well-developed teeth and row of small teeth on promargin. Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I–IV fully scopulate, metatarsi III–IV scopulate on apical half. Spination: femora I–IV and palp 0; patellae palp 0, I v0– 0–2 (ap), II v0– 0–2 (ap), III and IV 0; tibiae palp v 0–4 – 3 (2 ap), I v0– 0–2 (ap), II v0– 0–2 (ap), III v 0–1 – 3 (ap), IV v0– 0–1 (ap); metatarsi I v0– 0–2 (ap), II v 1 – 0–2 (ap), III v 3 – 3 – 3 (ap), r 1 –0–0, p 1 –0–0, IV 19 (2 ap). Spiniform setae and STC as in male. PLS articles length: apical 6.02, medial 5.0 and basal 4.12. PMS rounded, small. Urticating hair types I and III present. Color pattern as in male, except for absence of purple sheen. Two spermathecae broadly fused (Fig. 6). Distribution: Brazil: states of Rondônia and Western Mato Grosso (Fig. 19).

Ephebopus cyanognathus West & Marshall 2000 (Figs 5 ���6, 16, 30) Ephebopus cyanognathus West & Marshall 2000: 6, f. 1���2; West & Marshall 2002: 7. Types: FRENCH GUIANA: Male holotype and female paratype, Roura District [4 o 43 ��� N, 52 o 19 ��� W], Tresor Mountains, Tresor Reserve, 17.VI. 1999 (male matured 10.IX. 1999), R. West; 2 males paratypes, Roura District [4 o 43 ��� N, 52 o 19 ��� W], Roura Mountains, 22.IV. 1999 (matured in captivity 28���30.VIII. 1999), R. West; 1 female, Kourou District, C.I.R.A.D. Field Station [5 o09��� N, 52 o 38 ��� W], 17.IV. 1999, J. Huff; 1 female, Roura District [4 o 43 ��� N, 52 o 19 ��� W], Tresor Mountains, Tresor Reserve, 17.VI. 1999, R. West. All types in AMNH. Diagnosis: Similar to E. uatuman but this species differs from all congeners by the coloration of females, the metallic blue chelicerae (Fig. 16), and the different shape of the genitalia of both sexes. Males differ from those its congeners by the palpal bulb being globular with a long slender gradually tapering embolus slightly bent outward apically (Fig. 5), similar to that in E. uatuman but straighter, thin and tapering. Spermathecae differ from those of its congeners by having two short truncate columnar lobes, separated, being widest at base and constricting medially then widening apically (Fig. 6). Description: Holotype male, lengths: total body, 41.17; chelicerae, 7.0; carapace, 16.67; abdomen, 17.5; leg I, 72.16; leg II, 65.34; leg III, 54.5; leg IV, 68.5. Leg formula, I, IV, II, III. Color of legs dark brown; legs with narrow yellow transverse band between all femora and patellae; chelicerae with lavender pubescence; abdomen pale gold intermixed with longer gray setae; carapace and trochantera with rose and brown pubescence setae, more so on carapace. Palpal bulb globular, with long slender tapering embolus, similar to that of E. uatuman but straighter and thin, bent upward apically (Fig. 5). Paratype female, lengths: total body: 45.84; chelicerae, 6.67; carapace, 19.67; abdomen, 19.5; leg I, 65.16; leg II, 57.14; leg III, 46.20; leg IV, 58.90. Leg formula, I, IV, II, III. Color amber brown; chelicerae entirely with metallic blue pubescence; carapace lighter brown with greenish pubescence; legs and abdomen darker amber brown with narrow transverse yellow band between all femora and patellae, similar narrower transverse band of amber between all tarsi and metatarsi. Spermathecae: two shorter truncate columnar lobes, separated, widest at base, constricting medially then widening apically (Fig. 6). Distribution. Known only from French Guiana (Fig. 30) where, in addition to the above localities, it has also been found in Maripasoula [3 o 43 ��� N, 54 o04��� W] and Montsin��ry District [4 o 54 ��� N, 52 o 30 ��� W], Sa��l [3 o 37 ��� N, 53 o 12 ��� W] and Chevaux Mountains. Natural History. The spiders appear to be widely distributed in upland rainforest areas. They were rarely common, with the exception of a large (30 +) population observed along a 10 meter long x 2 meter high road bank in Sa��l in September 1981 (SDM, pers. obs.). Burrows were constructed in a fully shaded laterite clay embankment, facing northeast, at about 210 meters elevation in upland rainforest. The type specimens from the Tresor Reserve were found in burrows constructed in fully shaded upland rainforest on steep, north-facing slopes in year long damp clay soil covered in leaf litter at elevations of 200���300 meters. Antepenultimate, penultimate and female E. cyanognathus construct a simple flare-mouthed tubular burrow, similar to that of E. uatuman (Fig. 15). Adult female burrows were found to terminate in an enlarged chamber about 30 cm deep (RCW and SDM, pers. obs.). We observed an adult female E. cyanognathus in her burrow with early instars in April of 2001. This specimen and her young were not collected. We have also observed an individual in an upland rainforest retreat constructed of a dead leaf in a plant in the Chevaux Mountains in March of 1999. The retreat had no obvious entrance and was about 20 cm above the ground. Ephebopus rufescens West & Marshall 2000 (Figs 7 ���8, 17���18, 30) Ephebopus rufescens West & Marshall 2000: 8, f. 3���4. Types: FRENCH GUIANA: Male holotype and female paratype, Roura District, Kaw Mountains, vicinity of Camp C��iman [4 o 37 ��� N, 51 o 55 ��� W], 17.IV. 1999 (male matured 14.IX. 1999), R. West & J. Huff; paratypes: 1 male, Guiana, Montsin��ry District [4 o 54 ��� N, 52 o 30 ��� W], Chevaux Mountains, 17.IV. 1999 (matured 18.VIII. 1999), R. West & J. Huff; 1 male, Montsin��ry District, Emerald Jungle Village [4 o 49 ��� N, 52 o 21 ��� W], 15.IV. 1999 (matured 21.IX. 1999), R. West & J. Huff; 1 female, Roura District [4 o 43 ��� N, 52 o 19 ��� W], Roura Mountains, 19.IV. 1999, R. West & J. Huff; 1 female, Roura District, Kaw Mountains, vicinity of Camp C��iman, 18.VI. 1999, R. West. All types in AMNH. Diagnosis: Females can be distinguished from those of their congeners by distinct dark reddish brown coloration and lighter narrow parallel stripes dorsally on the patellae and femora and by the lack of yellow banding on the patellal���femoral joints of all legs (Figs 17���18) and shape of the genitalia of both sexes. The male palpal bulb differs from that of its congeners by being large and globular with a shorter tapering embolus that is slightly bent apically (Fig. 7). Spermathecae are similar to those of E. uatuman but differ by being two stout separated columnar lobes (Fig. 8) that are not as wide as at base and narrowing apically as in E. uatuman. Description: Holotype male, lengths: total body, 35.75; chelicerae, 6.42; carapace, 13.0; abdomen, 16.33; leg I, 57.99; leg II, 53.32; leg III, 45.32; leg IV, 57.17. Leg formula, I, IV, II, III. Color of legs dark brown; chelicerae, carapace, trochantera and base of all femora with longer short golden setae. Abdomen uniformly dark brown with longer reddish setae dorsally and laterally. All dorsal leg joints with narrow transverse band of short golden setae. Palpal bulb large, globular, short slender embolus tapering apically (Fig. 7). Paratype female, lengths: total body: 46.17; chelicerae, 7.33, carapace, 16.17; abdomen, 22.67; leg I, 59.16; leg II, 52.67; leg III, 44.83; leg IV, 55.0. Leg formula I, IV, II, III. Color of legs, abdomen and carapace dark reddish brown with longer lighter setae, more so on chelicerae and carapace; leg femora darker brown, dorsum of all patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with pale narrow parallel or single stripes. Spermathecae: two stout columnar lobes, separated, widest at base, similar to that in E. uatuman but not as wide at base and narrowing apically (Fig. 8). Distribution: The type localities and French Guiana: Maripasoula [3 o 43 ��� N, 54 o04��� W], Sa��l [3 o 37 ��� N, 53 o 12 ��� W]. Brazil: Amazonas, 30km W. of Manaus, Jacar�� Creek (Fig. 30). Natural History: The spiders were widespread and, apparently, the most ecologically versatile in their retreat placement of all Ephebopus species (Figs 17���18). Spiders were found in retreats in hollow logs and stems, both on and above the ground, in holes and hollows of standing trees, in arboreal termitaria and in mosses on the sides of shaded rock faces in rainforest. One retreat was found 3 meters above ground in a decaying palm tree. Wherever found, the spider built its retreat in association with wood or mosses. This was in or on dead or fallen trees, roots or moss covered trees, logs or rocks. A second trait of E. rufescens retreats that makes them distinct from those of other congeners is that when burrowing in the ground, the spider (particularly adult females) built an extended tubular silk retreat. This extended tubular silk retreat was generally one-quarter to one-third of the length of the burrow; it may be oriented vertically or horizontally. The retreat was usually camouflaged with soil and vegetative debris, incorporated into the silk retreat, and was attached to a woody or moss substratum. The retreat entrance had a slightly flared collar constructed of silk. Ephebopus foliatus sp. nov. ( Figs 9 ���11, 14, 30. Tables 1, 2) Types: GUYANA: Male holotype and 5 paratype females, Upper Takutu���Upper Essequibo Region, 4.42 km S. Gunn���s Strip, bank of Essequibo River, 240 metres, (1 �� 38 ��� 45.7 ��� N, 58 �� 38 ��� 14.6 ��� W), 6���15.VII. 1999, J.A. Coddington, G. Hormiga, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson & M. Kuntner, deposited in NMNH. Etymology: From the Latin folium, a leaf, and refers to the subtle four-point oak leaf pattern on the dorsum of the abdomen. Diagnosis: This species differs from all other Ephebopus by having a leaf-like pattern on the abdominal dorsum, when viewed from the side (Fig. 14), and by the shape of the genitalia of both sexes. The male palpal bulb is similar to E. cyanognathus but differs from its male congeners by having a long, thinner, tapering embolus, slightly bent apically (Fig. 9). The spermathecae differs from those of all other female congeners by having two tall columnar lobes, not widely separated, widest at base, gradually narrowing then rounding apically, sides with raised folds (Fig. 10). Description: Holotype male, lengths: total body, 29.56; carapace, 11.36 long x 10.72 wide; abdomen, 12.0 long x 6.72 wide; chelicerae, 6.2 long x 2.28 wide; cheliceral macroteeth: (left side, right side) 10, 9 with basal granules. Sternum, 5.60 long x 4.48 wide; glabrous sigilla opposite coxae II and III, posterior sigilla the largest, 0.14 sternum width. Labium, ovoid 1.44 long x 1.92 wide; labiosternal suture a narrow groove with distinct lateral mounds; about 149 cuspules in tight cluster. Maxillae about (left, right) 180, 159 cuspules; cuspules in tight cluster on ventral inner heel of maxillae, heel rounded, anterior lobe conical and slightly elongated. Fovea: a deep circular pit. Cephalothorax: caput not rising abruptly from thoracic region but in gradual arch. Caput length 7.52, width 5.92. Ocular area 2.28 wide x 0.96 long, tubercle elevated. Anterior eye row straight; AME round, diameter 0.56, 0.23 apart; ALE elliptical, 0.33 x 0.44, 1.47 apart. Posterior eye row slightly recurved; PME ovoid, 0.21 x 0.37, 1.19 apart; PLE ovoid, 0.28 x 0.48, 1.49 apart. Clypeus 0.48 wide. Leg span 112.0mm, taken on right side (leg IV missing. Leg formula I, IV, II, III (Table 1). Femur III not noticeably swollen when viewed from above. All tarsal scopulae entire, without setal division. Metatarsal scopulae: I, 0.77; II, 0.85; III, 0.67; IV, 0.28. Type V urticating hairs in dense pad on apical prolateral face of palpal femur. No plumose setae on palp or leg segments. Spination: leg I, metatarsus 1 v (1 ma), tibia 4 v (3 megaspines, one along entire inner lower process length, two on apical upper process, one on inner and one on outer, 1 ra); leg II, metatarsus 1 v (1 ma), tibia 2 v (1 pa, 1 ra); leg III, metatarsus 3 v (1 pa, 1 ma, 1 ra), tibia, 2 v (1 pa, 1 ra);;leg IV, metatarsus 2 v (1 pa, 1 ra); palp, aspinose. Spur on tibia I bipartite; lower process 1.20 long, with single basal megaspine along entire inner face; upper process 1.80 long, with preapical megaspine on opposing inner and outer curved face. Metatarsus I closes on outer upper process. Palpal bulb similar to E. cyanoganthus but globular, with long thinner tapering embolus, slightly bent apically (Fig. 9). Color (in alcohol): carapace golden brown woolly pubescence; abdomen golden brown with longer reddish setae; chelicerae golden brown; legs brown with narrow transverse yellow band between all femora and patellae. Paratype female, lengths: total body: 38.08; carapace, 14.88 long x 12.8 wide; abdomen, 16.32 long x 12.0 wide; chelicerae, 6.88 long x 3.36 wide; cheliceral teeth: (left side, right side) 10,13. Sternum: length 6.24, width 5.4; glabrous sigilla opposite coxae II and III, posterior sigilla the largest, 0.15 of sternum width. Labium: 2.46 long, 2.04 wide; labiosternal suture with distinct lateral mounds; ca. 198 cuspules in tight cluster; maxillae with ca. 184���207 cuspules. Fovea straight, deep. Cephalothorax: caput not rising abruptly from thoracic region but in gradual arch. Caput length 9.12, width 8.0. Ocular area 2.64 wide x 1.20 long, tubercle relatively low. Anterior eye row straight; AME round, diameter 0.67, apart 0.30; ALE elliptical, 0.26 x 0.58, apart 1.84. Posterior eye row slightly recurved; PME ovoid, 0.21 x 0.37, apart 1.51; PLE elliptical, 0.23 x 0.44, apart 1.98. Clypeus 0.47 wide. Leg span 105.0 mm. Leg formula I, IV, II, III (Table 2). All tarsal scopulae entire, without setal division. Metatarsal scopulae: I ��� II, entire; III, 0.73; IV, 0.44. Type V urticating hairs in dense pad on apical prolateral face of palpal femur. No plumose setae on palp or leg segments. Spination: Leg I, tibia 2 v (1 pa, 1 ra); II, metatarsus 1 v (ma), tibia 1 v (pa); III, metatarsus 3 v (1 pa, 1 ma, 1 ra), tibia 2 v (1 pa, 1 ra); IV, metatarsus 2 v (1 pa, 1 ra), tibia 2 v (1 pa, 1 ra); palp 4 v (2 pa, 2 ra). Spermathecae, two tall columnar lobes, not widely separated, widest at base, abruptly narrowing then rounded apically, with raised folds (Fig. 10). Color: (in alcohol): chelicerae, carapace and abdomen rufus brown with scattered longer reddish brown setae on the abdomen; legs darker rufus brown with narrow transverse yellow bands between all leg joints, widest between femora and patellae. Variation: Males: only the holotype. Females: 5 (including the paratype), length 29.28���36.16; carapace length 11.68���14.88, width 10.72���12.8; carapace width/length 0.86���0.92; chelicerae length 5.6���6.88, width 2.88���3.36; abdomen length 11.68���17.12, width 8.48���13.12; leg span 95.0���105.0 mm. Cheliceral teeth 9,10��� 11,13. Metatarsal scopulae: I���II, entire; III, 0.70���0.77 (0.74); IV, 0.34���0.44 (0.39). Type V urticating hairs in dense pad on apical prolateral face of palpal femur. No plumose setae on palp or leg segments. Spermathecae, as in paratype. Distribution: Known only from type locality in Guyana (Fig. 30). Natural History: All specimens were collected at night from 1���4 m above ground on the sides of trees in riparian rainforest (Fig. 14). None were found on the ground or observed in silken retreats. We lack the field observations on the natural history of E. foliatus, however, collecting records indicate this species is arboreal (M. Kuntner, per. comm., USNM, 2002). Characters: In characters marked with an asterisk (*; viz., 6, 10, 12, 13, 18, 20, 31, 39, 42), fit and steps are not given as the character is not significant to the analysis but was kept here to indicate an autapomorphy for a terminal taxon. (0) Eye tubercle in males and females: (0) low (Fig. 23), (1) high (Fig. 24); fit = 66.6. Steps/ Extra steps = 4 / 3. The eye tubercle can be absent in some mygalomorphs (e.g., Atypidae, Rastelloidina, Raven 1985; Goloboff 1993 b, 1995) or well-defined in most mygalomorph taxa. Intermediate states have been proposed for some cyrtaucheniids, hexathelids, ctenizids (Raven 1985:125, 70, 141; Bond & Opell 2002), and diplurids (Ischnothele Ausserer) (Bond & Opell 2002). In theraphosids, two states have been proposed: absent, for some Hemirrhagus Simon 1903, (Spelopelma Gertsch; Raven 1985) and distinct, for remaining species. An intermediate state was herein identified: Heteroscodra ( Fig. 23) shows a somewhat flattened eye tubercle, with anterior lateral eyes being in almost same plane as anterior median eyes (state 0). Spiders with an arched eye tubercle (Fig. 24), with the anterior median eye positioned clearly in superior plane in relation to the anterior lateral eye were considered as having state 1. (1) Anterior row of eyes in males and females, measured from anterior margins: (0) procurved, (1) straight; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2 / 1. (2) Clypeus in males and females: (0) absent, (1) narrow (Fig. 23) (2) wide (Fig. 24); fit = 60.0. Steps/ Extra steps = 6 / 4. The clypeus was considered absent when there is no space between the eye tubercle and the anterior carapace edge which can slightly project forward beyond the anterior carapace edge. A wide clypeus is found in some theraphosids, e.g. Harpactirinae, Ornithoctoninae and some theraphosines. In this case, the distance between the anterior edge of the eye tubercle and the anterior edge of carapace can be almost the same as the length of the eye tubercle (Fig. 24). The narrow state of the clypeus occurs in intermediate cases (Fig. 23). (3) Fovea in males and females, curvature: (0) straight, (1) recurved, (2) procurved; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 3 / 1. (4) Fovea in males and females, closure: (0) slit-like (closed), (1) pit-like (open); fit = 100. Steps/ Extra steps = 1 /0. In Mygalomorphae, a pit-like (open) fovea seems to be plesiomorphic, since Mesothelae shows this state as well as representatives of Atypidae, Antrodiaetidae and Dipluridae (Raven 1985). For theraphosids, Gallon (2003) suggested the presence of pit-like fovea to be a synapomorphy of the clade Xenodendrophila Gallon 2003 (now Encyocratella Strand) (Stromatopelma + Heteroscodra). This proposal is followed here. (5) Fovea in males and females, depth: (0) shallow; (1) deep; fit = 66.6. Steps/ Extra steps = 4 / 3. This character is introduced here and refers to the depth of the fovea. Plaster was applied to the specimen's fovea and the resulting mould was analyzed. Those with deep fovea (state 1) presented a mould with trapezoid shape. Specimens with shallow fovea (state 0) showed a mould with a short line. (6) Labial cuspules in males and females, number*: (0) 30���300, (1) 0���20, (2) 350���450 Within the Theraphosidae examined here, only Euathlus has a low number of labial cuspules. The most common state is between 30-300 labial cuspules and the only taxon with more than this number is Phlogiellus. The state 30��� 300 was coded as 0 because it is present in the outgroups and thus should be the plesiomorphic state. (7) Sigilla, posterior pair in males and females, position: (0) marginal, less than 1.5 times its own diameter from margin, (1) located closer to center of sternum separated from margin by twice its own diameter; fit = 75. Steps/ Extra steps = 3 / 2. In Eumenophorinae, the posterior sternal sigilla are medially placed (Pocock 1897; Gallon 2003). We consider Phlogiellus and Haplopelma also have this state. (8) Tarsus IV in males, cracked: (0) cracked, (1) integral; fit = 85.7. Steps/ Extra steps = 2 / 1. A cracked tarsus is found in some mygalomorph taxa, e.g., some diplurids, nemesiids, barychelids and theraphosids (Raven 1985). In specimens examined, this condition was found in males and females of Melloina and males of Holothele and Phlogiellus. (9) Tarsal scopulae in males and females: (0) no true scopula; (1) scopula of sparse hairs; (2) dense scopula that does not extend much laterally; (3) scopula very extensive laterally, giving, Published as part of West, Rick C., Marshall, Samuel D., Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & Bertani, Rog��rio, 2008, Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae, pp. 35-58 in Zootaxa 1849 on pages 44-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183360, {"references":["West, R. C. & Marshall S. D. (2000) Description of two new species of Ephebopus Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Arthropoda, 8, 6 - 14.","West, R. C. & Marshall S. D. (2002) Description of two new species of Ephebopus Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) [erratum]. Arthropoda, 10, 7.","Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180.","Goloboff, P. A. (1993 b) A reanalysis of mygalomorph spider families (Araneae). American Museum Novitates, 3056, 1 - 32.","Goloboff, P. A. (1995) A revision of the South American spiders of the family Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Part I: species from Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 224, 1 - 189.","Bond, J. E. & Opell B. D. (2002) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of south-western North American Euctenizinae trapdoor spiders and their relatives (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Cyrtaucheniidae). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 136, 487 - 534.","Simon, E. (1903) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, 2, 669 - 1080.","Gallon, R. C. (2003) A new African arboreal genus and species of theraphosidae spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Stromatopelminae) which lacks spermathecae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12, 405 - 411.","Pocock, R. I. (1897) On the spiders of the suborder Mygalomorphae from the Ethiopian Region, contained in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897, 724 - 774.","Raven, R. J. (1999) Review of the mygalomorph genus Melloina Brignoli (Paratropididae: Araneae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43, 819 - 825.","Simon, E. (1892) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris, Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, 1, 1 - 256.","Pocock, R. I. (1901) Some new and old genera of South American Aviculariidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 540 - 555.","Perez-Miles, F., Lucas, S. M., da Silva Junior P. I., & Bertani R. (1996). Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1, 33 - 68.","Pocock, R. I. (1895) On a new and natural grouping of some of the Oriental genera of Mygalomorphae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6, 165 - 184.","Bertani, R. (2000) Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 28, 29 - 42.","Bertani, R. (2001) Revision, cladistic analysis, and zoogeography of Vitalius, Nhandu, and Proshapalopus; with notes on other theraphosine genera (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 36, 265 - 356.","Cooke, J. A. L., Roth, V. A. & Miller, F. H. (1972) The urticating hairs of theraphosid spiders. American Museum Novitates 2498, 1 - 43.","Marshall, S. D. & Uetz G. W. (1990) The pedipalpal brush of Ephebopus sp. (Araneae, Theraphosidae): evidence of a new site for urticating hairs. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 8, 122 - 124.","Gallon, R. C. & Gabriel, R. (2006) Theraphosidae Egg-sac Types. Newsletter of the British arachnological Society, 106, 5 - 10."]}

Neocteniza myriamae new species (Figs 1–4) Diagnosis The new species can be distinguished from all other species, except N. australis, N. toba and N. chancani by the thicker embolus, the absence of an apophysis on the apical sclerite and the small apical hematodocha (i.e., it belongs to the australis group, Goloboff 1987). The species can be distinguished from N. australis and N. toba by the male embolus which is thicker in its middle portion (Figs 1–3). From N. chancani, it can be distinguished by the larger size and elongated femur I (Fig. 4), and especially by the presence of one conical keel and two parallel, well­developed keels on the apical half of the embolus. Description Male (holotype): Total length including chelicera 16.60. Carapace 6.00 long, 5.44 wide; pars cephalica convex, fovea deep, sinuous, recurved, tripartite. Anterior ocular row slightly procurved, posterior ocular row recurved. Eye sizes: AME 0.33, ALE 0.35, PME 0.18, PLE 0.20. Eye interdistances: AME­ALE 0.10, PME­PLE 0.08, AME­AME 0.15, ALE­PLE 0.18, PME­PME 0.73. OQ: length 1.11, width 1.44. Chelicerae with rastellum formed by 7 thick, blunt cusps on edge of cheliceral prolongation. Intercheliceral tumescence absent. Inner cheliceral margin with 10 teeth, 6 teeth between margins, 11 larger teeth on outer margin. Labium: length 1.20, width 1.33, without cuspules. Palpal coxae without cuspules. Sternum: length 3.17, width 3.06. Sigilla barely discernible. Legs: all articles unmodified; femur I elongated (Fig. 4). Trichobothria: all femora and patellae 0; palpal tibia 7 ant. and 5 post., I 8 ant. and 9 post.; II 8 ant. and 7 post., III 5 ant. and 7 post., IV 10 ant. and 9 post.; metatarsus I 12, II 13, III 11, IV 14; tarsus I 11, II 14, III 11 and IV 9. Legs length: I trochanter 1.00 / femur 5.56 / patella 2.34 / tibia 4.06 / metatarsus 4.00 / tarsus 1.73 / total 18.69; II 0.61 / 4.67 / 2.17 / 3.23 / 3.67 / 1.78 / 16.13; III 0.56 / 3.67 / 2.11 / 2.28 / 3.78 / 2.11 / 14.51; IV 0.40 / 5.92 / 2.44 / 4.67 / 6.00 / 1.61 / 21.04 and palpus 1.00 / 3.11 / 1.22 / 2.77 / 1.78 / 9.88. Spines: femora: palpus, I–III 0, IV 15 p d a; patellae: palpus, I, II, IV 0, III 6 (1­2 ­ 3) P plus comb of 8 P A; tibiae: palpus as in fig. 3, I 2 v a, II 1 ­ 1 ­ 2 V (2: 3 A), III 3 v a, 1­2 ­ 1 D ANT, 1­2 ­ 1 ­ 1 D POST, IV 1 ­ 1 ­ 1­ 3 v; metatarsi: I 2 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 1­2 P V, 1 ­ 1 ­ 1­2 ­ 1­2 R V, II 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 P V, 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 R V, 1 ­ 1 V (1: 3 A), III 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 0­2 ­ 1 P D, 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 0­1 ­ 2 R D, 1 ­ 1­ 2 V, IV 1 ­ 1 D ANT (1: 2), 1 D­A, 1 ­ 1 ­ 1 ­ 1­2 P, 0­1 ­ 1 ­0 R; tarsi: palpus 0, I 4, II 1, III 0, IV 1. Paired tarsal claws: Leg I 9 ant., 10 post.; Leg II 9 ant., 9 post.; Leg III 6 ant., 6 post. and Leg IV 9 ant., 9 post.. Inferior claw present on all legs, bare, well developed on tarsi III, IV. Preening combs present on metatarsi III, IV. All tarsi without scopula. Spinnerets short; ALS with ca. 25 spigots, basal article of PLS with ca. 38, medial article with ca. 29, apical article with 9 larger on apex. Palpal tibia incrassate. Male palpal bulb: flattened, thicker in middle, with small distal hematodocha. Apical portion of embolus with two parallel keels, extending ventrolaterally, retrolateral one longest, reaching from almost apex to roughly middle of embolus; third, conical keel apparent from retrolateral keel surface, extended over dorsal area (Figs 1–3). Color: Carapace brown, abdomen dark. Tarsi to trochantera of legs and palpi olive, leg coxae reddish brown. Maxillae, sternum and labium dark reddish brown. Female: Unknown. Distribution known only from type locality.

Neocteniza myriamae new species (Figs 1���4) Diagnosis The new species can be distinguished from all other species, except N. australis, N. toba and N. chancani by the thicker embolus, the absence of an apophysis on the apical sclerite and the small apical hematodocha (i.e., it belongs to the australis group, Goloboff 1987). The species can be distinguished from N. australis and N. toba by the male embolus which is thicker in its middle portion (Figs 1���3). From N. chancani, it can be distinguished by the larger size and elongated femur I (Fig. 4), and especially by the presence of one conical keel and two parallel, well��developed keels on the apical half of the embolus. Description Male (holotype): Total length including chelicera 16.60. Carapace 6.00 long, 5.44 wide; pars cephalica convex, fovea deep, sinuous, recurved, tripartite. Anterior ocular row slightly procurved, posterior ocular row recurved. Eye sizes: AME 0.33, ALE 0.35, PME 0.18, PLE 0.20. Eye interdistances: AME��ALE 0.10, PME��PLE 0.08, AME��AME 0.15, ALE��PLE 0.18, PME��PME 0.73. OQ: length 1.11, width 1.44. Chelicerae with rastellum formed by 7 thick, blunt cusps on edge of cheliceral prolongation. Intercheliceral tumescence absent. Inner cheliceral margin with 10 teeth, 6 teeth between margins, 11 larger teeth on outer margin. Labium: length 1.20, width 1.33, without cuspules. Palpal coxae without cuspules. Sternum: length 3.17, width 3.06. Sigilla barely discernible. Legs: all articles unmodified; femur I elongated (Fig. 4). Trichobothria: all femora and patellae 0; palpal tibia 7 ant. and 5 post., I 8 ant. and 9 post.; II 8 ant. and 7 post., III 5 ant. and 7 post., IV 10 ant. and 9 post.; metatarsus I 12, II 13, III 11, IV 14; tarsus I 11, II 14, III 11 and IV 9. Legs length: I trochanter 1.00 / femur 5.56 / patella 2.34 / tibia 4.06 / metatarsus 4.00 / tarsus 1.73 / total 18.69; II 0.61 / 4.67 / 2.17 / 3.23 / 3.67 / 1.78 / 16.13; III 0.56 / 3.67 / 2.11 / 2.28 / 3.78 / 2.11 / 14.51; IV 0.40 / 5.92 / 2.44 / 4.67 / 6.00 / 1.61 / 21.04 and palpus 1.00 / 3.11 / 1.22 / 2.77 / 1.78 / 9.88. Spines: femora: palpus, I���III 0, IV 15 p d a; patellae: palpus, I, II, IV 0, III 6 (1��2 �� 3) P plus comb of 8 P A; tibiae: palpus as in fig. 3, I 2 v a, II 1 �� 1 �� 2 V (2: 3 A), III 3 v a, 1��2 �� 1 D ANT, 1��2 �� 1 �� 1 D POST, IV 1 �� 1 �� 1�� 3 v; metatarsi: I 2 �� 1 �� 1 �� 1��2 P V, 1 �� 1 �� 1��2 �� 1��2 R V, II 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 1 P V, 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 1 R V, 1 �� 1 V (1: 3 A), III 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 0��2 �� 1 P D, 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 0��1 �� 2 R D, 1 �� 1�� 2 V, IV 1 �� 1 D ANT (1: 2), 1 D��A, 1 �� 1 �� 1 �� 1��2 P, 0��1 �� 1 ��0 R; tarsi: palpus 0, I 4, II 1, III 0, IV 1. Paired tarsal claws: Leg I 9 ant., 10 post.; Leg II 9 ant., 9 post.; Leg III 6 ant., 6 post. and Leg IV 9 ant., 9 post.. Inferior claw present on all legs, bare, well developed on tarsi III, IV. Preening combs present on metatarsi III, IV. All tarsi without scopula. Spinnerets short; ALS with ca. 25 spigots, basal article of PLS with ca. 38, medial article with ca. 29, apical article with 9 larger on apex. Palpal tibia incrassate. Male palpal bulb: flattened, thicker in middle, with small distal hematodocha. Apical portion of embolus with two parallel keels, extending ventrolaterally, retrolateral one longest, reaching from almost apex to roughly middle of embolus; third, conical keel apparent from retrolateral keel surface, extended over dorsal area (Figs 1���3). Color: Carapace brown, abdomen dark. Tarsi to trochantera of legs and palpi olive, leg coxae reddish brown. Maxillae, sternum and labium dark reddish brown. Female: Unknown. Distribution known only from type locality., Published as part of Bertani, Rog��rio, Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri & Nagahama, Roberto Hiroaki, 2006, A new species of Neocteniza Pocock 1895 (Araneae, Idiopidae) from Brazil, pp. 33-37 in Zootaxa 1202 on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172333, {"references":["Goloboff, P. A. (1987) El Genero Neocteniza Pocock, 1895 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Idiopidae) en la Argentina y Paraguay. Journal of Arachnology 15, 19 - 50."]}

Cyriocosmus nogueira��netoi new species Figs 11 ���12, 28, 34, 45, 58 Holotype female, IBSP 9193, from Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, D. Pinz, November 1996. Paratype male, IBSP 8899, from the same locality and collector. Etymology: The specific name is a patronym in honor of Dr. Paulo Nogueira��Neto, a Brazilian researcher who plays an important role on creation and application of the environmental protection law and in nature conservation. Diagnosis: The female differs from all other species in the genus by having the spermathecae with a sinuous neck ending in a rounded non��caliciform seminal receptacle (Fig. 34). The male differs from that of C. fasciatus, C. sellatus, C. ritae and C. blenginii by the absence of a retrolateral field with spiniform hairs on the palpal tibia and from C. fernandoi new species by the smooth prolateral superior keel (Figs 11, 12), metatarsus I contacting the two branches of the tibial apophysis when folded, and by the origin of the paraembolic apophysis dorsally to the embolus. It can be distinguished from C. chicoi by having the cephalothorax with a blackish area covering only the cephalic region, and the abdominal color pattern having the lighter central area invaginated forwards (Fig. 45). It differs from other species by having a long paraembolic apophysis. Female: Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets, 31.67. Cephalothorax length 11.67, width 10.33. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior row slightly recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.36, ALE 0.45, PME 0.29, PLE 0.35; AME��AME 0.24, AME��ALE 0.14, PME��PME 0.93, PME��PLE 0.07, ALE��PLE 0.15 AME��PME 0.13, ALE��ALE 1.12, PLE��PLE 1.32. Eye tubercle: length 1.33, width 1.86; clypeus absent. Fovea recurved, short and shallow. Labium length 1.67, width 2.08, with 88 cuspules, maxillae with approximately 100 cuspules on the inner corner. Sternum length 5.00, width 4.33. Sigilla: second pair one diameter and a half from margin, third and fourth pair one diameter from margin, all sigilla hardly visible. Chelicerae with 9 teeth on promargin, being 3 well developed and 6 smaller. Tarsi I���IV densely scopulate, scopulae of tarsi III divided by narrow band of setae, IV widely divided. Metatarsi I densely scopulate along 4 / 5 their length, II scopulate 2 / 3 their length, III scopulate on distal half and IV scopulate 1 / 4 their length. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 2. Spination: femurs I���IV and palp 0; patellae I���IV and palp 0; tibiae I 0, II v 0�� 0��2 (apical), III v 0�� 0��2 (apical), p 0�� 0��1 and r 0��1 ��0; IV v 0�� 0��2 (apical), r 0��1 ��0 and palp v 0�� 0��3 (apical); metatarsi I v 1 �� 0��1 (apical); II v 0��1 �� 2 (apical); III v 1��2 �� 3 (apical), p 1 �� 1 �� 1, r 0�� 0��1; IV v 9 (3 apicals), p 0�� 0��1, r 0�� 0��1. Coxae I���IV without stridulatory hairs. Spermathecae with convex base, narrowing abruptly into a sinuous neck ending in a rounded seminal receptacle. Posterior lateral spinnerets with three articles, the basal article longer than the median, which is longer than the apical; lateral median spinnerets with one article. Urticating type III hair, with short barbs, on the central dorsum of the abdomen. Cephalothorax reddish brown with cephalic region almost totally dark, legs and palpi black except for reddish brown trochanters and coxae. Dorsal abdominal pattern with five pairs of lateral��radial clear stripes; the clear central region projects anteriorly (Fig. 45). Male: Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets, 15.33. Cephalothorax length 9.00, width 7.33. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior row slightly recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.32, ALE 0.35, PME 0.24, PLE 0.28; AME�� AME 0.13, AME��ALE 0.09, PME��PME 0.61, PME��PLE 0.06, ALE��PLE 0.13 AME��PME 0.12, ALE��ALE 0.92, PLE��PLE 1.04. Eye tubercle length 1.04, width 1.4; clypeus absent. Fovea straight, short and shallow. Labium length 0.96, width 1.3, with 67 cuspules, maxillae with approximately 100 cuspules in the inner corner. Sternum length 3.3, width 2.8, with rounded, hardly visible sigilla, all pairs one diameter from margin. Chelicerae with 8 well developed teeth on promargin and a row of small teeth. Tarsi I���IV densely scopulate, tarsi III divided by a narrow band of setae, IV widely divided by setae. Metatarsi I densely scopulate on distal half, II���III scopulate less than a half and IV scopulate less than 1 / 3. Length of legs and palpal segments in Table 3. Spination: femurs I���IV p 0�� 0��1 and palp 0; patellae I��IV and palp 0; tibiae I v 1 �� 1 �� 1 (apical), p 1 �� 1 ��0, II v 1 �� 1 ��3 (apicals), p 1 �� 1 ��0, III v 2 �� 2 ��3 (apical), p 1 �� 1 ��0 and r 1 �� 1 �� 1; IV 2��3 �� 6 (3 apicals), p 1 �� 1 �� 1, r 1 �� 1 �� 1 and palp 0; metatarsi I v 0�� 0��1 (apical); II v 2 �� 0��1 (apical), p 1 �� 1 ��0; III v 2 �� 2 ��3 (apicals), p 1 �� 1 �� 1, r 0��1 �� 1; IV v 12 (2 apicals). Coxae I���IV without stridulatory hairs. Posterior lateral spinnerets with three articles, basal article longer than median, which is longer than apical; lateral median spinnerets with one article. Urticating type III hair, with short barbs, on the central dorsum of the abdomen. Cephalothorax reddish brown with cephalic region almost totally dark, femurs to tarsi dark brown and darker than coxae and trochanters. Abdomen with same pattern as female (Fig. 45). Distribution: known only from type locality, Rio Branco, State of Acre, Brazil (Fig. 56)., Published as part of Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, Bertani, Rog��rio & Jr, Pedro Ismael Da Silva, 2005, Revision of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903, with notes on the genus Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 846 on pages 14-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.170714

Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903 Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903: 929, type species Hapalopus sellatus Simon, 1889; Mello��Leit��o 1923: 156; 1939: 46 (nec C. nigriventris); Bonnet 1956: 1340; Schiapelli & Gerschman 1973: 64; P��rez��Miles 1998: 96. Pseudohomoeomma Mello��Leit��o, 1930: 57, type species P. fasciatum Mello��Leit��o 1930; B��cherl et al. 1971: 125; Schiapelli & Gerschman 1973: 61. First synonymized by Gerschman & Schiapelli (1973: 48). Erythropoicila Fischel, 1927: 72, type species E. plana Fischel, 1927. Raven 1985: 152. First synonymized by Raven (1985: 152). Diagnosis: The male can be distinguished from all other theraphosids, except some Hapalopus species, by the presence of a paraembolic apophysis on male palpal bulb (Figs 1��� 22). Male Cyriocosmus can be distinguished from Hapalopus by the divergent branches on the tibial apophysis (Figs 23���33). The female can be distinguished from all other theraphosid species by having a sinuous or spiral spermathecae neck with a convex base (Figs 34���39)., Published as part of Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, Bertani, Rog��rio & Jr, Pedro Ismael Da Silva, 2005, Revision of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903, with notes on the genus Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 846 on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.170714, {"references":["Simon, E. (1903) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Roret, Paris, 2 (4), 669 - 1080.","Simon, E. (1889) Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela, Arachnides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 6 (9), 169 - 220.","Mello-Leitao, C. (1923) Theraphosoideas do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 13, 1 - 438.","Bonnet, P. (1956) Bibliographia Araneorum. Tolouse, 2 (2), 919 - 1926.","Perez-Miles, F. (1998) Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the neotropical genus Cyriocosmus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 11 (3), 95 - 103.","Mello-Leitao, C. (1930) Aranhas do Cumina. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 32, 51 - 75.","Bucherl, W., Timotheo da Costa, A. & Lucas, S. (1971) Revisao de alguns tipos de aranhas caranguejeiras (Orthognatha) estabelecidos por Candido de Mello-Leitao e depositados no Museu Nacional do Rio. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 35, 117 - 138.","Fischel, W. (1927) Uber sudamarikanische Aviculariiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 74, 59 - 74.","Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180."]}

Cyriocosmus ritae P��rez��Miles, 1998 Figs 17 ���18, 31, 48 Cyriocosmus ritae: P��rez��Miles, 1998: 98, figs 14���20. Holotype male, IBSP 4951, from Humait��, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, 11 April 1996, team of collectors of IBSP / SMNK, examined. Female unknown. Diagnosis: The male differs from all other species by having an incrassate tibia I and a median protuberance on the retrolateral metatarsus I. Distribution: Brazil: State of Acre; Peru: Colonia (Fig. 56)., Published as part of Fukushima, Caroline Sayuri, Bertani, Rog��rio & Jr, Pedro Ismael Da Silva, 2005, Revision of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903, with notes on the genus Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 846 on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.170714, {"references":["Perez-Miles, F. (1998) Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the neotropical genus Cyriocosmus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 11 (3), 95 - 103."]}