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The number of assistant magistrates in the villages and towns has increased greatly since the Yongzheng reign. This article first tries to define the administrative organization inferior to that of a county and then makes an analysis on the assistant magistrates in the villages and towns. It shows that some Tongzhi (subprefect of subprefecture), Tongpan and other officials are within this system and thus proves the types of officials of the administrative organization inferior to that of a county varying. Their functions can be divided into three types. The first is only responsible for safety of a village. The second is authorized to deal with small lawsuits. The third can even collect principal tax, a similar function to a county magistrate. The large increase of administrative organization inferior to a county enforces the control of local government over the grassroots' society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Jiangsu Province was established in the Qing Dynasty, and when Jiangnan Province was divided into Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces, are the most important questions in the study of the local history of Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces and have always been topics of concern within academic circles. Based on textual analysis on the related historical materials from around 1667, this article argues that the process of establishing Jiangsu Province began in 1661 (the 18th year of the Shunzhi reign) when "Left" and "Right" Provincial Adminstrative Commissioners were divided and ended in 1667 (the 6th year of the Kangxi reign) when the newly established Provincial Governors were named. The Qing court and local high-ranking provincial officials both played a role in this process. The related issues regarding the establishment of Jiangsu Province can be only clarified based on comprehensive and deep study of the related historical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]