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Abstract The French Flemish Coastal Plain, which extends from Denmark to France, is characterised by a topography close to sea level and protected by a system of coastal dunes. Quaternary sediments, comprised of marine, estuarine and continental deposits, accumulated by infilling and then prograding above a network of incised valleys. This study focusses on the Holocene infill of the Denna palaeoestuary, south‐west to Dunkerque. Surface geophysics (electrical conductivity and ground‐penetrating radar) and vibrocore data are used to reconstruct the landscape evolution during the last stages of sedimentation. The conductivity map highlights the last network of tidal channels, ditches and dikes of the eastern side of the palaeoestuary. Over the upper 4 m of the infill, the ground‐penetrating radar profiles show two superimposed units. The bottom unit is composed of meandering channel bars and the top unit of flat strata intersected by sparse channels, mostly infilled in place. The sediment analysis of the vibrocores shows a predominantly sandy filling of marine to estuarine origin, evidenced by sponge spicules and a fauna of bivalves and foraminifera adapted to brackish settings. The uppermost deposit exhibits an oxidation profile which marks the groundwater zone transition. Clayey sediments are also present, infilling the uppermost channels and ditches dug during reclamation, in increasing proportions towards the axis of the estuarine palaeovalley. The tidal signature of sedimentary dynamics is evidenced by heterolithic facies in some channel fills and tidal rhythmites infilling scour depressions linked to dike breaching. The abrupt decrease in channel dynamics across the unit boundary, although sedimentation remained sandy in the upper unit, coincides with the development of embankment of the estuarine border and is tentatively interpreted as a result of reclamation.

Abstract CSF1R-related disorder (CSF1R-RD) is a neurodegenerative condition that predominantly affects white matter due to genetic alterations in the CSF1R gene, which is expressed by microglia. We studied an elderly man with a hereditary, progressive dementing disorder of unclear etiology. Standard genetic testing for leukodystrophy and other neurodegenerative conditions was negative. Brain autopsy revealed classic features of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), including confluent white matter degeneration with axonal spheroids and pigmented glial cells in the affected white matter, consistent with CSF1R-RD. Subsequent long-read sequencing identified a novel deletion in CSF1R that was not detectable with short-read exome sequencing. To gain insight into potential mechanisms underlying white matter degeneration in CSF1R-RD, we studied multiple brain regions exhibiting varying degrees of white matter pathology. We found decreased CSF1R transcript and protein across brain regions, including intact white matter. Single nuclear RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) identified two disease-associated microglial cell states: lipid-laden microglia (expressing GPNMB, ATG7, LGALS1, LGALS3) and inflammatory microglia (expressing IL2RA, ATP2C1, FCGBP, VSIR, SESN3), along with a small population of CD44 + peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages exhibiting migratory and phagocytic signatures. GPNMB+ lipid-laden microglia with ameboid morphology represented the end-stage disease microglia state. Disease-associated oligodendrocytes exhibited cell stress signatures and dysregulated apoptosis-related genes. Disease-associated oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) displayed a failure in their differentiation into mature myelin-forming oligodendrocytes, as evidenced by upregulated LRP1, PDGFRA, SOX5, NFIA, and downregulated NKX2-2, NKX6.2, SOX4, SOX8, TCF7L2, YY1, ZNF488. Overall, our findings highlight microglia–oligodendroglia crosstalk in demyelination, with CSF1R dysfunction promoting phagocytic and inflammatory microglia states, an arrest in OPC differentiation, and oligodendrocyte depletion.

Abstract The Caribbean & Mesoamerica Biogeochemical Isotope Overview (CAMBIO) is an archaeological data community designed to integrate published biogeochemical data from the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and southern Central America to address questions about dynamic interactions among humans, animals, and the environment in the region over the past 10,000 years. Here we present the CAMBIO human dataset, which consists of more than 16,000 isotopic measurements from human skeletal tissue samples (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr, 206/204Pb, 207/204Pb, 208/204Pb, 207/206Pb) from 290 archaeological sites dating between 7000 BC to modern times. The open-access dataset also includes detailed chronological, contextual, and laboratory/sample preparation information for each measurement. The collated data are deposited on the open-access CAMBIO data community via the Pandora Initiative data platform ( https://pandoradata.earth/organization/cambio ).

Introduction Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been studied in relation to mental illness. Among the most important omega 3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) stand out, both derived from alpha-linolenic acid. Both EPA and DHA are essential fatty acids. Consequently, mammals are not capable of synthesizing them and must incorporate them through the consumption of products such as fish oil. The interest about the role of omega 3 fatty acids for the treatment of patients with impulsiveness, hostility and aggressiveness is growing and originated from the finding of a low level of EPA and DHA in the central nervous system of these individuals. Objectives To determine the evidence on the effectiveness of omega-3 acids in reducing severe symptoms in patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. Methods A literature review was carried out in Epistemonikos, using the descriptors: “borderline personality disorder” AND “Omega-3”. 7 results are obtained. The results of a time limit of 10 years with meta-analyses and systematic reviews were filtered, obtaining 7 results and selecting 3 of them for their relevance to the PICO question. Subsequently, the search was repeated using the same descriptors and time limit in the Cochrane Library, NICE, and Pubmed; no selection was made by coincidence of those previously selected. Results The first systematic review studied the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids in symptomatology associated with BPD, with differentiation of the domains of affective, impulsive and cognitive-perceptual symptoms. Within the meta-analysis, 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included that compared omega-3 fatty acids with placebo or any active comparator, four of these RCTs verified the effect of omega-3 acids in 137 patients with BPD or behavior related to the BPD. The second systematic review, conducted in the Cochrane Collaboration, performed a meta-analysis of randomized comparisons of drug versus placebo. Twenty-seven trials testing first- and second-generation antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and omega-3 fatty acids were included. For supplemental omega-3 fatty acids, significant effects were found in one study (n = 49 ) for reduction in suicidality (RR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.95) and depressive symptoms (RR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.28 to 0, 81). Conclusions Available data indicate that marine omega-3 fatty acids improve BPD symptoms, particularly impulsive behavioral dyscontrol and affective dysregulation, reducing depressive symptoms and suicidal tendencies. Marine omega-3 fatty acids could be considered as a complementary therapy for the improvement of severe symptoms associated with patients with BPD. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Abstract Polymorphisms in the PER3 gene have been associated with several human disease phenotypes, including sleep disorders and cancer. In particular, the long allele of a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism has been previously linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. Here we carried out a combined germline and somatic genetic analysis of the role of the PER3 VNRT polymorphism in breast cancer. The combined data from 8284 individuals showed a non-significant trend towards increased breast cancer risk in the 5-repeat allele homozygous carriers (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.97–1.42). We observed allelic imbalance at the PER3 locus in matched blood and tumor DNA samples, showing a significant retention of the long variant (risk) allele in tumor samples, and a preferential loss of the short repetition allele (p = 0.0005). Gene co-expression analysis in healthy and tumoral breast tissue samples uncovered significant associations between PER3 expression levels with those from genes which belong to several cancer-associated pathways. Finally, relapse-free survival (RFS) analysis showed that low expression levels of PER3 were linked to a significant lower RSF in luminal A (p = 3 × 10−12) but not in the rest of breast cancer subtypes.

A need for new therapeutic approaches are necessary for dementia conditions and memory deficits of different origins, such as Alzheimer's disease. There is complex pathophysiological mechanisms involved, affecting adult hippocampal neurogenesis, in which neuropeptides and its neurogenesis regulation seem to participate. Neuropeptide Y(NPY) Y1 receptor (Y1R) and galanin (GAL) receptor 2 (GALR2) interact in brain regions responsible for learning and memory processes, emphasizing the hippocampus. Moreover, a significant challenge for treatments involving peptide drugs is bypassing the blood-brain barrier. The current study assesses the sustained memory performance induced by GALR2 and NPYY1R agonists intranasal coadministration and their neurochemical hippocampal correlates. Memory retrieval was conducted in the object-in-place task together with in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) to manifest the formation of GALR2/Y1R heteroreceptor complexes and their dynamics under the different treatments. We evaluated cell proliferation through a 5-Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) expression study within the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus. The GalR2 agonist M1145 was demonstrated to act with the Y1R agonist to improve memory retrieval at 24 hours in the object-in-place task. Our data show that the intranasal administration is a feasible technique for directly delivering Galanin or Neuropeptide Y compounds into CNS. Moreover, we observed the ability of the co-agonist treatment to enhance the cell proliferation in the DG of the dorsal hippocampus through 5- Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) expression analysis at 24 hours. The understanding of the cellular mechanisms was achieved by analyzing the GALR2/Y1R heteroreceptor complexes upon agonist coactivation of their two types of receptor protomers in Doublecortin-expressing neuroblasts. Our results may provide the basis for developing heterobivalent agonist pharmacophores, targeting GALR2-Y1R heterocomplexes. It involves especially the neuronal precursor cells of the dentate gyrus in the dorsal hippocampus for the novel treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies as in the Alzheimer’s disease.

The widespread distribution of heteroreceptor complexes with allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in the CNS represents a novel integrative molecular mechanism in the plasma membrane of neurons and glial cells. It was proposed that they form the molecular basis for learning and short-and long-term memories. This is also true for drug memories formed during the development of substance use disorders like morphine and cocaine use disorders. In cocaine use disorder it was found that irreversible A2AR-D2R complexes with an allosteric brake on D2R recognition and signaling are formed in increased densities in the ventral enkephalin positive striatal-pallidal GABA antireward neurons. In this perspective article we discuss and propose how an increase in opioid heteroreceptor complexes, containing MOR-DOR, MOR-MOR and MOR-D2R, and their balance with each other and A2AR-D2R complexes in the striatal-pallidal enkephalin positive GABA antireward neurons, may represent markers for development of morphine use disorders. We suggest that increased formation of MOR-DOR complexes takes place in the striatal-pallidal enkephalin positive GABA antireward neurons after chronic morphine treatment in part through recruitment of MOR from the MOR-D2R complexes due to the possibility that MOR upon morphine treatment can develop a higher affinity for DOR. As a result, increased numbers of D2R monomers/homomers in these neurons become free to interact with the A2A receptors found in high densities within such neurons. Increased numbers of A2AR-D2R heteroreceptor complexes are formed and contribute to enhanced firing of these antireward neurons due to loss of inhibitory D2R protomer signaling which finally leads to the development of morphine use disorder. Development of cocaine use disorder may instead be reduced through enkephalin induced activation of the MOR-DOR complex inhibiting the activity of the enkephalin positive GABA antireward neurons. Altogether, we propose that these altered complexes could be pharmacological targets to modulate the reward and the development of substance use disorders.

La situación de pandemia por COVID-19 motivó en todos los países la adopción de medidas extremas para evitar la propagación del virus. El cierre de escuelas, colegios y universidades cambió sorpresiva y radicalmente las actividad de docentes, estudiantes y familias; en pocas semanas los sistemas educativos debieron cambiar y adaptarse. La resiliencia docente fue la clave del éxito de esta transformación. Se estudió a 2.272 docentes de diversos países de Iberoamérica a través de un cuestionario online diseñado para conocer los aspectos principales de su resiliencia, el impacto del COVID-19 en su condición de distanciamiento social, su soporte emocional, sus habilidades para la educación online, las emociones experimentadas y cambios en su estilo de vida, entre otros. Se utilizó la Escala de Resiliencia de Connor-Davinson (CD-RISC 10) como medida de resiliencia. A través de la RISC-10 se dividió la muestra en dos grupos, grupo de alta resiliencia (AR) y grupo de baja resiliencia (BR) y se obtuvieron medias y desvíos de cada ítem para cada grupo, además de la magnitud de efecto para observar el impacto de la diferencia en cada uno de ellos. Los resultados del estudio evidencian una asociación positiva entre los docentes con alta resiliencia y la percepción del evento disruptivo de la pandemia como una oportunidad, la percepción del soporte emocional brindado, la actividad física, la necesidad de formación en neuroeducación, el manejo de herramientas de educación online, las habilidades socioemocionales para enfrentar los cambios, la experiencia de emociones de valencia positiva y la instrumentación de cambios en el estilo de vida durante la pandemia. La resiliencia no solo es importante como recurso previo y de desarrollo personal del docente, sino también lo es como “acto pedagógico” al generar modelos de docentes capaces de enfrentar la adversidad desde una perspectiva de oportunidad de crecimiento.

En el presente artículo se analizan los principales estudios psicológicos realizados en el Perú sobre la corrupción: sus bases teóricas, procedimientos y resultados; el fin es ponderar la confiabilidad y objetividad de los mismos, así como, la validez y trascendencia de sus conclusiones. Se estudian sus causas y consecuencias desde otras disciplinas científicas conexas. Asimismo, se proponen alternativas metodológicas para la investigación científica —siguiendo el método hipotético-deductivo— de la conducta corrupta y sus factores psicológicos implícitos con el objetivo de sentar las bases para la explicación psicológica de su génesis, proceso y desarrollo —todavía inviables—; de manera que se dispongan de las condiciones teóricas suficientes para predecir la probabilidad de su ocurrencia —personal y, per se (por sí mismo), institucional—, y así poder evitar sus consecuencias tan nocivas para el desarrollo de la sociedad y del país.

The heteroreceptor complexes present a novel biological principle for signal integration. These complexes and their allosteric receptor–receptor interactions are bidirectional and novel targets for treatment of CNS diseases including mental diseases. The existence of D2R-5-HT2AR heterocomplexes can help explain the anti-schizophrenic effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs not only based on blockade of 5-HT2AR and of D2R in higher doses but also based on blocking the allosteric enhancement of D2R protomer signaling by 5-HT2AR protomer activation. This research opens a new understanding of the integration of DA and 5-HT signals released from DA and 5-HT nerve terminal networks. The biological principle of forming 5-HT and other heteroreceptor complexes in the brain also help understand the mechanism of action for especially the 5-HT hallucinogens, including putative positive effects of e.g., psilocybin and the indicated prosocial and anti-stress actions of MDMA (ecstasy). The GalR1-GalR2 heterodimer and the putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1 heteroreceptor complexes are targets for Galanin N-terminal fragment Gal (1–15), a major modulator of emotional networks in models of mental disease. GPCR-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) heteroreceptor complexes can operate through transactivation of FGFR1 via allosteric mechanisms and indirect interactions over GPCR intracellular pathways involving protein kinase Src which produces tyrosine phosphorylation of the RTK. The exciting discovery was made that several antidepressant drugs such as TCAs and SSRIs as well as the fast-acting antidepressant drug ketamine can directly bind to the TrkB receptor and provide a novel mechanism for their antidepressant actions. Understanding the role of astrocytes and their allosteric receptor–receptor interactions in modulating forebrain glutamate synapses with impact on dorsal raphe-forebrain serotonin neurons is also of high relevance for research on major depressive disorder.

Resumen Este artículo analiza la arquitectura de Sir Leslie Martin (1908-2000) y recorre el intenso itinerario profesional que se inicia con la construcción de la escuela infantil en Northwich, Cheshire (1937-1938) o la casa Alastair Morton en Brampton (1938) adscritas a la ortodoxia de la arquitectura moderna, y continúa con los proyectos que realiza, como arquitecto responsable de la compañía de ferrocarriles, en estaciones y reordenaciones de infraestructuras del ferrocarril en la posguerra, intervenciones que le prepararán para su etapa de madurez arquitectónica que cristaliza en los edificios para el Royal Festival Hall en Londres (1948-1951), el Harvey Court en Cambridge (1958-1962), los auditorios del Middleton Hall de la Universidad de Hull (1958), la Escuela de Música (1974) y el College (1979) en la Universidad de Cambridge o el concurso de la Universidad de Bristol (1979) que ilustran los fundamentos esenciales de su coherente trayectoria arquitectónica donde confluyen la tradición de la arquitectura moderna, la continuidad espacial y el orden formal. Este recorrido por las obras realizadas en la década de los cincuenta, sesenta y setenta permite ilustrar las constantes del arquitecto a través del recorrido cronológico por sus obras revelando los mecanismos compositivos, la búsqueda del orden formal y la correcta organización espacial atendiendo a los requerimientos funcionales, las relaciones con el sitio y los medios tecnológicos que determinan el conjunto de su trayectoria caracterizada por la consistencia formal y la coherencia arquitectónica.

Abstract This paper analyzes the architecture of Sir Leslie Martin (1908-2000) and covers the intense professional career that starts with the Nursery School at Northwich, Cheshire (1937-1938) or the Alastair Morton house at Brampton (1938) which are ascribed to the orthodoxy of modern architecture, and continues with the projects he planned as the architect responsible of the railway company for stations and railroad infrastructure rearrangements in the postwar, interventions that will prepare him for his architectural maturity stage which he crystallizes in buildings for the Royal Festival Hall in London (1948-1951), the Harvey Court, Cambridge (1958-1962), the auditoriums for the Middleton Hall, University of Hull (1958 ), the School of Music (1974) and College (1979) at Cambridge University and his proposal for the University of Bristol (1979) that illustrate the essential basis of his coherent architectural career where the tradition of modern architecture, the spatial continuity and the formal order converge. This analysis of the works in the fifties, sixties and seventies illustrates the architect’s constants through the chronological exploration of his works that reveal the compositional mechanisms, the search for formal order and the correct spatial organization taking into account the functional requirements, the relationship with the site and the technological resources that determine his entire career which is characterized by formal consistency and architectural coherence.

II Congreso de Alimentación, Nutrición y Dietética. Avances en Nutrición y Dietética Clínica: Prevención, Tratamiento y Gestión - Rol del Dietista-Nutricionista

The aim of this study was to use the scientific literature to identify interdisciplinary interventions for rehabilitation during the perioperative period for cancer patients who underwent total laryngectomy. We systematically researched controlled descriptors: laryngectomy, patient care team/education, patient care team/manpower, patient care team/methods, patient care team/utilization and rehabilitation. We performed a qualitative narrative synthesis and identified 549 articles. Of these, 113 were duplicates, 398 were excluded during the analysis of the title and abstract, 1 was excluded for unfeasibility of access, and 4 were excluded after reading the article in full, resulting in 33 included articles. The articles addressed different types of interdisciplinary actions, such as vocal, olfactory, pulmonary and alimentary rehabilitation; comparisons of prosthetic devices; and descriptions of practices for total laryngectomized patient rehabilitation. Although the interventions found in the literature were effective in the rehabilitation of the total laryngectomized patient, their interdisciplinarity was not evidenced but was highlighted in these studies as a factor for improvement in terms of practical assistance and quality of life.

On a heterogeneous karstic site in the Larzac plateau (France), we performed cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise recorded at two broadband seismometers to obtain daily seismic velocity changes. Rayleigh velocity changes at the 6- to 8-Hz frequency band show variations of ±0.2% over 1 yr. Assuming a simple velocity profile, changes are expected to come from depths of tens of meters. Therefore velocity changes at 6 to 8 Hz were interpreted as induced by water saturation changes. A slow infiltration rate would explain the delay of several months between the rainy season (November) and the minimum velocity (June). Superconducting gravimeter, evapotranspiration, and magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) measurements were then combined with seismic data in one-dimensional physical simulations. Velocity changes clearly constrain hydrological parameters, like saturated hydraulic conductivity, even if the Biot–Gassmann theory does not explain all of the amplitude observed. Nevertheless, this nondestructive method demonstrates great potential in hydrological model calibration. It overcomes the lack of depth resolution of gravimetry and the lack of temporal resolution of MRS. The combination of ambient seismic noise with gravimetry and MRS could fill the instrumental gap currently existing in hydrology for the study of deep and/or complex critical zones.

Background: The voltage gated K+ channels Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 contribute to the orchestration of cell proliferation. Kinases participating in the regulation of cell proliferation include protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). The present study thus explored whether PKB/Akt modifies the abundance and function of Kv1.3 and Kv1.5. Methods: Kv1.3 or Kv1.5 was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes with or without wild-type PKB/Akt, constitutively active T308D/S473DPKB/Akt or inactive T308A/S473APKB/Akt. The channel activity was quantified utilizing dual electrode voltage clamp. Moreover, HA-tagged Kv1.5 protein was determined utilizing chemiluminescence. Results: Voltage gated K+ currents were observed in Kv1.3 or Kv1.5 expressing oocytes but not in water-injected oocytes or in oocytes expressing PKB/Akt alone. Co-expression of PKB/Akt or T308D/S473DPKB/Akt, but not co-expression of T308A/S473APKB/Akt significantly increased the voltage gated current in both Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 expressing oocytes. As shown for Kv1.5, co-expression of PKB/Akt enhanced the channel protein abundance in the cell membrane. In Kv1.5 expressing oocytes voltage gated current decreased following inhibition of carrier insertion by brefeldin A (5 µM) to similarly low values in the absence and presence of PKB/Akt, suggesting that PKB/Akt stimulated carrier insertion into rather than inhibiting carrier retrieval from the cell membrane. Conclusion: PKB/Akt up-regulates both, Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 K+ channels.

Both alterations in neurodevelopment and aversive experiences during childhood and adolescence seem important risk factors for schizophrenia. Animal models reproducing these alterations mimic some of the symptoms, constituting a valid approach to study the etiopathology of this disorder. Among these models, the perinatal injection of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists and the postweaning social isolation rearing are among the most widely used. Our aim is to combine them in a “double hit” model, which should produce a wider spectrum of alterations. Lister Hooded rats have been subjected to a single injection of MK-801 at postnatal day 7 and socially isolated from postweaning to adulthood. These animals presented increased body weight gain and volume reductions in their medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus. They also showed an increased number of activated pyramidal neurons and alterations in the numbers of parvalbumin and calbindin expressing interneurons in the mPFC. The expressions of the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule and GAD67 are decreased in the mPFC. The mRNA level of calbindin was decreased, while that of calretinin was increased in the mPFC. The mRNA level of ERbB4, a gene associated to schizophrenia, was also altered in this region. All these structural and neurochemical alterations, specially in cortical inhibitory circuits, are similar to those found in schizophrenic patients and are more numerous than in each of the single models. Consequently, the present “double hit” model may be a better tool to study the neurobiological basis of schizophrenia and to explore new therapeutic approaches.

A total of 1,080 one-day-old broiler chicks were used, distributed into a completely randomized design in a 6 x 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with six replications of 30 birds each (15 males and 15 females). Chicks were classified into six breeds (Cobb 500 Slow, Cobb Fast, Ross 308, Ross 508, Hybro Plus and Avian 48), male or female and four slaughter ages (43, 45, 46 and 49 days). Ten birds from each experimental unit (5 males and 5 females) were slaughtered to evaluate carcass yield and commercial cuts. Cobb 500 Slow males showed the maximum potential for weight gain at 47 days old, while the other breeds, between 33 and 35 days old, regardless of sex. Carcass and breast fillet yield showed significant differences, independent of breed, sex and slaughter age, highlighting Cobb breeds. Significant interactions were observed for breast yield, boned and deboned legs among breeds, sex and slaughter age; sex was the determining factor. Wing yield has not been affected by any of the studied factors.

Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi , which causes severe economic losses to the equine industry, represented by the Spanish Purebred (SP) horse in Spain. The seroprevalence of EP is known in certain regions of Spain, but till date, there are no data in SP horses. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of EP in the SP breeding horse population in central Spain and to evaluate risk factors associated with the occurrence of the infection. A total of 536 horse serum samples were tested for antibodies against T. equi and B. caballi by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data on possible risk factors were examined using two logistic regression models with and without a random effect at the stud farm level. The true seroprevalence results were 21.8% for T. equi and 4.7% for B. caballi . Increasing horse age and increasing numbers of breeding stallions on the stud farm were identified as factors associated with EP seropositivity. The implementation of vaccination programs in the horses and disinfection measures in the premises were associated with a lower T. equi and B. caballi seroprevalence, respectively. A moderate exposure to EP was found in SP horses in central Spain. Further investigations are necessary to ensure appropriate preventive measures for stud farms and to facilitate the development of an EP surveillance program in the SP breeding horse population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study Equine viral arteritis ( EVA), a disease caused by infection with the equine arteritis virus ( EAV), is present in many European countries. In Spain, the last confirmed outbreak was reported in 1992 and there is a paucity of seroprevalence studies. The disease has a major impact on the equine breeding industry, which is mainly represented by Spanish Purebred ( SP) horses in Spain. Objectives To estimate the seroprevalence of EAV in the breeding SP horse population in central Spain and identify potential horse and studfarm level factors associated with seropositivity to EAV. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods Individual serum samples from 555 SP horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013 at 35 studfarms, were tested using a commercially available EAV antibody ELISA and seroneutralisation as the World Organisation for Animal Health reference confirmation test for samples with positive and equivocal results. Data on factors putatively associated with seropositivity to EAV were collected via a questionnaire and examined using random effects logistic regression for analysis of clustered data. Results Equine arteritis virus seroprevalence in the SP breeding population in central Spain standardised for the sex distribution of the reference horse population, was estimated to be 16.8% (95% confidence interval 5.2-28.5%). Increasing numbers of breeding mares on the studfarm and increasing percentage of mares with reproductive problems during the last 12 months were identified as being positively associated with EAV seropositivity. Mares vaccinated against Equine herpesvirus-1 ( EHV-1) and/or -4 ( EHV-4) were also positively associated with EAV seropositivity. Conclusions These findings are of importance to ensure appropriate biosecurity measures for studfarms are carried out and may help facilitate the development of an EVA surveillance programme in the SP breeding horse population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are childhood onset neurodevelopmental disorders that may persist into adulthood. ASD and ADHD tend to run in families and may have a significant negative impact on the health and longevity of those with the disorder and their relatives. The aim of this study will be to analyze the risk of mortality among children, adolescents, and adults with ASD or ADHD and their first-degree relatives. Methods/design We will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, and ISI Web of Science will be used to identify epidemiological studies. Eligible studies will be observational studies reporting study-specific data for all-cause mortality or cause-specific mortality in children, adolescents, or adults with ASD or ADHD and/or their first-degree relatives. Cohort studies and case-control studies will be included. The primary outcome will be all-cause mortality. The secondary outcome will be cause-specific mortality. Two reviewers will independently screen references identified by the literature search, as well as potentially relevant full-text articles. Data will be abstracted, and study risk of bias/methodological quality will be appraised by two reviewers independently. The methodological quality of epidemiological studies will be appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Conflicts at all levels of screening and abstraction will be resolved through discussion. Random-effects meta-analyses of primary studies will be conducted where appropriate. Subgroup analyses for exploring statistical heterogeneity, if feasible, will include gender, age group, ethnicity, comorbidities, classification of cause of death, and relevant study characteristics. Discussion Our study will establish the extent of the epidemiological evidence underlying the risk of mortality among children, adolescents, and adults with ASD or ADHD and their first-degree relatives. We anticipate that our findings will be of interest to patients, their families, caregivers, healthcare professionals, scientists, and policy makers. Implications for future epidemiological research will be discussed. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42017059955. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13643-017-0581-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: The objective of this study will be to synthesize the epidemiological evidence and evaluate the validity of the associations between central nervous system disorders and the risk of developing or dying from cancer. Methods/design We will perform an umbrella review of systematic reviews and conduct updated meta-analyses of observational studies (cohort and case-control) investigating the association between central nervous system disorders and the risk of developing or dying from any cancer or specific types of cancer. Searches involving PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Web of Science will be used to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. In addition, online databases will be checked for observational studies published outside the time frames of previous reviews. Eligible central nervous system disorders will be Alzheimer’s disease, anorexia nervosa, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, Down’s syndrome, epilepsy, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. The primary outcomes will be cancer incidence and cancer mortality in association with a central nervous system disorder. Secondary outcome measures will be site-specific cancer incidence and mortality, respectively. Two reviewers will independently screen references identified by the literature search, as well as potentially relevant full-text articles. Data will be abstracted, and study quality/risk of bias will be appraised by two reviewers independently. Conflicts at all levels of screening and abstraction will be resolved through discussion. Random-effects meta-analyses of primary observational studies will be conducted where appropriate. Parameters for exploring statistical heterogeneity are pre-specified. The World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) criteria and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach will be used for determining the quality of evidence for cancer outcomes. Discussion Our study will establish the extent of the epidemiological evidence underlying the associations between central nervous system disorders and cancer and will provide a rigorous and updated synthesis of a range of important site-specific cancer outcomes. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42016052762 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0466-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Purpose: To compare repair of acute lacerations of mixed sensory-motor nerves in humans using a collagen tube versus conventional repair. Methods: In a prospective randomized trial, we repaired the ulnar or the median nerve with a collagen nerve conduit or with conventional microsurgical techniques. We enrolled 43 patients with 44 nerve lacerations. We performed electrophysiological tests and hand function using a standardized clinical evaluation instrument, the Rosen scoring system, after 12 and 24 months. Results: Operation time using the collagen conduit was significantly shorter than for conventional neurorrhaphy. There were no complications in terms of infection, extrusion of the conduit, or other local adverse reaction. Thirty-one patients with 32 nerve lesions, repaired with collagen conduits or direct suture, attended the 24-month follow-up. There was no difference between sensory function, discomfort, or total Rosen scores. Motor scores were significantly better for the direct suture group after 12 months, but after 24 months, there were no differences between the treatment groups. There was a general further recovery of both motor and sensory conduction parameters at 24 months compared with 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences in amplitudes, latencies, or conduction velocities between the groups. Conclusions: Use of a collagen conduit produced recovery of sensory and motor functions that were equivalent to direct suture 24 months after repair when the nerve gap inside the tube was 6 mm or less, and the collagen conduit proved to be safe for these nerve lacerations in the forearm. Type of study/level of evidence: Therapeutic II. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the oral health impacts perceived by patients submitted to different treatments of chronic periodontitis and their association with clinical parameters. Methods: Sixty patients were assigned to one of the following therapeutic groups: control, treated with full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP); test 1, treated with SRP and 400 mg systemically administered metronidazole (MET) three times per day for 10 days; test 2, treated with SRP and professional supragingival plaque removal (PP) every week for 3 months; and test 3, treated with SRP and MET plus PP. Clinical periodontal measurements and data regarding patients' oral health impacts (perceived impacts on bleeding gums, gingival recession, sensitivity to cold, packing foods, aesthetics, bad breath, and tooth mobility) were collected at baseline and 3 months after therapy. Results: All groups presented significant improvement in oral health perceived impacts. There was no statistically significant difference in the improvement of oral health impacts among groups subjected to different treatments. The clinical data of percentage of deep probing depth, deep clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing were found to be correlated significantly with oral health impacts. Conclusions: Periodontal treatment leads to a significant reduction of self-perceived impacts regardless of the nonsurgical treatment protocol employed. Most of the clinical data were associated with oral health impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Low dosages of detomidine produce sedation in horses. • Changes were acknowledged in stride kinematic parameters. • No statistical differences were found in coordination parameters. Alpha-2-adrenergic drugs, such as detomidine, are commonly used to sedate lame horses during examination. However, the use of these drugs should be minimized, as they have numerous side-effects, like ataxia. Therefore, we wanted to test the effects, on the locomotor pattern, of low doses of detomidine (0.003 mg/kg). Six horses were sedated with 0.003 mg/kg of detomidine and compared with the same horses administered a saline solution. Using a triaxial accelerometer, data of kinetic, coordination and energetic locomotor parameters and the degree of sedation were collected. The effects were monitored for 60 minutes after treatment administration. No effects on coordination parameters were observed, but some kinetic and energetic parameters were significantly altered after detomidine administration compared to the saline group. These results show that administering low doses of detomidine to lame horses can be a useful sedative solution, ensuring a safe examination with lower side-effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the proposition that much of the latter day treatment of the "relationship between science and technology" has only related to a meta-world separate from the post-Newtonian conception of a single world. In this context man has appeared to have been shorn of personal skill, with all emphasis on the processing of knowledge. The author identifies and names the key characteristics of engines and science, both artifacts, and suggests that rather than concentrating on the powers of an ill-defined science, people should look closely at products of human activity. These indicate differences in working by scientists and engineers, as well as the unlikelihood of a "science-based technology." In the light of 19th- and 20th-century ideas and writing, the author discusses the concepts of "science-as-knowledge" and "science-as-an-activity," as well as the distinction between science, technology, and industry.

Diet is an accepted risk factor for equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD), but there is little published evidence for the benefit of dietary change (DC). This study evaluated the effect of DC with or without initial omeprazole medication. Twelve pairs of exercising horses with ESGD Grade 2/4 (EM) and 17 pairs with ESGD Grade ≥3/4 (ES), were monitored. Paired horses had similar management, feeding times, workloads, and initially feed or forage. One of each pair was randomly assigned, postgastroscopy (Scope1), to a specified restricted starch ration; the other remained on their original diet. Omeprazole (4 mg/kg per os SID) was given to all ES pairs for 4 weeks. Gastroscopies were scored, without dietary knowledge, after 4 and 10 weeks (Scopes 2 and 3). Workloads remained similar throughout. McNemar's tests identified any changes in ESGD grade. Within the EM group, DC had no additional effect. For the ES group remaining on their original diet, there was significant improvement in ESGD grade from Scopes 1 to 2 (P <.001) but a worsening between Scopes 2 and 3 (P =.005), with Scope 3 being no different from Scope 1 (P =.08) reflecting no apparent long-term medication benefit. For the DC group, there was significant improvement in ESGD grade from Scopes 1 to 2 (P <.001) and between Scopes 1 and 3 (P =.003); In addition, there was no significant difference between Scopes 2 and 3 (P =.32). Although limited by the small number of pairs evaluated, this study provides evidence that appropriate DCs can be a beneficial management strategy for ESGD. • Confirmation of efficacy of omeprazole for squamous ulceration in the field. • Overall, no apparent long-term benefit of initial medical treatment when no change in diet, management, and training was made. • Improvement in squamous gastric ulceration score following omeprazole treatment persisted 6 weeks later in those animals whose diet was changed (principally a reduction in starch or sugar intake). • Appropriate dietary changes can be a beneficial management strategy for equine squamous gastric disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]