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Abstract Background The transition to college life is a highly demanding period for all students, especially when enrolling into an academically-challenging field as that of medicine. First-generation medical students represent an overlooked demographic and are thought to be more vulnerable to the stressors of college. This study’s aim is to explore the differences between first and continuing-generation medical students in Egypt regarding their academic performance, extracurricular training opportunities and future expectations. Methods Two identical 24-item online questionnaires, in English and Arabic were distributed with five main themes: general demographics, academic performance, extracurricular training opportunities (outpatient clinics, hospitals and operating rooms), future expectations and if participants have relatives in the medical field. Results Responses from 1652 eligible respondents from all 36 medical universities in Egypt were received. Continuing-generation medical students achieved a higher cumulative grade, with 46.1% getting an “Excellent” grade compared to only 38.4% in the first-generation. The gap between the two groups was best noted in Year 1 (p-value

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. In DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria of autism consisted of three domains: impairment in social interaction, communication deficits, and stereotypic behavior, while in DSM-5 they were condensed into two domains: social communication deficits and restricted patterns of behavior to which sensory processing deficits (SPD) were added, manifested by hypo- or hyper-reactivity to sensory stimuli or uncommon interests in sensory aspects of the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between SPD and the symptom triad in ASD namely social interaction, communication deficits, and stereotypic behavior. To our knowledge, this issue was not studied before in Egyptian literature. Results There was a significant negative correlation between SPD (assessed by short sensory profile: SSP) and symptom triad in ASD. As regards social interaction, the ADI-R (A), there was significant negative correlation with the SSP total scores and all subscales except for low energy/weak and visual/auditory sensitivity, whereas under-responsive/seeks sensation held the highest negative correlation (p ˂ 0.008). As regards communication deficits, the ADI-R (B), there was significant negative correlation with the SSP total scores and the auditory filtering held the highest negative correlation (p ˂ 0.008), and as regards stereotypic behavior, the ADI-R (C), there was significant negative correlation with the SSP total scores and all subscales except for low energy/weak and visual/auditory sensitivity whereas taste/smell sensitivity and auditory filtering held the highest negative correlation (p ˂ 0.001). There was a high significant negative correlation between the severity of autistic symptoms (assessed by CARS) and the SSP total scores, and for all subscales (p ˂ 0.001) except for low energy/weak, the correlation was significant (not highly significant) (p ˂ 0.05). Finally, there was high percentage of parental consanguinity among the participants (80%). Conclusions SPD negatively affected the ASD symptom triad which highlights the importance of sensory integration therapy (SIT) as a major core of ASD treatment alongside the other treatment modalities. Early ASD screening is mandatory in families with parental consanguinity.

يتخلص بحثنا الموسوم (التدخل التركي في العراق 1925-1958) البدايات الحقيقية لهذا التدخل بدءاً من مشكلة الموصل في 25 تموز 1925 وحتى قيام ثورة 14 تموز عام 1958... إذ يبين هذا البحث المراحل المختلفة لهذا التدخل. ومن خلال مباحث ومطالب عدة منطلقين في مدى أهمية المراحل الأولى والمطالبة بالموصل وتوجهات تركيا في هذا الجانب ليأخذ فيما بعد مراحل 1930- 1940- 1950 وكل ما مر بها من تطورات من أهمها ميثاق سعد آباد وحلف بغداد وتأثيرهما على علاقات العراق بجيرانه، فضلاً عن ذلك تناول البحث أزمة المياه التي كانت من النقاط الخلافية المهمة والقضية التركمانية، التي كانت تركيا تعدها من أهم القضايا التي تهمها... لذلك جاءت هذه الدراسة لتوضح أسباب التدخل، وأهم الاستنتاجات البحثية، التي استشفت من مضامين هذا التدخل والذي يعود لسنوات طويلة وتحديداً منذ الحرب العالمية الأولى وما أعقبها من أحداث ومستجدات رغم ترسيم الحدود بين البلدين إلا أن الخلافات بقيت قائمة ولسنين طويلة، ولعل أصعب هذه الخلافات هي أزمة المياه التي أثرت بشكل أو بآخر على الاقتصاد العراقي كالكهرباء والزراعة وغيرها الكثير ومستمرة إلى وقتنا الحاضر.

Background: Surface smoothness considered to be a significant part of the appearance and success of the restorative materials. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of four different polishing systems on surface roughness of four resin composite materials when subjected to thermocycling. Materials and Methods: This research was designed as a comparative study. Four resin composites were used which are: Nanofill composite (Filtek Supreme XT), nanohybrid composite (Tetric EvoCeram), microfill composite (Renamel Microfill), and microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250). Sixty disk-shaped specimens of each resin composite were prepared then divided into four groups according to the polishing system (n = 15); which were Sof-Lex Spiral, Diatech Shapeguard, Venus Supra, and Astropol. The specimens of each group were polished following the manufactures' instructions, then surface roughness, Ra values in μm were measured initially and after the specimens subjected to thermal cycling. The influence of resin composites, polishing systems, thermocycling, and their interaction effects on surface roughness (Ra mean values) was statistically analyzed mainly by using the repeated measures two-way analysis of variance test, whereas the Bonferroni''s post hoc test was applied for pair-wise comparisons. P ≤ 0.05 was used as the significant level. Results: The results of this study revealed that Filtek Supreme XT recorded significantly the lowest mean surface roughness (Ra) of 0.2533 ± 0.073 μm (P < 0.001). The Sof-Lex Spiral polishing system revealed significantly the lowest mean surface roughness (Ra) of 0.2734 ± 0.0903 μm (P = 0.004). Regardless of composite type and polishing system, there was a statistically significant increase in mean surface roughness values (Ra) in μm after thermocycling (0.2251 ± 0.0496 μm and 0.3506 ± 0.0868 μm, respectively) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Resin composite type, polishing method, and thermocycling aging significantly affected the surface roughness of composites; Nanofill composite and Sof-Lex Spiral polishing system provided the lowest values of surface roughness which increased after thermocycling.

Over the years, many theories of learning have emerged, trying to explain the various movements and behaviors of objects around us, and find the relationship between these objects and their causes. Starting from the behavioral theory that studied the human behavior, passing through the theory of prediction where a compatible result could be predicted from any single action, till reaching the Chaos Theory. As Being able to explain a number of issues that the previous scientific theories stood still without having any reason or definition for such issues, Chaos theory has attracted a great attention by its ability to find a link between disparate things, or anticipating the interrelationships among them, even if looking random, and following non-linear paths, but repeated in such an organized and nearly symmetrical way as if they were attracted back to a specific point of attraction.In an attempt to reach the seemingly invisible system of phenomena, behaviors, or movements, The Chaos Theory try to construct some rules needed for its study and utilization of its applications. Representing the practical application of the Chaos Theory, Fractal Geometry could be used to formulate a wide range of design innovations in interior, furniture design and their complementary products either in the field of interior design or the field of product design.Research Query:To what extent is it possible to use the applications of Chaos theory in the interior, furniture design and their complementary products? Research Objectives:1. Defining of Chaos theory and Fractal Geometry as being the application of Chaos theory, and their role in interior, furniture design and their complementary products.2. The way of using Fractal geometrical forms and their creative potentials in finding different and innovative solutions in interior, furniture design and their additives and complementary products leading to a non limited collection of modern and contemporary productsHypothesis:Scientific studies of mathematical and philosophical theories could offer various, innovative solutions that could meet the user needs in the field of interior design & furniture and its complementary products. Research Methodology:Descriptive analytical method is used relying on the compiling, comparing and analyzing of information and facts in order to get acceptable perceptions, ideas and considerations.

The preservation of the architectural heritage is an integral part of the process of preserving the cultural identity. The preservation of the heritage buildings is an integrated process that must be applied in all its aspects. It is not logical to consider that the restoration alone is sufficient to preserve the heritage buildings, Butadaptive reuse after restoration provides the protection of the heritage buildings whether in the use for which it was established or in a new use corresponds its interior design and area, as well as its location and its cultural character, without prejudice to its archaeological value and privacy. Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings with a deliberate manner, takes into consideration the design aspects of the internal spaces of the buildings is necessary to preserve it so that adjustments and architectural elements added do not affect the buildings in terms of construction or interior design, or cause damage to them as happened to many homes, palaces and "Khanqua" in the Islamic world. The Main point in the research lies in: - Lack of clear design criteria for adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. - Random reuse of heritage buildings in a way that does not fit with the location, area, and interior design, which harms them. - Neglecting the principle of adaptive reuse and only the restoration and renovation of heritage buildings. The research aims to: 1 - Develop the design criteria for the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings to ensure their sustainability 2 - Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings in a systematic scientific methods. The research proposes: 1- Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings after restoration ensures the preservation and sustainability. 2 - Respecting the design criteria achieves the most benefit from the heritage buildings during Adaptive reuse Research Methodology: Descriptive, Analytical Research Outline: To study the impact of the adaptive reuse process of heritage buildings on their preservation and sustainability.

Building material is an important factor in the construction of the architectural form and is one of the most important influences that affect continuously in the construction of the architectural form and consequently the formation of interior spaces, clay material is one of the oldest building materials used by humans and developed through many different techniques to build, commensurate with the possibilities Available in accordance with environmental conditions. Clay architecture is characterized by simplicity and this is demonstrated by the use of local building materials that meet the needs of the environment and the climatic conditions of each region. The importance of the study here for the purpose of re-use of clay in the construction with the procedure of design of the interior spaces of the building to find solutions to many of the design and environmental problems that face us in many traditional buildings and through the research was highlighted some of the most important features and characteristics of mud building and study of interior architectural spaces Including elements, bases, determinants and treatments. The research also found that the clay material has environmental characteristics that achieve the concept of sustainability, especially if the interior spaces are treated in ways that are compatible with this concept.

The research deals with the study of the principles of visual perception of Gestalt school and its application to Islamic geometric decorations and its use in organizing the units of decorative designs in interior design. The Main question in the research lies in: - How can we benefit from visual perception principles of Gestalt School and be used in the organization of Islamic interior design? The research aims at: - To confirm the relationship between visual perception principles of Gestalt school and geometric decoration in Islamic art. - Utilizing visual perception principles of Gestalt school in the organization of the units of decorative designs in the field of interior design. The research proposes: - The visual perception principles of the Gestalt School are realized in the geometric designs of Islamic art. Research Methodology: Inductive Method Research Outline: - The research is determined in the study of the principles of Gestalt school and the interpretation of the plastic relations of Islamic geometric decoration according to those principles and their applications in interior design Guiding words: - Visual perception- Design perception –Gestalt principles – Islamic decorations. Research conclusion: - The concept of the Gestalt school, which indicates that The Whole is different from the sum of its part, is confirmed by the geometric decorations in Islamic art. The ease of recognizing and remembering geometric forms and processing them psychologically through the discovery of systems and their distribution relationships.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic directly affects the psychological well‐being of critical care nurses. Several studies had investigated the psychological impact of the pandemic on nurses caring for patients with COVID‐19, but few were conducted to identify the predictors of this impact. Aims: The objective of this study is to identify the predictors of critical care nurses' stress, anxiety, and depression in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Design: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in five intensive care units in five hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt. Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed. It included socio‐demographic and work‐related data and the depression, anxiety, and stress scale scores of the nurses under study. A multiple linear regression model was developed to identify the predictors of critical care nurses' stress, anxiety, and depression in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Results: Two hundred (64%) of 308 nurses completed the electronic questionnaire. Significant predictors of stress included the number of infected colleagues (P <.001) and availability of hospital resources (P =.01). Significant predictors of anxiety were age, gender, satisfactory income (P <.001), years of experience, time spent caring for patients with COVID‐19 (P =.04), continuous training, number of infected colleagues (P =.01), and availability of hospital resources (P =.02). Finally, significant predictors of depression included gender, history of physical problems (P =.04), educational attainment, availability of hospital resources, history of psychological problems (P <.001), and number of infected colleagues (P =.001). Conclusion: The hospital's lack of human and physical resources and the number of colleagues infected with COVID‐19 were the strongest predictors of stress, anxiety, and depression among nurses. Relevance to clinical practice: Identifying the predictors of stress, anxiety, and depression among nurses who care for patients with COVID‐19 is a vital step in developing mental health promotion strategies to support nurses during this pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic low back pain is a common painful medical problem which has significant socioeconomic impact. Conventional pharmacological therapy usually associated with adverse effects. Mesotherapy is the injection of active substances into the surface layer of the skin. This method allows a slower spread, higher levels, and longer lasting effects of drugs in the tissues underlying the site of injection compared with those following intramuscular injection. This technique is useful when a local pharmacological effect is required and relatively high doses of drug in the systemic circulation are not. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare mesotherapy versus conventional systemic administration of NSAIDs in chronic low back pain with sciatica (radicular pain). Patients and Methods: Fifty patients were randomized to receive anti-inflammatory therapy according to the following protocols: group I had received ketoprofen 100 mg (2 ml) + 2% lidocaine (1 ml) + saline (2 ml) for 4 injections. Group II had received: 100 mg ketoprofen orally twice daily. Results: After receiving treatment (After one and three months; As regarding VAS, repeated measure of the mean VAS score for each group separately showed statistically significant reduction (P < 0.01), and statistically highly significant higher percentage regarding sever grade of disability in group II (57.1% and 72.7%; respectively) compared with group I (42.9% and 27.3%; respectively) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that the administration of NSAIDs via mesotherapy technique provides better therapeutic benefit than that induced by oral drug administration. That beside the lower drug amounts administered to patients undergoing mesotherapy and the low frequency of administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable control of plant diseases requires a good understanding of the epidemiological aspects such as the biology of the causal pathogens. In the current study, we used RT-PCR and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to contribute to the characterization of maize lethal necrotic (MLN) viruses and to identify other possible viruses that could represent a future threat in maize production in Tanzania. RT-PCR screening for Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV) detected the virus in the majority (97%) of the samples (n = 223). Analysis of a subset (n = 48) of the samples using NGS-Illumina Miseq detected MCMV and Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) at a co-infection of 62%. The analysis further detected Maize streak virus with an 8% incidence in samples where MCMV and SCMV were also detected. In addition, signatures of Maize dwarf mosaic virus, Sorghum mosaic virus, Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV and Barley yellow dwarf virus were detected with low coverage. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral coat protein showed that isolates of MCMV and SCMV were similar to those previously reported in East Africa and Hebei, China. Besides characterization, we used farmers' interviews and direct field observations to give insights into MLN status in different agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Kilimanjaro, Mayara, and Arusha. Through the survey, we showed that the prevalence of MLN differed across regions (P = 0.0012) and villages (P < 0.0001) but not across AEZs (P > 0.05). The study shows changing MLN dynamics in Tanzania and emphasizes the need for regional scientists to utilize farmers' awareness in managing the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]