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Abstract Background The established recommendations and guidelines regarding ideal measurements for an attractive face are mostly based on data gathered among Caucasian population. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perception of 3-dimensional facial attractiveness and golden ratio, neoclassical canons, ‘ideal’ ratios and ‘ideal’ angles in Hong Kong Chinese. Methods Thirty 3-D photographs (15 males and 15 females) were shown to 101 laypersons and 60 patients seeking orthognathic treatment. The photographs were rated based on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 (very unattractive) to 100 (very attractive). Results More than half of the measurements (42/77) in females and thirty-two measurements in males were found to be significantly different from the ideal target value (p

Background : The established recommendations and guidelines regarding ideal measurements for an attractive face are mostly based on data gathered among Caucasian population. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perception of 3-dimensional facial attractiveness and golden ratio, neoclassical canons, 'ideal' ratios and 'ideal' angles in Hong Kong Chinese. Methods: Thirty 3-D photographs (15 males and 15 females) were shown to 101 laypersons and 60 patients seeking orthognathic treatment. The photographs were rated based on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 (very unattractive) to 100 (very attractive). Results: More than half of the measurements (42/77) in females and thirty-two measurements in males were found to be significantly different from the ideal target value (p < 0.05) upon the comparison of the attractive faces with golden ratio, neoclassical canons, 'ideal' ratios and 'ideal' angles. Meanwhile, correlation tests between VAS scores and the parameters detected significant results (p < 0.05) in only six ratios, eight angles, one neoclassical canon and one proportion. Conclusions: Despite several renowned 'ideal' parameters of attractive faces that have been recommended in the literature, only a few of them were found to be significantly correlated with attractive faces in Hong Kong Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study. Orthodontic treatment intends to create a harmony between dental, muscular and osseous components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, using proportional indexes, the effect of functional therapy on facial aesthetics rehabilitation, in class II/1 patients. Material and methods. We selected 60 patients with class II/1 malocclusion, aged between 6 and 12 years, treated with functional appliances. Specific indexes on standard photography at the beginning and the end of the treatment were assessed: F2- Lower face-face height, F3-Mandibulo-face height, F4-Mandibulo-upper face height, F5-Mandibulo-lower face height. Results. Statistically significant differences were noticed for F4 and F5 (p

Context: Modern orthodontics focuses on soft tissue paradigms. Successful treatment outcomes are dependent on the patient's self-impression. Understanding individual differences in perception of facial attractiveness across orthodontics, their patients and other dental specialists would help obtain optimal and satisfactory results. Aim: To determine facial frontal proportions and lip position preferences among lay people, general dentists, specialists, and orthodontists to estimate differences in perceptions. Materials and Methods: 200 raters divided into Group 1 [50 each of orthodontists, general dentists, specialist dentists (oral surgeons, endodontists, periodontists, prosthodontists, and pedodontists)] and Group 2 (50 lay individuals of Telangana origin) participated in a questionnaire-based survey comprising photographs of one male and one female of Telangana origin with mesoprosopic faces and competent lips morphed as leptoprosopic and euryprosopic with lip positions morphed as potentially incompetent and incompetent. Raters evaluated and ranked each set of three altered frontal images on a 3-point Likert scale and lips on a 6-point Likert scale. Statistical Analysis Used: Means and standard deviation for the entire sample population and independently for gender and professional groups were obtained. Mann–Whitney test to compare rankings of each male and female image according to gender and Kruskal–Wallis test to compare rankings of male and female images between the four groups were done. Results: Mesoprosopic faces were most attractive in males and females followed by leptoprosopic and euryprosopic patterns. Male and female subject values did not differ significantly when analyzed. Orthodontists and specialist dentists found mesoprosopic male and female faces to be most attractive. Euryprosopic female faces were deemed more acceptable by lay public. Competent lip images were found to be most attractive. Potentially incompetent lips in males and incompetent lips in females were least attractive. Conclusion: These findings can assist orthodontists in treatment planning. Lower facial height changes can be assessed, and effects on overall patient esthetics can be determined for treatment results to closely mimic patient expectations.

Introduction: In ancient days, it was believed that attractive and harmonious faces were having certain fixed proportions known as neoclassical canons. These canons were used extensively by Leonardo Da Vinci, Durer in their art during renaissance. They served as guidelines for artists as well as for aesthetic surgeons for centuries and proved to be helpful till now. From ancient days to modern era, the exact formula of beauty is not yet calculated. The norms of beauty changes from country to country and race to race. A face is beautiful and shows harmonious features if the individual components are proportional, this is what is referred as facial balance. In ancient Greece, they calculated the formula for creation of art and these formulae are called as neoclassical canons. The classical Greek canons of facial balance are still foundation of modern reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. Aim: To check the validity of neoclassical canon in Western Maharashtrian population. Materials and Methods: This was an observational type of study carried out from March 2018 to January 2020. The validity of Naso-oral canon was checked in Western Maharashtrian population. According to this canon ideal mouth width (chch) (mouth width (distance between right and left corners of mouth called chelion)) is 1.5 times of Nose width/alar width (al-al) (alar width (distance between right and left ala of nose)). Mouth width=1.5 times of Nose width. However, the mouth width can be less than 1.5 times of nose width or mouth width can be greater than 1.5 times of nose width. This study was carried out in the five cities Sangli, Kolhapur, Islampur, Karad and Satara of Western Maharashtra, India. Total 1500 male and female students, 300 from each city, between the age group of 18-20 years were selected. Measurements were taken with the help of digital Vernier caliper. The methodology adopted for the measurements was taken from the guidelines given by Farkas LG in his book- “Anthropometric facial proportions in Medicine”. Results: In present study, total 68.33% subjects including males and females were having mouth width (ch-ch) lesser than one and half times of nose width/alar width (al-al) i.e., ch-ch 1.5 (al-al). Conclusion: Naso-oral neoclassical canon was not found valid in Western Maharashtrian young adults. In 78.32% male and 62.80% female population of Western Maharashtra, mouth width was found lesser than one and half times of nose width.

Introduction: In ancient days, it was believed that attractive and harmonious faces were having certain fixed proportions known as neoclassical canons. These canons were used extensively by Leonardo Da Vinci, Durer in their art during renaissance. They served as guidelines for artists as well as for aesthetic surgeons for centuries and proved to be helpful till now. From ancient days to modern era, the exact formula of beauty is not yet calculated. The norms of beauty changes from country to country and race to race. A face is beautiful and shows harmonious features if the individual components are proportional, this is what is referred as facial balance. In ancient Greece, they calculated the formula for creation of art and these formulae are called as neoclassical canons. The classical Greek canons of facial balance are still foundation of modern reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. Aim: To check the validity of neoclassical canon in Western Maharashtrian population. Materials and Methods: This was an observational type of study carried out from March 2018 to January 2020. The validity of Naso-oral canon was checked in Western Maharashtrian population. According to this canon ideal mouth width (ch-ch) (mouth width (distance between right and left corners of mouth called chelion)) is 1.5 times of Nose width/alar width (al-al) (alar width (distance between right and left ala of nose)). Mouth width=1.5 times of Nose width. However, the mouth width can be less than 1.5 times of nose width or mouth width can be greater than 1.5 times of nose width. This study was carried out in the five cities Sangli, Kolhapur, Islampur, Karad and Satara of Western Maharashtra, India. Total 1500 male and female students, 300 from each city, between the age group of 18-20 years were selected. Measurements were taken with the help of digital Vernier caliper. The methodology adopted for the measurements was taken from the guidelines given by Farkas LG in his book- “Anthropometric facial proportions in Medicine”. Results: In present study, total 68.33% subjects including males and females were having mouth width (ch-ch) lesser than one and half times of nose width/alar width (al-al) i.e., ch- ch <1.5 (al-al). Remaining 31.67% subjects were having mouth width greater than one and half times of nose width/alar width i.e., ch-ch >1.5(al-al). Conclusion: Naso-oral neoclassical canon was not found valid in Western Maharashtrian young adults. In 78.32% male and 62.80% female population of Western Maharashtra, mouth width was found lesser than one and half times of nose width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Modern orthodontics focuses on soft tissue paradigms. Successful treatment outcomes are dependent on the patient's self-impression. Understanding individual differences in perception of facial attractiveness across orthodontics, their patients and other dental specialists would help obtain optimal and satisfactory results. Aim: To determine facial frontal proportions and lip position preferences among lay people, general dentists, specialists, and orthodontists to estimate differences in perceptions. Materials and Methods: 200 raters divided into Group 1 [50 each of orthodontists, general dentists, specialist dentists (oral surgeons, endodontists, periodontists, prosthodontists, and pedodontists)] and Group 2 (50 lay individuals of Telangana origin) participated in a questionnaire-based survey comprising photographs of one male and one female of Telangana origin with mesoprosopic faces and competent lips morphed as leptoprosopic and euryprosopic with lip positions morphed as potentially incompetent and incompetent. Raters evaluated and ranked each set of three altered frontal images on a 3-point Likert scale and lips on a 6-point Likert scale. Statistical Analysis Used: Means and standard deviation for the entire sample population and independently for gender and professional groups were obtained. Mann–Whitney test to compare rankings of each male and female image according to gender and Kruskal–Wallis test to compare rankings of male and female images between the four groups were done. Results: Mesoprosopic faces were most attractive in males and females followed by leptoprosopic and euryprosopic patterns. Male and female subject values did not differ significantly when analyzed. Orthodontists and specialist dentists found mesoprosopic male and female faces to be most attractive. Euryprosopic female faces were deemed more acceptable by lay public. Competent lip images were found to be most attractive. Potentially incompetent lips in males and incompetent lips in females were least attractive. Conclusion: These findings can assist orthodontists in treatment planning. Lower facial height changes can be assessed, and effects on overall patient esthetics can be determined for treatment results to closely mimic patient expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to attempt to determine a reliable method of evaluating midface position. We assessed a novel parameter called WIZDOM (Width of the Interzygomatic Distance of the Midface) and its relationship to other facial metrics.Objectives: The goal was to evaluate midfacial position quantitatively in women by examining 2-dimensional photographs of a subset of women with idealized facial proportions.Methods: Three examiners analyzed stock photographs of nonsmiling female model faces. Numerous parameters were analyzed for each photograph, including: interpupillary distance, medial canthus (MC) to lip, brow length, WIZDOM, WIZDOM to MC, WIZDOM to hairline, WIZDOM to chin vertical, and lateral brow to WIZDOM. Meaningful relationships between various parameters were statistically analyzed. Examiner measurements were assessed for interobserver reliability.Results: Fifty-five female model photographs were included in the analysis. The average interpupillary distance was 59.2 mm ± 3.54 (range, 50.5-67.3 mm). The WIZDOM average was 108 mm ± 5.81 (range, 93-127 mm) and brow length was 107 mm ± 5.87 (range, 96.7-124 mm). The difference between brow length and WIZDOM was not statistically different (P = 0.834). The interobserver reliability between the 3 examiners was excellent for all parameters (P < 0.01), ranging from 0.718 (WIZDOM-MC) to 0.993 (interpupillary distance). The WIZDOM measurement was reproducible with an interobserver coefficient of 0.939.Conclusions: WIZDOM can be used to quantify aesthetically desirable midfacial position in patients and can be used as a measurement to aid in assessment and as an ideal to achieve balanced aesthetic results in midface restorative procedures-lifting or volumization-in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Although two dimensional cephalometry is the standard method for analyzing the results of orthognathic surgery, it has potential limits in frontal soft tissue analysis. We have utilized a 3 dimensional camera to examine changes in soft tissue landmarks in patients with skeletal class III dentofacial deformity who underwent two-jaw rotational setback surgery. We assessed 25 consecutive Asian patients (mean age, 22 years; range, 17–32 years) with skeletal class III dentofacial deformities who underwent two-jaw rotational surgery without maxillary advancement. Using a 3D camera, we analyzed changes in facial proportions, including vertical and horizontal dimensions, facial surface areas, nose profile, lip contour, and soft tissue cheek convexity, as well as landmarks related to facial symmetry. The average mandibular setback was 10.7 mm (range: 5–17 mm). The average SNA changed from 77.4° to 77.8°, the average SNB from 89.2° to 81.1°, and the average occlusal plane from 8.7° to 11.4°. The mid third vertical dimension changed from 58.8 mm to 57.8 mm (p = 0.059), and the lower third vertical dimension changed from 70.4 mm to 68.2 mm (p = 0.0006). The average bigonial width decreased from 113.5 mm to 109.2 mm (p = 0.0028), the alar width increased from 34.7 mm to 36.1 mm (p-value = 0.0002), and lip length was unchanged. Mean mid and lower facial surface areas decreased significantly, from 171.8 cm2 to 166.2 cm2 (p = 0.026) and from 71.23 cm2 to 61.9 cm2 (p < 0.0001), respectively. Cheek convexity increased significantly, from 171.8° to 155.9° (p = 0.0007). The 3D camera was effective in frontal soft tissue analysis for orthognathic surgery, and enabled quantitative analysis of changes in frontal soft tissue landmarks and facial proportions that were not possible with conventional 2D cephalometric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: Facial morphology is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors which interact in complex ways to determine the form and function of the craniofacial complex. Many studies have been done to know the amount of heritability of the skeletal components but hardly are known about the heritability of soft tissue pattern which is compared by everyone as soon as the child born. Cephalometry and photography is used in orthodontics to document the appearance of the face. Considerable progress has been made in the development of its application in orthodontics. Thus, the study was done to know the heritability of soft tissue pattern between parents and their offsprings by using photographs. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 140 children and their parents. Material was collected from both the genders of children above the age of 16 years. Frontal and right lateral photographs of the entire sample were taken in the standardized pattern. Tracings were made on all the photographs. Twenty-seven parameters of linear and proportional measurements were measured. Results: Statistically significant correlations between parents and their offspring were found. It was found that daughters had greater genetic influence from both the parent than sons. Higher correlation was found for the mandibular position, chin prominence, nasal prominence, nasal width, lip length at philtrum, facial height and lip prominence. Conclusion: The evidence of significant genetic contribution was there for linear and proportional parameters. Sons showed stronger heritability to their mothers than to their fathers while daughter showed heritability from both the parents. Thus, the soft tissue form of offspring can be predicted from parental data and the information from the siblings can also be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an engine for enhancing the geometry of a 3D face mesh model while making the enhanced version share close similarity with the original. After obtaining the feature points of a given scanned 3D face model, we first perform a local and global symmetrization on the key facial features. We then apply an overall proportion optimization to the frontal face based on Neoclassical Canons and golden ratios. A nonlinear least-squares solution is adopted to adjust the feature points so that the face profile complies with the aesthetic criteria, which are derived from the profile cosmetology. Through the above processes, we obtain the optimized feature points, which will lead to a more attractive face. According to the original feature points and the optimized ones, we perform Laplacian deformation to adjust the remaining points of the face in order to preserve the geometric details. The analysis of user study in this paper validates the effectiveness of our 3D face geometry enhancement engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between facial attractiveness and facial proportions. Here, we generated facial images with different proportions using computer software, hence avoided the influence of hairstyle, facial expression as well as skin tone and texture on the perception of facial attractiveness. By analyzing the relationship between the facial proportions of 432 computer generated facial images and their attractiveness ratings, here we identified the optimum proportions for an attractive female face and further established a model of predicting facial attractiveness from four principle components of facial proportions with good predictability (R 2=0.64). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Genetic model-fitting was used to determine the heritability of anteroposterior and vertical facial proportions in twins. Lateral headplates of 33 monozygotic and 46 dizygotic twins, none of whom had undergone orthodontic treatment, were used. Five proportions, based on four vertical and five horizontal measurements, were assessed: lower facial height, anterior- to posterior-facial height, total facial height to face depth, sella-A-point to sella-B-point, and sella-upper incisal edge to sella-lower incisal edge. Reproducibility was high for all variables. Model-fitting indicated that all the facial proportions were controlled by additive genes and the specific environment. The genetic component was 71% for upper- to lower-facial height, 66% for anterior- to posterior-facial height, 62% for total facial height, and 66% for sella-A-point to sella-B-point and sella- upper incisal edge to sella-lower incisal edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]