Search

The deployment of fixed-wing aircraft in fire-extinguishing operations represents a significant advancement in the domain of aviation emergency rescue. Addressing the challenge of enhancing firefighting efficacy, this study delves into the water-dropping strategies of fixed-wing extinguishers and provides a methodological framework for the strategic planning and assessment of water-dropping tactics, employing multi-resolution modeling. The formulation of the planning algorithm and the structure of the effectiveness evaluation index system are explained accordingly. The corresponding prototype system was designed, comprising four subsystems that utilized distinct resolution models: fire environment simulation, water-dropping point scheme planning, approaching path planning, and mission evaluation simulation. Case studies validate the system's capability to forecast fire and smoke propagation, plan a water-dropping trajectory based on the fire line, optimize flight paths based on the trajectory, and simulate as well as evaluate the whole firefighting mission process. The above research comprehensively constructs the model, finishes the iterative optimization, and evaluates the water-dropping strategy by simulation. The technical path and methodological framework of studying water-dropping strategies are established. The outcomes of this study provide invaluable support for the parameter inversion design of the fixed-wing extinguisher, offering decision-making assistance to commanders and supplying training scenarios for new aviation crews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-shot devices are products that can only be used once. Typical one-shot devices include airbags, fire extinguishers, inflatable life vests, ammo, and handheld flares. Most of them are life-saving products and should be highly reliable in an emergency. Quality control of those productions and predicting their reliabilities over time is critically important. To assess the reliability of the products, manufacturers usually test them in controlled conditions rather than user conditions. We may rely on public datasets that reflect their reliability in actual use, but the datasets often come with missing observations. The experimenter may lose information on covariate readings due to human errors. Traditional missing-data-handling methods may not work well in handling one-shot device data as they only contain their survival statuses. In this research, we propose Multiple Imputation with Unsupervised Learning (MIUL) to impute the missing data using Hierarchical Clustering, k-prototype, and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN). Our simulation study shows that MIUL algorithms have superior performance. We also illustrate the method using datasets from the Crash Report Sampling System (CRSS) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most fire spread is caused by the absence of suppression means at the beginning of the fire. This results in the missed golden time. There are various factors that cause initial fires, such as electrical outlets, general distribution circuits, and oil–vapor–gas cluster spaces. In most cases, these places are out of reach of human hands or they lose the initial suppression time when a fire occurs, causing the spread of fire. This study implements an intelligent fire suppression device that connects sensor IoT based on microcapsules to secure initial fire suppression and golden time in the event of a fire in blind spots that cannot be seen by humans or at a time when it is difficult to recognize a fire. The microcapsule is a micro-collection unit that collects Novec 1230 gas generated in the semiconductor production process. The microcapsule is molded into a form with a fire suppression function and, when a fire occurs, the molded body explodes and absorbs ambient oxygen to suppress the fire. The complex-sensor IoT executes smoke and heat detection generated when a fire is suppressed within 10 s, which ensures the reliability of the detector by notifying of the fire and detecting the ignition point through communication linkages such as Ieee 485 and WiFi or LoRa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, VR-based training applications have become popular and promising, as they can simulate real-world situations in a safe, repeatable, and cost-effective way. For immersive simulations, various input devices have been designed and proposed to increase the effectiveness of training. In this study, we developed a novel device that generates 3D hand motion data and provides haptic force feedback for VR interactions. The proposed device can track 3D hand positions using a combination of the global position estimation of ultrasonic sensors and the hand pose estimation of inertial sensors in real time. For haptic feedback, shape–memory alloy (SMA) actuators were designed to provide kinesthetic forces and an efficient power control without an overheat problem. Our device improves upon the shortcomings of existing commercial devices in tracking and haptic capabilities such that it can track global 3D positions and estimate hand poses in a VR space without using an external suit or tracker. For better flexibility in handling and feeling physical objects compared to exoskeleton-based devices, we introduced an SMA-based actuator to control haptic forces. Overall, our device was designed and implemented as a lighter and less bulky glove which provides comparable accuracy and performance in generating 3D hand motion data for a VR training application (i.e., the use of a fire extinguisher), as demonstrated in the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the operational conduct of a company, especially those relating to the storage of materials and goods in warehouses, the occupational health and safety OHS) aspects are critical factors that cannot be neglected. Fire was one of the consequences of a non-standard OHS application. The purpose of this research was to provide a proposal for the design of fire protection systems in the Archives and Documents Company, which are light fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems, hydrants, and reservoirs. This research method is observational-descriptive. In conceptual planning, layout, and coordination with the company, the researchers directly perform observations on the PT Archives and Documents to analyze and identify the deficiencies of fire protection equipment owned by the associated companies. ADC requires a total of 9 light fire extinguishers, 192 sprinkler points, 6 hydrants, and a reservoir size of 343,000 liters as a fire protection system according to the National Fire Protection Association standards (NFPA). All buildings that are occupied by humans and have a risk of fire must be equipped with fire protection. for future research in the field of fire safety research to design an emergency response plan for a building by simulating it with advanced technology. By implementing the proposed fire protection, the Company can prevent fire and spread of fire more widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small-scale industries are considered a major sector of economic investment in the world. Small-scale industries typically suffer from problems such as poor management systems, poor safety training, difficulties in complying with legislation, and absence of safety performance. This study aimed to measure the levels of heat stress and noise and assess the safety performance in small-scale industries. Twenty industrial workshops were selected representing four different types of small-scale industries (foundries, automotive repair, metal processing, and aluminium processing) in Alexandria, Egypt. Inside each selected workshop, both levels of heat stress and noise were measured by calibrated instruments. A pre-designed checklist evaluated the adequacy of the safety performance. Noise levels ranged between 86.4 ± 2.0 and 89.7 ± 2.7 dB exceeding the recommended value (85 dB). In the most studied workshops, the levels of heat stress were relatively high, especially in the foundries. Besides, the safety practices at all these workshops were poor or very poor. The most obvious safety problems included poor housekeeping, lack of PPEs, inadequate illumination, absence of emergency exits, and insufficient fire extinguishers. The results emphasize the responsibility of the local authorities to give more attention and interest to this type of industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire incidences are classed as catastrophic events, which mean that persons may experience mental distress and trauma. The development of a robotic vehicle specifically designed for fire extinguishing purposes has significant implications, as it not only addresses the issue of fire but also aims to safeguard human lives and minimize the extent of damage caused by indoor fire occurrences. The primary goal of the AFRC is to undergo a metamorphosis, allowing it to operate autonomously as a specialized support vehicle designed exclusively for the task of identifying and extinguishing fires. Researchers have undertaken the tasks of constructing an autonomous vehicle with robotic capabilities, devising a universal algorithm to be employed in the robotic firefighting process, and designing a fuzzy controller algorithm that can be used in all expected scenarios. The use of a fuzzy logic algorithm in this design demonstrates the usefulness of this system, all factors are involved in which cases are previously identified and taught, as well as the overall map of the premises have been uploaded so that the system can identify the exact place of the fire source, and two types of fire have also been examined. When the performance of the foam pump, water pump, and robotic car motors is compared to the data from the flam sensor, temperature sensor and GPS data, it demonstrates a high responsiveness in terms of applying the appropriate approach based on the type of fire due to the probable action for which the system has been trained. This will have the benefit of shortening the required process for fire extinguishment and using the appropriate fire extinguishing tools. This technology may be used to put out flames, deploy in different areas, and handle a variety of fire scenarios inside buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are regarded as the most important public facility after fire extinguishers due to their importance to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) victims. Previous studies focused on the location optimization of the AED, with little attention to inequity among different social groups. To comprehensively investigate the spatial heterogeneity of the AED inequity, we first collected AED data from a WeChat applet. Then, we used the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to quantify the inequity level and identify the socio-economic status group that faced the worst inequity in each neighborhood. Results showed that immigrants of all ages suffer a more severe AED inequity than residents after controlling population and road density. Immigrants face more severe inequity in downtown, while residents face more severe inequity in the peripheral and outer suburbs. AED inequity among youngsters tends to be concentrated in the center of each district, while inequity among the elderly tends to be distributed at the edge of each district. This study provides a new perspective for investigating the inequity in public facilities, puts forward scientific suggestions for future AED allocation planning, and emphasizes the importance of the equitable access to AED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of accidental fires in buildings has been significantly increased in recent years in Saudi Arabia. Fire Safety Equipment (FSE) plays a crucial role in reducing fire risks. However, this equipment is prone to defects and requires periodic checks and maintenance. Fire safety inspectors are responsible for visual inspection of safety equipment and reporting defects. As the traditional approach of manually checking each piece of equipment can be time-consuming and inaccurate, this study aims to improve the inspection processes of safety equipment. Using computer vision and deep learning techniques, a detection model was trained to visually inspect fire extinguishers and identify defects. Fire extinguisher images were collected, annotated, and augmented to create a dataset of 7,633 images with 16,092 labeled instances. Then, experiments were carried out using YOLOv5, YOLOv7, YOLOv8, and RT-DETR. Pre-trained models were used for transfer learning. A comparative analysis was performed to evaluate these models in terms of accuracy, speed, and model size. The results of YOLOv5n, YOLOv7, YOLOv8n, YOLOv8m, and RT-DETR indicated satisfactory accuracy, ranging between 83.1% and 87.2%. YOLOv8n was chosen as the most suitable due to its fastest inference time of 2.7 ms, its highest mAP0.5 of 87.2%, and its compact model size, making it ideal for real-time mobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fire accidents and burns are one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. This study was conducted with the aim of studying the etiology of fire accidents as well as investigating the fire safety standards of both homes and equipment in Iran. Samples included patients with flame burns who consented to answer the questions. Questions covered five areas: patient demographics, epidemiological characteristics of burns, the fire safety status of the home, the fire safety status of the equipment, and the mechanism of the accident. In this study, the mean extent of the burns was 18.07 ± 14.29% of body surface area and was significantly related to the age grouping of the patients. The highest total body surface area (TBSA) was observed in patients between 19 to 39 years. The most common cause of flame injuries was gas explosions (36.81%). The interviews revealed that most of the houses were not equipped with smoke detectors or fire extinguishers. The extent of burns was significantly higher in patients living in unequipped homes (P = 0.047). Cooking equipment was often involved in the accidents (38.1%). Considering the low home fire safety and the role of equipment misuse and damaged equipment use in the occurrence of accidents, it seems that installing fire alarms and firefighting equipment, proper training on how to work with and maintain the equipment, using cooking and heating equipment correctly along with discontinuing use if damaged would all be effective and are highly suggestive to reduce fire injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of Virtual Reality (VR) applications to provide comprehensive training scenarios for emergency services such as fire extinguishers. This study presents an initial prototype with 3 levels of variations of fire models that help extinguish virtual fire as a VR training scenario. The Fire Extinguishing VR Application that has been developed is based on literacy technical provisions for fire management in urban areas by the State Minister for Public Works. The prototype provides a VR experience to application users based on the ease of use and learning of fire fighting through questionnaires. The results confirm the value of using VR for training procedures that are difficult to implement in the real world can be realized with 3 levels of fire simulation. A score with a percentage of 92% stated that the application was easy to recognize and use and a score of 89% stated that the application could be used to learn how to extinguish every variation of the fire level scenario that occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Korean forests are highly vulnerable to forest fires, which can severely damage property and human life. This necessitates the establishment of a rapid response system and the construction of firebreaks to prevent the spread of fires and protect key facilities. The existing firebreak construction methods can be classified into prevention- and response-stage methods. In the prevention stage, the progression and spread of fire are delayed, while in the response stage, primitive manual methods involving tools such as hooks are used, in addition to aerial deployment of water and fire retardants through helicopters. Herein, we propose the use of "fire-extinguishing drones" for firebreak construction during the initial, low-intensity stage of a fire before the deployment of firefighting personnel. We implement a continuous fire-extinguishing module capable of carrying six fire-extinguishing balls to verify its deployment accuracy and stable hovering capabilities. Through the operation of multiple drones using a ground control system and real-time kinematics to precisely generate designated automatic flight paths, we conducted experiments to assess the feasibility of firebreak construction by using fire-extinguishing drones to prevent the spread of wildfires. A firebreak construction field test was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of continuous fire extinguisher deployment, hovering performance during deployment, accuracy of the RTK-designated paths, and GCS performance. The proposed system achieved 100% performance on all indicators, except the accuracy of the RTK-designated paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the disaster or emergency coping skills of people with intellectual disabilities and the factors that affect these skills. The panel survey on the lives of people with disabilities from the 3rd dataset (2020) of the Korea Development Institute for the Disabled was used for this analysis. Response data from 275 people with intellectual disabilities aged 10 years or older were analyzed. Differences between disaster or emergency coping skill levels and sub-questions of skills, according to the general characteristics of people with intellectual disabilities, were identified, as well as factors affecting the level of disaster or emergency coping skills. The results show that the coping skills level was low; among the sub-questions, the use of fire extinguishers and awareness of the location of fire extinguishers or emergency bells in the event of a disaster or emergency were also low. Factors affecting the level of coping skills were found to be the level of education and experience in comprehensive disaster coping training. The results of this study suggest that training and education on disaster or emergency coping skills for people with intellectual disabilities are necessary and that programs should be developed for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the research work based on experimental tests for identifying the most efficient extinguishing agent against LIBs fire. Experimental tests were conducted in cooperation with the National Fire Corps of Rome. For these experimental test LIBs typically used in electric, Hybrid or plug-in Hybrid vehicle have been chosen. The tested cell was placed on a metal grate inserted between two electric plates. The heat generated from the two plates induced the cell to thermal runaway and then to fire. In Total 11 Kokam SPLB pouch cells of 40 Ah and 3.7 V each have been used. Four different extinguishing agents have been tested: Water, F500, Foam and AVD. The results of each experimental tests were analysed in terms of chemical and physical action. An optimization model was developed for identifying the most efficient agent between all those tested. The results obtained from the experimental tests are preliminary results of the research concerning the extinguishing agents for fire of LIBs. The operating conditions chosen for these tests can be defined as ideal: the cell was not hidden by any obstacle (battery module or vehicle compartments). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability–redundancy allocation problem (RRAP) plays a vital role in reliability improvement and designing of systems which depend on the arrangement of components, reliability of the components, and redundancy allocation for the components. Higher reliability is the primary requisite for essential systems such as fire extinguisher drones (FEDs) which are very valuable for firefighters in tackling emergencies in non-reachable areas. In this work, a FED is considered with the aim of system designing for maximum reliability while considering the limited availability of resources such as volume, cost, and weight of the system. A total of five possible arrangements of the redundant components are investigated, and a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem is solved for system reliability optimization. For optimization purposes, a recently developed metaheuristic hybrid particle swarm grey wolf optimizer (HPSGWO) is implemented. The HPSGWO is a powerful fusion of PSO's exploitation property and GWO's exploration property. Solving RRAP by using HPSGWO provides 99% reliability of the proposed FED under the limited availability of resources. To validate the superiority of the HPSGWO, a comparative study is explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prioritization is usually required in problems involving multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM). Several strategies and procedures have been introduced in fuzzy systems to apply prioritization. This study examines the MAGDM problem in a Pythagorean fuzzy (PF) setting with varying amounts of demand for specialists and attributes. We regard the novel Aczel Alsina aggregation operators (AOs) as the most addition to fuzzy mathematics that can deal with uncertainties significantly. We suggest a few PF AOs based on Aczel Alsina t-norm and t-conorm, including the PF-prioritized Aczel Alsina averaging (PFPAAA) and PF-prioritized Aczel Alsina geometric (PFPAAG) operators. It is proven that these AOs fulfil the aggregation criteria by investigating the properties of monotonicity, boundedness, and idempotency. The weights for prioritization are derived from the knowledge of experts, and the proposed operators can capture the phenomenon of prioritization among the aggregated arguments. The proposed AOs are then applied to assess fire extinguishers using a MAGDM technique. The importance of PFPAAA and PFPAAG operators is verified by comparing the proposed AOs with other well-known AOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a research study on the optimization and experimental investigation of the effects of impeller parameters on the velocity and pressure at the outlet of a Portable Pneumatic Extinguisher (PPE) using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation data. The independent variables consisted of the inner blade angle, outlet blade angle, and blade number, while the dependent variables were the velocity and pressure at the outlet center of the fan. Multi-objective optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with a confidence level of 95% for all intervals, revealed that the velocity obtained was 75.15 m/s, and the pressure was 2065.76 Pa under the conditions where the inner blade angle, outlet blade angle, and blade number are 64.04°, 120°, and 24, respectively. To validate the optimization results, the deviations observed in the CFD simulations did not exceed 1%, while the physical experimental model exhibited deviations within 5%. These results demonstrate the acceptable accuracy of the CFD analysis method combined with the RSM optimization method in the design and fabrication of the portable pneumatic extinguisher in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the intention to buy Fire Extinguisher products for residential homes in DKI Jakarta area. These factors include Awareness, Knowledge, and Perceived Price as independent variables. Attitude as an intervening variable, and Purchase Intention as the dependent variable. The population of this study is households living in DKI Jakarta, with a total sample of 150 people who will be taken through a questionnaire instrument. The data analysis method uses Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) which will be processed using Smart-PLS software. The results of the study show that there is a positive and significant influence between the independent variables namely Awareness, Knowledge, and Perceived Price on the dependent variable Purchase Intention. Attitude as an intervening variable can mediate the independent variables on the dependent variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DKI Jakarta is one of the regions in Indonesia and the Archipelago A thousand that lies within the territory of the State Capital over specifically the district Island One thousand, which consists from islands coral as many as 113 pieces by the total land area of 8.7 km². Study of existing islands in area archipelago become Power pull alone for researcher, because need public to area settlement nor Power pull tour so that Lots agency must sufficient need functional from building the state building myself, for one the building of the Office of Mitigation Fire And Rescue, in the form of a fire station fire For anticipate to risk the disaster that was in slowly inhabited islands and Rescue. Countermeasures Department Fire and Rescue is one agency government is very important and necessary attention special For sufficient fulfillment building building government. Purpose of study This are: 1. Identify possible risk occurs in phases construction on the Fire Post Development Project Fire in the County Island one thousand; 2. Define risk main What only possible occurs in phases construction on the Fire Post Development Project Fire in the County Island one thousand; 3. Plan response to risk main phase construction on Project. Construction of a Fire Post Fire in the County Island thousand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryogenic liquid nitrogen (LN 2) is proposed as an effective fire suppressant/extinguisher for challenging fires. Upon reaching a fire source, this inert cryogen vaporizes expediently and separates the fuel from the air. Additionally, it cools the burning fuel and slows down its pyrolysis/gasification reactions. A prior investigation concentrated on the survivability of single LN 2 droplets, following breakup of the jet exiting the nozzle, and the predicted the droplet size that reaches a target. This investigation addresses the application of a liquid nitrogen jet for the extinction of fires with a combination of experiments and theoretical analysis. Small scale laboratory experiments were conducted with a sprayer and larger scale experiments were conducted with a cryogenic hose and nozzle. In these experiments the reach of the liquid nitrogen jets was measured, and their fire extinction capabilities were assessed. Numerical simulations were performed with the ADREA-HF CFD code using the mixture approach and explicit modelling of LN 2 evaporation using the Lee model. Numerical results on the reach of a liquid nitrogen jet qualitatively matched the experimental observations for release of a liquid nitrogen jet in open atmosphere. The Lee model coefficient was found to depend strongly on the nozzle diameter. An integral model was also constructed to explore the effects of relevant parameters, such as the LN 2 storage tank pressure, the initial jet vapor quality, the jet velocity at the nozzle exit and the effects of the ambient air entrainment. Based on experiments and theoretical analysis, it became evident that for effective extinction of a fire with liquid nitrogen a commercial nozzle should have a large diameter and should be brought close to the burning target, i.e., within a few meters. As this action can pose potential safety risks to firefighters, the advancement of the nozzle towards the fire should be operated remotely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire is a natural disaster that poses a profound existential threat to humanity. It has traditionally been fought with conventional methods, which, unfortunately, are often fraught with limitations and potential environmental damage. Given these limitations, there is an urgent need for research into novel firefighting methods. Sound wave-based firefighting systems, an emerging solution, show promising potential in this regard. The current study uses an extensive data set derived from numerous experimental trials of sound-wave-based firefighting. Based on this extensive dataset, we have developed a sound wave technology-based fire suppression model that includes five different fuzzy logic methods: Fuzzy Rough Set (FRS), Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbors (FNN), Fuzzy Ownership K-Nearest Neighbors (FONN), Fuzzy-Rough K-Nearest Neighbors (FRNN), and Vaguely Quantified K-Nearest Neighbors (VQNN). The main objective of these models is to accurately distinguish between the extinguished and non-extinguished states of a flame. This classification is based on a number of intrinsic model parameters, such as the type of fuel, the size of the flame, the decibel level, the frequency, the airflow, and the distance. To evaluate the classification effectiveness of the models, a number of statistical methods were used, including Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Kappa Statistics (KP), and Mean Square Error (MSE). Our analysis yielded promising results, with the models FRS, FNN, FONN, FRNN, and VQNN achieving classification accuracies of 93.12%, 96.66%, 95.56%, 96.35%, and 96.89%, respectively. These results confirm the high accuracy of the proposed model in classifying fire data and underline its practical applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent trend is the development of Smart homes all around the world. Home automation has become very affordable and many people, industries has started to automate daily routines like light, fans, setting the temperature, etc, The main objective of the project is to build a Gas leakage detector using LPG gas sensor this device will continuously monitor the level of LPG gas present in the air and also connect it with IoT using ESP module for safety and security. This system can be installed in homes, hotels LPG gas storage areas. Arduino is used as the main controller. Smart fire extinguisher systems are installed in buildings and rooms where the gas leakage and fire hazard are comparatively high. We have implemented an automatic fire extinguisher system that will detect gas leakage and fire for the home. When the system will detect the leakage or fire it will automatically turn on the extinguisher of the specified area & in the meantime, it will also send a message to the fire brigade with the help of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). This system will send an early alarm when the fire occurs and helps to reduce the fire damage. This system will consist of a fire sensor, gas sensor (MQ2), water sprinkler, ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module for the Internet of Things (IoT), and GSM module. The sensor signals will be fed to, and processed by the Mega Arduino 2560 program which will poll the sensors to monitor the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the time passed the population increased to such an extent that it felt short of everything from food grain to cloths, from needles to automobiles. At that point Industry 3.0 came into existence, where primary importance was given to automation, including robotics. Robots were used in every aspect of industry, including manufacturing line, painting, loading, material handling, joining, and hazardous places where humans cannot make a move. Even healthcare requires robotics to carry out complex surgery, where operating by hand leads to damage of other organs. Nowadays robotics found its application in almost all fields including health care, assembly line, fire extinguisher and others. Robots are used widely because of their accuracy, precision and almost nil errors. The current article overviews the industrial applications of robots along with the advancement occurred in Industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire is a stable exothermic chain reaction of flammable materials brought together with oxygen or other oxidizing substances under certain conditions, occurring uncontrollably. Fire vehicles interfere with many types of fire, such as wildfires, factory fires, building fires, etc. During this intervention, fire vehicles generally use water or foam. In this study, new effective fire suppression applications are investigated. Thermal camera applications in fire trucks and also new extinguishing agents—boron-based chemicals—were tested in forest fire simulations. In these experiments, it was observed that the thermal camera detected the fire as soon as it occurred. It seemed appropriate to use thermal cameras for all types of fire vehicles (foam trucks, water tankers, rescue trucks, etc.). It was seen that the thermal camera application could detect and monitor the fire during the fire-extinguishing work of the firefighters. The boron-based fire suppressant had a better extinguishing and cooling effect than water in the experiments. Compared to the water used as a traditional method, the liquid boron-based extinguisher provided 22% faster—while the solid boron-based extinguisher provided 42% faster—suppression and cooling. With three separate experiments, it is predicted that thermal camera applications and the use of boron-based extinguishers in fire vehicles can lead to an effective and positive transformation in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering is the property of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to review the literature on the effect of the suitability level of fire alarm installations, fire detectors, and portable fire extinguishers on fire protection systems in buildings. Previous research is needed to support or oppose the new hypothesis. From the research conducted, it was found that the suitability level of fire protection equipment installation is very important to increase the effectiveness of the fire protection system. Appropriate fire alarms and fire detectors, as well as suitable portable fire extinguishers, are required to detect fires as quickly as possible and provide a rapid and appropriate response to address the fire. In addition, proper maintenance of fire protection equipment is also required to ensure optimal system performance. The results of this article show that: 1) The suitability level of the fire alarm installation affects the fire protection system; 2) The suitability level of the fire detector installation affects the fire protection system; and 3) The suitability level of portable fire extinguisher installation affects the fire protection system. Increasing the suitability of the installation of fire protection equipment in buildings, can increase the effectiveness of the fire protection system and minimize the risk of fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asset management systems are beneficial for maintaining building infrastructure and can be used to keep up-to-date records of relevant safety assets, such as smoke detectors, exit signs, and fire extinguishers. Existing methods for locating and identifying these assets in buildings primarily rely on surveys and images, which only provide 2D locations and can be tedious for large-scale structures. Indoor point clouds, which can be captured quickly for buildings using mobile scanning techniques, can provide us with 3D asset locations. In this paper, we study the feasibility of using 3D point clouds of buildings combined with deep learning techniques to identify safety-related assets, particularly small-sized assets like fire switches and exit signs. We adopt the state-of-the-art Deep Learning network, Kernel Point-Fully Convolutional Network (KP-FCNN), to identify these assets through semantic segmentation. Using the obtained results, we create a 3D-geometry model of the building with assets pinpointed, providing scene semantics and delivering more value. Our method is tested using three different point cloud datasets obtained from a depth camera, a mobile laser scanner, and an iPhone lidar sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario do Instituto de Geociencias is the property of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Geociencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fires in under-construction threaten to worker safety and have a lot of negative impacts on many aspects of construction that were reported the past few years. Many constructions do not possess the permanent fire protection system, and only rely on the fire extinguisher or water tank to extinguish the fire. Moreover, a construction site has numerous features that make its uncommon and unanticipated structure. In a construction environment, changing is one of the characteristics that make it unique compared to others. Due to the dynamic nature of construction, the fire safety plan in construction needed to be reviewed and updated according to construction progress. The convention approach or manual process to develop the fire safety plan for a construction project can be a time-consuming and enormous labour-intensive task. BIM technology and Game engine can present the object in 3D and provide programming for the rule-based modelling. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework to assess the fire extinguisher installation plan (FEIP) and recommend the locations of fire extinguisher by considering the dynamic nature of construction. This research develops the prototype that enables the users to define the parameters for the fire extinguisher installation plan such as finished and unfinished building objects (walls, stairs and slabs), exists, the locations of fire extinguishers (FE) and flammable substances (FS). This prototype provides the appropriate locations of fire extinguishers and shows the unsafe area. To validate the proposed approach, the case study using the sample BIM model is executed. The proposed system is expected to have the capability of assisting the safety engineers in developing and assessing the fire extinguisher installation plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is the process of functioning of the "man-machine" system on the example of the operator of a mobile fire installation. One of the issue when building models of such systems is to determine the parameters a priori of a given model of the human operator – the delay time and a time constant. For one of the promising means of fire extinguishing such as a mobile installation based on Segway, a method for determining the time parameters of the operator has been devised. A feature of the method is the use of approximation of partial derivatives from the phase-frequency characteristics of the operator in frequency, determined at two frequencies. This approach makes it possible to get rid of the need to use transcendental equations to determine time parameters and move on to an algebraic equation. To substantiate the values of frequencies at which partial derivatives are approximated, tolerance accuracy criteria are used. It is shown that working range of the operator of the mobile fire installation is in the infra-frequency region. Therefore, it is advisable to determine the phase-frequency characteristics of the operator numerically using an array of data on the transition function of the operator. An array of such data is formed using the Kotelnikov-NyquistShannon theorem. A list of sequential procedures for the implementation of the method for determining the time parameters of the operator of a mobile fire installation is provided. The method for determining the time parameters of the operator of a mobile fire installation was verified by solving a test problem. It is shown that with permissible errors in the time parameters of the operator at the level of 5.0 %, the errors in their determining do not exceed 2.0 %. The reported results can be used for determining the dynamic parameters of the model of the operator of the fire installation, provided that the tolerance criterion for accuracy is set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas Leakage and its fatal effects are a great concern throughout the world, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. Every year lots of people died and countless damages to assets occur due to the fire caused by the gas leakage. Not only that but gas leakage and explosion are also very harmful to the climate. Thus, a system to detect gas leakage and preventive measures is of utmost importance. In this project, we design and implement an intelligent IoT prototype to detect gas leakage, and the fire caught by gas leakage. Our goal is to minimize the effect of gas leakage by taking some protective measures. When the gas sensor, detects the gas leakage, the solenoid valve shuts off the gas line, and the exhaust fan starts to run. Again, when the flame sensor detects a fire, the sucker throws the fire extinguisher balls at the fire. The GSM SIM module notifies the user by sending a message to his smartphone. The buzzer sounds when a mishap occurs and the LCD monitor always shows the status of the system. In this way, we have efficiently designed and implemented a low-cost and intelligent gas leak detection and fire suppression system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Exact Sciences is the property of Master Editora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ABC powder used for a fire extinguisher shows high flowability. The evaluation about a flowability of such powder was very difficult and was not able to show the difference in the property by the measurement of the existing repose angle. Then, in this study, we considered about a new evaluation method of the powdery flowability indicating the high flowability using ABC powder. That rotated a cylindrical container after the tapping, and an angle when powder collapsed was measured and was named the rotational collapse angle. As a result, the rotational collapse angle was able to clarify a flowable difference for high flowable powders such as the ABC powder. Furthermore, it was found that the rotational collapse angle could determine with the right and wrong of the emission test of the fire extinguisher beforehand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has identified sociodemographic inequalities in fire prevention measures. This study examined whether sociodemographic differences persist in the Swedish population concerning fire prevention measures and particularly whether there remains an inverted u-curve related to age in protection habits. Additionally, it investigated whether fire protection practices are influenced by the level of societal protection. The research utilised survey data and register data from The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and Statistics Sweden. A latent class analysis was conducted, dividing respondents into four latent classes, followed by two binomial regression analyses. The study revealed three key findings regarding fire protection measures. First, certain demographic groups, namely the young, women, single and childfree households, low-income and low-education individuals, immigrants, and urban residents, are disproportionately lacking optimal fire safety measures. Second, although a safety maturity curve is still observed, older adults in Sweden today are considerably more protected compared to 15–20 years ago, indicating that safety practices employed during middle age continue into old age. Third, a trend is observed where individuals living in areas with more efficient professional rescue services tend to have lower levels of personal fire protection, suggesting a rational choice based on the perceived level of societal protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Case of study, failure of a high-pressure fire extinguisher cylinder due to stress corrosion cracking mechanism. • Calculated critical crack size was 0.250 in deep and 10 in long, agrees with preexisting cracks found in the cylinder wall. • The SCC time of growth was estimated as 8.33 × 10−6 s (96.4 days), which corresponds with the time elapsed since the fire extinguisher was refilled and stored, up to the failure. • Crack growth rate of AISI/SAE 4130 steel in moist environments containing CO 2. • Effect of water contamination in the development of SCC failure mechanism. The failure analysis of the high-pressure cylinder of a fire extinguisher fabricated by quench and tempered AISI/SAE 4130 steel is presented. The metallographic and mechanical examination indicated that the cylinder's fabrication material was not properly heat-treated since the microstructure contained an excessive amount of α-ferrite and low hardness. The failure mechanism was identified as Stress Corrosion Cracking induced by the combination of pressure induced and residual stresses, a corrosive environment due to the presence of water and other contaminants in the extinguishing agent, and an incorrectly heat-treated material. A fracture mechanics assessment demonstrated that a critical crack, of 3.35 mm (0.250 in.) deep and 254 mm (10 in.) long, caused the failure at the operation pressure. To prevent similar failures, it is recommended to periodically inspect the high-pressure cylinder by nondestructive testing to prevent internal cracks. Furthermore, the cylinders must be perfectly dry and free of corrosive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial and natural gas hydrates have a great potential as environmentally friendly fire suppressants. In this research, we have developed a novel self-activating hydrate extinguisher and tested it in different types of fires. The extinguisher stops the flame combustion at the moment of activation due to the shock wave produced by its burst. Then the gas hydrate spreads over the surface of the burning fuel, its ice shell melts, thus reducing the temperature in the seat of the fire and releasing the inert gas, which displaces the oxidizer from the combustion zone. The experiments have shown that the extinguisher response time can be adjusted by varying such parameters as the mass of hydrate and the volume of the free space in the extinguisher, the amount of added water, and the type of mechanical impact on the extinguisher. We have also developed a conceptual framework for the production of self-activating hydrate extinguishers and their delivery to the seat of the fire. Overall, the research findings pave the way for improving the efficiency of firefighting means by making them more environmentally friendly, less damaging to the equipment, and as suitable as possible to the world of today. [Display omitted] • The conditions for using hydrate as a fire extinguishing agent have been determined. • Larger free space in the hydrate extinguisher slows down its response. • Mechanical impact and adding water to the extinguisher accelerate its response. • Extinguisher efficiency factors have been calculated. • A conceptual framework has been developed for the use of hydrate extinguishers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liquid nitrogen (LN2) can be used to supplement or replace currently used fire extinguishers in challenging fire situations. This environmentally-benign cryogenic fluid can be produced readily from deep refrigeration of air. This manuscript addresses the application of liquid nitrogen to fires through a nozzle. Its aim is to investigate the survivability of LN2 droplets, following breakup of the jet exiting the nozzle, and the amount of liquid that reaches a target. Numerical simulations were carried out to explore the effects of relevant parameters, such as the initial droplet size and velocity, the droplet injection angle, and the thermal radiation on the droplet flight distance and the liquid droplet mass. The results indicate that all these parameters influence the fate of the LN2 droplets. Coarse atomization, high initial velocities, short nozzleto-target distances, and shallow jet angles maximize the amount of the cryogen delivered to the target. A small-scale experiment was performed to test the results of the calculations. The comparison of the experimental results and the theoretical calculations was deemed satisfactory. In both cases the reach of the liquid droplets was in the order of 1 m from the nozzle, for an initial droplet velocity in the neighborhood of 20 m/s as measured in the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the most often used fire extinguisher material for fire extinguishing is still water, whom transportation can be conducted in different fire extinguishing systems to the spot of fire. The quantity of the water mass, which can be extracted of the fire extinguisher system depends on the applied unit, and is influenced by losses that occur during water transportation. It is very important to examine the losses occurring inside the water supply system, since they influence the quantity of extracted water, thus the fire extinguishing itself. To be aware with this topic in more detail, to increase the efficiency of fire extinguishing in practice, we examine in our paper the terms of occurring losses in the most commonly used centrifugal pump operated fire extinguisher systems, particularly regarding effective fluid movement. The aim of our research is to determine the optimal conditions for fire extinguisher systems, and further to help the work of firefighters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted for parameter sensitivity analysis of an eco-friendly fire-fighting device, the sand-ejecting fire extinguisher, by means of experiments and CFD-DEM coupling simulations. The paper presents a total of nine impeller design schemes. Simulations were carried out to reproduce the sand ejection process with each scheme. The results show that the gas flow field has an effect on the ejection process under the windless environment, so the sand ejection characteristic analyses are based on DEM calculations. The phenomenon that a greater number of blades could provide longer ejection distance is also found in the simulation process. Radial and forward schemes may be more suitable for gas-station fires while backward schemes not because of the sand accumulation character. The CFD-DEM calculation shows that increasing the sand mass flow could extend the ejection distance but is more susceptible to ambient wind. [Display omitted] • Gas phase has a little effect on the simulation results in windless environment. • A greater number of blades, a longer ejection distance. • Increasing the sand mass flow could extent the ejection distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with studying the driving dynamics of firefighting vehicles and their testing on the training polygon Automotodrom Brno. It is focused on the issue of braking and driving in a circle and on the subsequent evaluation of longitudinal and lateral acceleration. Measurements were taken on a dry asphalt with full fire extinguisher tanks. The experiments were carried out on two different firefighting vehicles construction types, TATRA with a mixed chassis and SCANIA with an urban chassis. The results of the measurements can be used for fire protection units within the driver education system to improve a safety when driving to intervene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the application of an intelligent flame and smoke detection platform based on artificial vision using Deep Neural Networks (DNN). An acoustic fire extinguisher can be connected to such a platform. In light of recent research, the use of acoustic technology is an environmentally friendly way of extinguishing flames. One of the advantages is then extinguishing immediately after positive detection of flames or smoke (without unnecessary time delay), which is a new combination in the field of fire protection. The authors contribution is the presentation of the conception of the intelligent acoustic extinguisher and the research work made to accomplish that including algorithms and tests. The main objective of the paper is to present the possibilities of acoustic extinguishing and fire detection using selected deep neural network models in embedded systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fires can occur at many points such as gas and oil transmission lines, chemical substance and ammunition storage areas, especially in forests. The land and aerial firefighting methods, which are used today in combating these situations, are ineffective in most cases. In this study, the design of a product that can be used in aerial firefighting operations is proposed. This design, called Smart Fire Extinguisher, is a new and effective product. This product has a design similar to the MK-82 (air-to-ground general purpose grenade) type ammunition, a war ammunition type found in the inventory of NATO member countries. It is expected that the smart firefighting bomb, which is intended to be brought to the aviation and firefighting industry, will be used effectively in open field fires outside of residential areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coverage issue is to determine the location of facilities, aiming to reach the largest portion of the population involved, seeking optimization. Thus, the objective is to determine the minimum number of fire extinguishers in a building using a mathematical model of entire linear programming. The methods for this study were, relating to nature, applied research of mathematical modeling in a practical situation. The approach is characterized as deductive for starting from a general knowledge and resulting in a specific one, as quantitative for using calculations and as qualitative since it used theoretical interpretation techniques. The research, regarding the objectives, is exploratory of a problem situation, and it's descriptive of the characteristics of a real context. For the procedures, this research is bibliographic, using literature, it's documental once is based on data from the fire prevention plan and a case study of a contemporary situation and is also a comparative research between the results and the current regulations. The data were collected by observing the location and by an informal interview collecting information. For the analysis of the calculations, the Excel and Solver softwares were used and the results were analyzed based on the theoretical references. The steps for using the appropriate mathematical model were elaborated, with relevant distances, an specific number of fire extinguishers, their positions and with the application of the Solver, presenting a great solution that was confronted with the legislation. The result obtained was relevant, as it presented the possibility of reducing ten fire extinguishers to four, in accordance to the current legislation, demonstrating the impact of linear programming on economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor localization is essential for robotic navigation by using different sensors on board. Specifically, visual localization with a single camera is a great challenge in highly symmetric environments (e.g. offices, hospitals or residences), where appearance patterns are repetitive and captures from different locations provide very similar images. To overcome this issue, in this paper, we present a method that integrates multisensory information from an RGB-D camera, a LiDAR and motor encoders. Our approach simultaneously utilizes spatial consistency from a reference topological map and temporal consistency from time-series observations. Inspired by human cognitive perception, we define a two layered topological architecture that encompasses both coarse information of object distributions and structural information with some metric references. Categories of common objects in the environments, such as fire extinguishers or doors, are used as natural beacons. We evaluated our approach in two real-world buildings based on a multi-aisle structure with corridors of very similar appearance. Results demonstrated accurate localization despite the high level of symmetry of the scenario, and how ambiguity was significantly reduced as the agent progressed along its trajectory. • A structure with multisensory integration describes symmetrical environments. • An analytic model is presented for global indoor localization applied to robotics. • A custom visual detector allows to use characteristic objects as natural beacons. • Spatial and temporal consistency allows to discriminate very similar routes. • The system has proven its robustness in two large-scale public buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technisches Messen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fire is a major hazard in built environments. Fires in buildings cause fatalities, serious injuries and tremendous damage. Most fires can be extinguished in the early stages of the fire's development, with the right equipment and correct use of the equipment. However, as there can be as little as a few minutes between a fire starting and very dire consequences, rapid and correct responses are critical. Implementing effective training solutions is necessary to enable members of the public, who are not experts in fire safety, to use a fire extinguisher correctly. This can assist to build resilience to fires. In recent decades, virtual reality (VR) has aroused the fire safety community's attention, as a smart, safe and effective training method compared to the traditional methods of lectures, non-interactive videos, and brochures. VR has been used for training for fire emergency preparedness and to collect data about evacuee decision-making, but VR has rarely been applied to a fully immersive training experience about fire extinguishers operation steps. Fire extinguisher operation steps are Pull, Aim, Squeeze and Sweep. Each step is critical to quickly extinguish a fire. This paper compares fire extinguisher training using a VR simulation with a non-interactive training video and evaluates the trainees learning of a fire extinguisher's basic operation steps, in terms of knowledge acquisition, retention of information and change of self-efficacy. The results showed that the VR trainees scored better than video trainees, in terms of knowledge acquisition, even if the same trend was observed for long term retention of information. It was also observed that VR training provided a higher increment of self-efficacy right after the training. The VR group participants had maintained the same level of self-efficacy even 3–4 weeks after the training, while the video group had shown a significant drop of self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]