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This study presents the development and validation of a novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the quantification of rimantadine in pharmaceutical formulations. Rimantadine, an antiviral drug primarily used in the treatment of influenza A, necessitates effective analytical methods for quality control. Our HPLC method employs a reverse-phase column with a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 15mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 65:35 water, under isocratic elution conditions. The detection was carried out using UV spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 270 nm. Method validation was performed in accordance with ICH guidelines, assessing parameters such as specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r² > 0.999) across a wide concentration range. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), was below 2%, confirming the method's repeatability and reproducibility. Accuracy, tested through recovery studies, ranged from 98% to 102%. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze rimantadine in commercially available rimantadine HCl formulations, with results indicating consistent drug content within the specified limits. This validated HPLC method offers a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective approach for routine quality control analysis of rimantadine in pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a boundary element method (BEM) is applied to investigate acoustic radiation from a sphere vibrating in pulsating mode on the free surface of finite or infinite depth water. Effect of the free surface is introduced by employing a half-space Green's function. A modified version of the Helmholtz integral equation (HIE) is used to calculate acoustic radiation from the sphere vibrating in pulsating mode on the free surface. Free-terms of the HIE are calculated using two different forms of integrals and "dummy" boundary elements. Moreover, to simulate finite depth fluid medium, a chain image-source method is used to derive a waveguide Green's function. To demonstrate applicability of the method presented, calculated acoustic pressures are compared with those by finite element method (FEM) and analytical calculations. Additionally, the effects of submergence depth and vibration frequency on acoustic radiation are investigated for infinitely deep water together with those of water depth and field point distance on acoustic radiation for finite water depth medium. The calculations show that there is a good agreement between BEM, FEM and analytical solutions. Also, it is observed that field point distance significantly affects the convergence behavior of waveguide Green's function. Furthermore, it is noted that submergence depth, domain depth and vibration frequency have pronounce influence on radiated pressure amplitude and pressure field pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose The aim of this study was to determine Turkish women's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors on wet-nursing, milk sharing, and human milk banking in a primary care setting located in a semi-rural area. Description Donated human milk is a feasible option for feeding infants and children. Currently, there is a debate on the topic starts with the preparations to launch a human milk bank in a large city in Turkey. Several previous papers reported women's opinions in large hospital based studies. Little is known about women's views and practice on donated human milk in the rural areas of Turkey. Assessment The study sample was recruited among married women aged 15-49 years who had given birth within the past 5 years and who were in a family health center for any reason in Honaz, Denizli, Turkey. A total of 240 women were included in the study. The data were collected by questionnaire created by the researchers and consisting of two parts: sociodemographic characteristics, and women's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors on wet-nursing, milk sharing and human milk banking. Results Thirty women (12.5%) had had a wet-nurse; 20 women (8.7%) wet-nursed babies before; and 17 (7.2%) of the women's children had a wet-nurse. If necessary, 80.9 and 78.3% were willing to accept to do wet-nursing and milk sharing, respectively. 150 (62.5%) heard of human milk banks; 55 (22.9%) approved of the establishment of milk banks. However, only 46 women (19.1%) were willing to donate to the bank. Possibility of marriages between milk siblings (76.8%) was the main reason for not considering the donation. Women's education was another factor affecting their opinion on breast milk sharing and donation to human milk banks. Less educated women were sympathetic to milk sharing (p = 0.02), however, more educated mothers had a propensity to donate to milk banks (p = 0.02). Conclusion Wet-nursing decreased over the years in Turkey, but still an ongoing small child feeding method. Most of the women tend to become a wet nurse or do milk sharing if it is needed, but they are hesitant to donate their milk to human milk banks, mostly due to religious concerns., Author(s): Ahmet Ergin [sup.1] , S. Utku Uzun [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0001 1498 3798, grid.411742.5, Department of Pediatrics, Social Pediatrics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, , 20070, [...]

Addressing obesity is a critical health concern of the century, necessitating urgent attention. L-carnitine (LC), an essential water-soluble compound, plays a pivotal role in lipid breakdown via β-oxidation and facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes. However, LC's high hydrophilicity poses challenges to its diffusion through bilayers, resulting in limited bioavailability, a short half-life, and a lack of storage within the body, mandating frequent dosing. In our research, we developed LC-loaded nanoparticle lipid carriers (LC-NLCs) using economically viable and tissue-localized nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to address these limitations. Employing the central composite design model, we optimized the formulation, employing the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method and incorporating Poloxamer® 407 (surfactant), Compritol® 888 ATO (solid lipid), and oleic acid (liquid oil). A comprehensive assessment of nanoparticle physical attributes was performed, and an open-field test (OFT) was conducted on rats. We employed immunofluorescence assays targeting CRP and PPAR-γ, along with an in vivo rat study utilizing an isolated fat cell line to assess adipogenesis. The optimal formulation, with an average size of 76.4 ± 3.4 nm, was selected due to its significant efficacy in activating the PPAR-γ pathway. Our findings from the OFT revealed noteworthy impacts of LC-NLC formulations (0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) on adipocyte cells, surpassing regular L-carnitine formulations' effects (0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) by 169.26% and 156.63%, respectively (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist that is widely used to treat osteosarcoma, leukemia, breast cancer, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The most important concerns with MTX are its poor solubility and high toxicity, particularly in liver cells. To enhance its solubility and to minimize its toxicity, we encapsulated MTX in niosomes and investigated its hepatotoxicity mechanisms using genetic biomarkers. Materials and methods: Niosomes were successfully prepared using a modified thin film method, and the prepared monodisperse smallsized formulation was subsequently characterized. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed both in hepatocarcinoma (HEP3G) and healthy liver (AML12) cell lines. Specifically, immunofluorescence assay and evaluation of the expression levels of apoptotic, antioxidant, heat shock protein, and oxidative stress genes were performed. Results: The formulation had a particle size of 117.1 ± 33 nm, a surface charge of -38.41 ± 0.7 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 59.7% ± 2.3%. The results showed that the niosomal formulation exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic effects in HEP3G than in AML12. The immunofluorescence and genetic analyses showed that the increased cytotoxicity of niosomes resulted mainly from oxidative stress and slight apoptosis. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that niosomal drug delivery systems could be a new potential formulation for minimizing MTX-related hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6-Mercaptopurine (6-MCP) is an antiproliferative purine analog used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). Although 6-MCP has the great therapeutic potential for cancer and immunosuppressant-related diseases, 6-MCP is not readily soluble in water, presents a high first-pass effect, short half-life (0.5–1.5 h), and implies a low bioavailability (16%). On the contrary, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are prepared from solid lipids at room temperature and body temperature. In this study, SLNs were prepared w/o/w double emulsion-solvent evaporation method using Precirol ATO5 as matrix lipid. In the emulsion stabilization, surfactant (Tween 80) and polymeric stabilizer (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]) were used. Two group formulations using Tween 80 and PVA were compared in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential encapsulation efficiency%, and process yield%. Differential calorimetric analysis and release properties were examined for optimum formulation, and release kinetics were calculated. According to studies, sustained release was obtained with SLNs by the Korsmayer–Peppas kinetic model. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed on the hepatocarcinoma (HEP3G) cell line. According to the results, successful SLN formulations were produced, and PVA was found best stabilizer. Optimum formulation exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic effects on HEP3G than on pure 6-MCP. These results demonstrated that solid lipid nanodrug delivery systems have great potential for formulation of 6-MCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of serum pentraxin 3 (PTX3) values as an early predictor of subsequent renal involvement in patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) with no abnormalities on urinary examination and in renal function tests at disease onset. Methods This was a prospective cohort study which included 60 pediatric patients with HSP (age range 3-15 years) who were diagnosed between February 2011 and October 2012 and 60 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The patients were followed up for at least 18 months. Clinical findings were recorded for all patients at first examination, and blood samples for routine laboratory parameters and PTX3 value as well as skin biopsy specimens were obtained from each subject. Results Of the 60 patients with HSP, 29 (48.3 %) developed subsequent renal involvement, of whom four underwent kidney biopsy. The mean serum PTX3 level of patients with subsequent renal involvement was significantly higher than those of patients without renal involvement and of the controls (2.20 ± 1.30 vs. 1.36 ± 0.85 and 1.03 ± 0.7 ng/ml, respectively; p = 0.004). Immunofluorescence evaluation of skin biopsy revealed that in addition to immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposition, the IgM deposition was significantly associated with subsequent renal involvement (p = 0.008). Conclusions A high PTX3 level and IgM staining in skin biopsies from HSP patients may be harbingers of subsequent renal involvement., Author(s): Selçuk Yüksel[sup.1] [sup.6] , Murat Çaglar[sup.1] , Havva Evrengül[sup.1] , Tülay Becerir[sup.1] , Emre Tepeli[sup.2] , Ahmet Ergin[sup.3] , Esin Avci Çiçek[sup.4] , Hülya Aybek[sup.4] , Nagihan Yalçin[sup.5] , [...]

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an oil-soluble vitamin-like benzoquinone compound. Coenzyme Q10 plays a role in providing membrane stability, energy conversion and ATP production. It is also one of the important antioxidants in the body. The bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 is very low due to its low solubility in water and its large molecular mass. Among the solubility enhancement approaches, solid dispersions (SDs) are one of the most promising strategies. The use of suitable carrier and methodology plays a significant role in the biological response. In terms of a carrier, solid dispersions are classified broadly the third group. Surfactant-based SDs are called third-generation solid dispersions. To evaluate the surfactant effect on solubilization of CoQ10, three different surfactants of varying ratios between 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 (w/w) were used namely sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) (anionic), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) (cationic) and Pluronic F127 (non-ionic). CoQ10 solid dispersions were characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, FTIR spectroscopy, DSC analysis, saturation solubility and in vitro dissolution studies. To compare dissolution rate, area under the dissolution curve (AUC), Mean Dissolution Time (MDT), mean residence time of the drug substance molecules in the dosage form (MRT), and dissolutio nefficiency % (DE%) were calculated. All the formulations showed improvement in the aqueous solubility, while the dissolution rate was increased only by Pluronic F127 (p<0.05). Among the surfactants, Pluronic F127-based SDs were found superior to other surfactants. The results revealed that surfactant-based SDs offered great success in improving the therapeutic efficacy of CoQ10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Childhood obesity is an important public health problem and rising. The spread of unhealthy food advertisements (ads) in media may contribute to obesity. This study aims to perform a content analysis of food ads on TV channels in Turkey. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 6 TV channels with the highest ratings according to the Television Monitoring Surveys Joint Stock Company 2016 data. Primetime (PT, 20:00-23:00 and off prime time (OPT, 17:00-19:59) time slots were taken into consideration for data collection. The data was collected between October 13-19, 2017. For standardization, food groupings were based on previously published literature and the Turkey Specific Food and Nutrition Guide. Frequencies and percentages are given for descriptive statistics and chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Results: A total of 2740 food ads were evaluated. 1.732 (63.2%) of them were found to be unhealthy, only 124 (4.5%) were healthy and 884 (32.3%) were other types of food ads. There were more unhealthy food ads in the OPT period (65.5%) than the PT period (60.2%) (p=0.005). The most commonly advertised unhealthy food ads were cakes, cookies, and biscuits. Unhealthy drink ads were coke, carbonated beverages, and aroma sodas. Conclusion: Two of 3 food ads on Turkish TVs are unhealthy. Any child will be exposed to an average of 96 unhealthy food ads per week in case of only 2 hours of TV viewing per day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Antibiotic misuse is a significant public health problem worldwide. Parents' perceptions of antibiotics are critical for the antibiotic intake of children. The study's aim was to validate the Turkish Parental Perception on Antibiotics Scale. Methods: This is a scale validation study. The data were collected through a questionnaire that consisted of 15 questions about the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the family and the Turkish Parental Perception on Antibiotics Scale. The scale, developed by Alumran et al., is a 5-point Likert type and consists of 31 items. The high scores obtained from the non-cut-off scale indicate better antibiotics perception. Experts completed the language adaption and content validity of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity. Reliability was tested by internal consistency coefficients. Results: One thousand eight people participated in the study. 68.8% of the participants were mothers. The mean age of the mothers was 35.7±5.0, and the mean age of the fathers was 39.4±5.2 years. The percent of high school and above graduates was 51.2% among mothers and 56.0% among fathers. According to the confirmatory factor analysis, the fit index values were standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)=0.06, goodness-of-fit index (GFI)=0.90, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.06, comparative fit index (CFI)=0.95, non-normed fit index (NNFI)=0.93. The fit index values were good or excellent and confirmed the 5-factor structure. It was found that the internal consistency coefficients calculated for reliability were 0.79 for the whole scale and ranged between 0.63 and 0.86 for the subscales. Conclusion: The Turkish Parental Perception on Antibiotics Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. Further research is needed to determine the current situation regarding antibiotic perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin has been used in many diseases due to its high therapeutical potential in recent years. Although curcumin is a frequently used natural polyphenolic compound products, its low solubility and poor permeability limits the dermal efficacy of curcumin. Emulgels are a new generation of semi-solid formulations that combine the advantages of both emulsions and gels. The biggest limitation of emulsions is surfactant related irritation problems caused by the use of high amount of surfactants. In this study, it was aimed to increase the skin permeability of curcumin by developing surfactant-free emulgel formulations. In the study, emulgels were developed by Carbopol 940 gels as the aqueous phase, olive oil and curcumin methanol solution as the oil phase. No surfactant was used additionally to show the stabilizing effect of Carbopol in emulgels. The emulgel formulations were subjected to physicochemical characterization by means of organoleptic properties, pH, rheological and mechanical properties. Mechanical properties were carried out by texture profile analyzes to determine the structure related properties such as hardness, compressibility, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and elasticity. The spreadability of the formulations was also determined with Texture Analyzer. Obtained emulgels showed good rheological, mechanical and spreadability properties. The transdermal permeation of the chosen emulgel was studied ex vivo against hydrogel prepared with the same amount of Carbopol. The emulgel formulation significantly increased transdermal permeation compared to the hydrogel. This emulgel formulation successfully passed from stress tests. As a conclusion, the novel surfactant-free emulgel formulation was successfully developed to increase curcumin permeation through the rat skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines the frequency of problematic internet use and sleep problems in adolescents aged 14–18 years during the COVID‐19 pandemic and identifies the impact of factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, internet habits, changes in daily life, and perceived social support on these problems. Methods: This multicentre study was a questionnaire‐based online survey study. The questionnaire included the Young Internet Addiction Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, as well as questions about demographic information, internet habits, and changes in daily life during pandemic. Several multivariate Backward logistic regression models were run to determine the variables that predicted problematic internet use and poor sleep quality. Results: It was determined that the frequency of problematic internet use was 15.5%, and the frequency of poor sleep quality was 47.8%. Poor sleep quality was found 2.5 times higher in problematic internet users. The perceived social support was found insufficient in adolescents with problematic internet use and poor sleep quality. Various factors such as the excessive use of internet and social media, low school success, lack of physical activity, lack of rules for internet use at home, and worsening of relationships with parents were found to be predictive factors for these problems. Conclusions: Problematic internet use during the pandemic is associated with worsening sleep quality in adolescents. It is important to create special interventions for problematic internet use and sleep problems that develop in adolescents as a result of restrictions during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Determining the knowledge and attitudes of medical students is important in planning interventions to increase vaccination rates and reduce the incidence of vaccine hesitancy. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes of medical students about adult and childhood vaccines and the factors affecting them. Materials and Methods: The population of the cross-sectional study consisted of 404 students studying in the 1st and 6th grades at a medical faculty in the 2018-2019 academic year. No sample selection was made and it was aimed to reach the entire population. The dependent variable of the study was the knowledge and attitude score calculated from the answers of the participants, while the independent variables were the sociodemographic characteristics and vaccination status of the participants. In the data collection process, a 74-question questionnaire form created by the researchers by reviewing the literature was used. Knowledge score was calculated from 22 questions asked to measure the level of knowledge about vaccines. Attitude score was calculated from 28 questions asked to measure attitudes towards vaccines. Results: Three hundred thirty eight (83%) people participated in the study. The mean knowledge score was 9.4±5.7 and the mean attitude score was 62.7±10.9. Period 6 students had a higher knowledge score and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). According to the multiple analysis, the knowledge score on vaccines was found to be lower in first graders, those who did not receive Hepatitis B vaccine, those who did not know about paid vaccines and those who said I would not have my children vaccinated/I do not know if the government pays for paid vaccines. Attitude scores were lower among those who did not know about paid vaccines and those who said that they would not/do not get paid vaccines for their children. Conclusion: While the level of knowledge of medical students about vaccines was found to be low, their attitudes towards vaccines were positive. It is recommended to include more activities that will positively affect the knowledge and attitude towards vaccines in the medical education process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Studies describing paediatric sleep patterns are needed by taking culture into consideration. The aim of this study was to identify parent‐reported sleep–wake patterns in young children and explore possible factors influencing sleep problems. The mothers of 2,434 young children enrolled from well‐child outpatient clinics in Turkey completed an online survey including sociodemographic variables, Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Generalised Anxiety Disorder scales. Overall, young children in Turkey go to bed late (10:00 p.m.), awaken twice per night for 30 min, and obtain 11.5 h of total sleep, showing no sex‐specific differences. Distinct night‐time sleep patterns emerged after 18 months of age. Importantly, although currently breastfed healthy children were 3.8‐times less likely to sleep through the night, total sleep duration and exclusive breastfeeding duration were higher in children who were not sleeping through the night. Overall, bedsharing was identified in 11.5%, and only room sharing was reported in 52.9%. Parental perception of a child's sleep as problematic was 35.8%. Mothers with higher educational attainment were more likely to perceive their children's sleep as a problem. Maternal depressive and anxious symptoms and a history of excessive infant crying were the determinants predicting the likelihood of both parent‐perceived sleep problems and poor sleepers. The present analysis of sleep structure in infancy and toddlerhood provides reference data for well‐child visits. These findings highlight the importance of considering maternal anxiety, depression and behaviour management techniques to cope with fussy infants in addressing childhood behavioural sleep problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a boundary integral equation method is proposed for investigating acoustic pressure radiation from a sphere pulsating near a free surface or an impedance plane. The half-space and free-space problems are investigated for the acoustic radiation of pulsating sphere. The effects of free surface and impedance boundaries are introduced into the mathematical model by employing three different half-space Green's functions, respectively. These Green's functions are derived, respectively, using the single image-source method, multiple equivalent-source method, and complex equivalent-source method. Green's functions are implemented into the boundary element (BE) formulation. The surface of the pulsating sphere is discretized with linear and quadratic BEs, and the Combined Helmholtz Integral Equation Formulation (CHIEF) is employed to overcome the non-uniqueness problem. Four different case studies are considered for the sphere pulsating near a free surface or an impedance plane. The first case study involves the sphere pulsating near a free surface (perfectly reflective) and the single image-source method is used in the boundary element method (BEM) formulation. In the second case study, the sphere is assumed as pulsating near a perfectly reflecting and perfectly absorbing impedance planes, respectively. The multiple equivalent-source method is employed for the perfectly reflecting plane, but the multiple equivalent-source method and complex equivalent-source methods for the perfectly absorbing plane. The third case study involves a general impedance plane, and all the methods are employed, respectively, in the BE formulation. The final case study assumes a general impedance plane forming a perpendicular incidence and the complex equivalent-source method is used in this particular case. It is observed that there is a very good comparison between the results obtained from all these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Objective: We aimed to evaluate correct facemask usage prevalence among the general public in marketplaces in Denizli, Turkey and also aimed to determine the effects of the announcement of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and curfew decisions on compliance rates of appropriate mask use. Materials and Methods: In this population-based study, a total of 6749 observations were made in the 8 different marketplaces between 22 November -- 3 December 2020. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effect of age, gender, observation time, and intervention type (announcement of asymptomatic COVID-19 case numbers and, announcement of nationwide curfew decisions) on correct facemask use prevalence. Results: Correct facemask usage prevalence in customers and sellers was 84.3% and 46.3%, respectively. The announcement of the number of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases had no statistically significant effect on correct facemask usage prevalence both among customers and sellers (p>0.05). After the announcement of the curfew decisions, correct facemask usage prevalence increased among customers (OR:1.24 (1.02-1.52)) and sellers (OR:1.64 (1.32-2.03)). Conclusion: The correct use of facemasks is not sufficient, especially among sellers. The announcement of curfew decisions has increased the correct use of masks although, the announcement of asymptomatic COVID-19 case numbers has no effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the compliance status of product labels regarding Article 9 of the International Code on Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code) in Denizli province, Turkey. A cross-sectional study design was employed to determine the compliance status. The product labels were obtained from a convenience sample of five supermarkets, one store and 5 pharmacies in the City centre and district of Honaz. Using a data collection form prepared by previously published studies, data were collected between July 26, 2010 and August 06, 2010. Data collection form included 13 criteria. In addition, we checked the boxes for the availability of a Turkish written label. Forty product labels of 7 companies were reached and evaluated. These products consisted of 83.0% of the products marketed by these companies in Turkey. Thirty seven (92.5%) of the labels violated Article 9 of the Code in terms of one or more criteria. Thirty four (85.0%) of the labels had photos or pictures idealizing the use of infant formula. Nine (22.5%) had a photo, a picture or any representation of an infant, and five (12.5%) had text which idealize the use of infant formula or discouraging breastfeeding. Eight (20%) did not state that breastfeeding is the best. Four (10%) had a term such as 'similar to breast milk or human milk'. In conclusion, the majority of the product labels of breast milk substitutes marketed in our country violate the Code. It is appropriate that the Turkish Ministry of Health, medical organizations, companies, and NGOs work more actively to increase awareness of this issue. Keywords Breast milk * Infant formula * The International Code * Legislation, Introduction The advantages of breast milk and the risks of artificial infant nutrition have been expressed by international health organizations in various platforms [1-3]. World Health Organization (WHO) and the [...]