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The modified orthogonal frame is an important tool to study analytic space curves whose curvatures have discrete zero points. In this article, by using the modified orthogonal frame, Mannheim curves and their partner curves are investigated in Minkowski 3-space. Some characterizations according to the curvatures and torsions of the curves are given. Finally, some relations under the conditions for Mannheim curves and their partner curves to be generalized helices are presented. All the possible cases for the partner curves to be spacelike and timelike are considered in the whole of the article.

Asmaa Gomaa,1 Naglaa Allam,1 Aisha Elsharkway,2 Mohamed El Kassas,3 Imam Waked1 1Hepatology Department, National Liver Institute, Shebeen EL Kom, 2Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 3Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt Abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health burden in Egypt, where it bears the highest prevalence rate in the world. Estimates for prevalence are based upon data reported from the 2008 and 2015 Egypt Demographic Health Surveys. In this review, we demonstrate the prevalence results of both surveys and analyze the difference in the results. The overall HCV prevalence is estimated to be declining. However, the clinical impact of chronic HCV infection is expected to grow considerably. A mathematical model shows that by increasing the rate of treatment, the expected number of patients will decline significantly in 2030. The current and expected future burden of chronic HCV infection to the Egyptian economy, including direct and indirect costs due to disability and loss of lives, has been estimated and discussed in this review. The economic burden will continue to grow, but a model shows that the introduction of highly effective therapies will result in a significant reduction in the cumulative total economic burden of HCV by 2030. In recognition of the HCV tremendous health and economic burden, the Egyptian government established the National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis to implement an integrated nationwide strategy to provide patient care and ensure global treatment access. This review illustrates the epidemiological and disease burden aspects of HCV in Egypt in addition to introducing the national plan and program for managing HCV, which has been successful so far in treating a large number of patients, with the aim of achieving disease control and eventual elimination in Egypt. Keywords: hepatitis C in Egypt, prevalence, HCV burden, treatment strategy

This study presents an initial exploration of the phytochemical composition and biological properties of Salsola foetida, a wild plant native to southeastern Algeria. The investigation encompassed an analysis of the biochemical content, phytochemical profile, and bioactivity of the plant’s aerial parts. The biomass of S. foetida was found to comprise 51.2 ± 0.4% ash, with elemental analysis revealing the presence of carbon, oxygen, calcium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, and sulfur. Carbohydrates were identified as the predominant constituents, surpassing the levels of proteins and lipids. Phytochemical screening, coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis, confirmed the presence of various secondary metabolites, including alkaloids and phenols. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis further delineated a spectrum of phenolic compounds, with rutin emerging as the predominant compound at 1.59 µg/ml. Quantification revealed a noteworthy phenolic content of 67.1 ± 0.2 µg GE/mg ED. The extract exhibited robust radical scavenging effects, with the radical 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) being 61.8 ± 0.2 μg/ml, along with protective effects against H2O2-induced hemolysis and the ability to reduce ferric ions. Additionally, the extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities. Notably, it exhibited considerable sunscreen properties, boasting a sun protected factor (SPF) value of 21 ± 1. Overall, S. foetida presents promising antioxidant activity and a spectrum of potential biological activities, underscoring its significance as a novel antioxidant candidate for applications in animal nutrition, medicine, and natural product research.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the ICU is one of the life-threatening situations that may need renal replacement therapy (RRT). Survival benefit of early initiation of RRT is still not proven. There is still a debate whether early or late RRT significantly affects morbidity and mortality.Methods This is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that was conducted on 94 critically ill subjects with stage 2 AKI, according to KDIGO classification, who were on invasive mechanical ventilation. Recruited subjects were selected only if they failed to respond to furosemide stress test after volume status optimization. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups according to timing of RRT initiation. In the early group, RRT was initiated without the presence of urgent indications for hemodialysis, whereas in the late group, RRT was implemented only in the presence of one or more of urgent indications such as severe metabolic acidosis or hyperkalemia. Primary outcomes of the study were ICU mortality and length of stay. Secondary outcomes included recovery of renal function in addition to duration of mechanical ventilation.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the primary outcomes, namely ICU mortality and ICU length of stay. About 51.1% of the subjects survived in the early RRT group, whereas 46.8% survived in the late group (p = .680). Although duration of mechanical ventilationwas not significantly different (p = .486), recovery of renal functionand less dependency on RRT after discharge, were significantly higher in the early RRT group (p = < .001).Conclusion Even after choosing AKI patients who failed to respond to furosemide stress test, timing of RRT initiation did not affect survival, ICU length of stay or duration of mechanical ventilation. However, early RRT may have positive effect on RRF for survived patients.

Haloxylon articulatum, commonly known as the salt tree have diverse medicinal benefits. The phytochemical content, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of the methanolic extract were assessed. The extract demonstrated a high concentration of flavonoids and phenolic components, with a Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of 186 ± 3 µg QE/mg extract and a Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of 188.1 ± 0.4 µg GAE/mg extract. Bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities, such as quercetin, rutin, chrysin, and caffeic acid, were detected by LC-MS analysis. Through IC50 values of 28.88, 14.13, and 23.03 µg/mL for DPPH, β-carotene, and ABTS tests, respectively, the extract demonstrated considerable antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activity was reported against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with bactericidal effects indicated by MIC and MBC values. The extract also exhibited potent antifungal activity against Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Alternaria sp. These results suggest that H. articulatum extract is a promising source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents with potential therapeutic applications.

Miscible gas injection is one of the most important enhanced oil recovery (EOR) approaches for increasing oil recovery. Due to the massive cost associated with this approach a high degree of accuracy is required for predicting the outcome of the process. Such accuracy includes, the preliminary screening parameters for gas miscible displacement; the “Minimum Miscibility Pressure” (MMP) and the availability of the gas. All conventional and stat-of-art MMP measurement methods are either time consuming or decidedly cost demanding processes. Therefore, in order to address the immediate industry demands a nonparametric approach, Alternating Conditional Expectation (ACE), is used in this study to estimate MMP. This algorithm Breiman and Friedman [Brieman L., Friedman J.H. (1985) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 80, 391, 580-619]estimates the transformations of a set of predictors (here C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7+, CO2, H2S, N2, Mw5+, Mw7+ and T) and a response (here MMP) that produce the maximum linear effect between these transformed variables. One hundred thirteen MMP data points are considered both from the relevant published literature and the experimental work. Five MMP measurements for Kuwaiti Oil are included as part of the testing data. The proposed model is validated using detailed statistical analysis; a reasonably good value of correlation coefficient 0.956 is obtained as compare to the existing correlations. Similarly, standard deviation and average absolute error values are at the lowest as 139 psia (8.55 bar) and 4.68% respectively. Hence, it reveals that the results are more reliable than the existing correlations for pure CO2 injection to enhance oil recovery. In addition to its accuracy, the ACE approach is more powerful, quick and can handle a huge data.

Abstract Background The use of Cloud-based storage personal health records has increased globally. The GPOC series introduces the concept of a Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC) of personal health records. Technical sandboxes allow the capability to simulate different scientific concepts before making them production ready. None exist for the medical fields and cloud-based research. Methods We constructed and tested the sandbox using open-source infrastructures (Ubuntu, Alpine Linux, and Colaboratory) and demonstrated it on a cloud platform. Data preprocessing utilised standard and in-house libraries. The Mina protocol, implementing zero-knowledge proofs, ensured secure blockchain operations, while the Ethereum smart contract protocol within Hyperledger Besu supported enterprise-grade sandbox development. Results Here, we present the GPOC series’ technical sandbox. This is to facilitate future online research and testing of the concept and its security, encryption, movability, research potential, risks and structure. It has several protocols for homomorphic encryption, decentralisation, transfers, and file management. The sandbox is openly available online and tests authorisation, transmission, access control, and integrity live. It invites all committed parties to test and improve the platform. Individual patients, clinics, organisations and regulators are invited to test and develop the concept. The sandbox displays co-ownership of personal health records. Here it is trisected between patients, clinics and clinicians. Patients can actively participate in research and control their health data. The challenges include ensuring that a unified underlying protocol is maintained for cross-border delivery of care based on data management regulations. Conclusions The GPOC concept, as demonstrated by the GPOC Sandbox, represents an advancement in healthcare technology. By promoting patient co-ownership and utilising advanced technologies like blockchain and homomorphic encryption, the GPOC initiative enhances individual control over health data and facilitates collaborative medical research globally. The justification for this research lies in its potential to improve evidence-based medicine and AI dissemination. The significance of the GPOC initiative extends to various aspects of healthcare, patient co-ownership of health data, promoting access to resources and healthcare democratisation. The implications include better global health outcomes through continued development and collaboration, ensuring the successful adoption of the GPOC Sandbox and advancing innovation in digital health.

Abstract This paper presents a detailed kinematic and dynamic model of nonuniform skid steering for tracked vehicles on level terrain and uniform skid steering slopes. The objective is to find the required forces applied on both tracks to achieve the desired turning, aiding in determining the needed engine power for effective turning operation. The vehicle kinematics during turning is presented, followed by a complete dynamic analysis that considers the effect of centrifugal and inertia forces, as well as adhesion with the ground. The dynamic analysis of turning on slopes is developed, where the cases of turning while moving uphill and downhill are considered. Moreover, simulation analysis using MATLAB model is conducted to investigate the main turning characteristics on both level terrain and slopes. The model can accurately predict the required forces on both tracks for effective turning, and can aid in the design of more efficient tracked vehicles. Generally, the findings of this study can inform the design of more efficient tracked vehicles by providing insights into the needed driving forces and the required power to achieve the desired radius of turning at a specific vehicle speed.

Abstract Background The use of Cloud-based storage of personal health records has increased globally. The GPOC Series introduces the concept of a Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC) of personal health records. Here, we present the GPOC Series’ international survey on the necessity of a GPOC. Methods Online global survey with invitations sent to health ministries and major organisations. It received answers from health ministries and affiliated advisors of all 193 United Nations (UN) member states, 2 UN observer states (Holy See & Palestine) and 1 de facto UN non-member state (Taiwan) and from 18 major international organisations. The survey examined a dozen aspects encompassing demographics, privacy, sharing, movability, co-ownership, research, company usage, regulation and the necessity of a GPOC. Results The GPOC Survey elicited responses from 267 individuals from 214 entities, including all UN member states, and major international organisations. Twelve domains were identified, covering demographics, correctness, privacy, commercial use, medical and non-medical research, co-ownership, data sharing, record movement, ownership centralisation, patient rights, environmental concerns, and foundation creation. Results show high agreement on most issues, including support for co-ownership (89%) and movement of personal health records (84%). Disagreement was prominent regarding centralised ownership by the state (64%) and data sharing without consent (85%). Additionally, respondents expressed interest in a neutral, decentralised foundation for regulation (73%) and the environmental sustainability of electronic health records (84%). Conclusions A Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC) of personal health records could significantly enhance patient independence and involvement in health management, supported by the near consensus agreement across various domains identified in our survey. This consensus underscores the potential of GPOC to democratise healthcare and align with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The survey results demonstrate strong support for GPOC’s role in promoting evidence-based patient management, reducing information silos, and fostering ethical data sharing. Moreover, the overwhelming agreement on key principles of co-ownership, data sharing, and environmental sustainability highlights the global inclination for a decentralised, patient-controlled PHR platform. This platform stands to empower patients worldwide, advance precision medicine, and contribute to the global development and dissemination of artificial intelligence in healthcare.

Abstract Ultrasonography with color Doppler is the most quantitative analysis method for intra-renal parameters. There is a wide variation between authors in the measurement site and referencing the inter-lobar resistivity index (RI) in felines. Our objective is to morphometrically and ultrasonographically investigate the normal renal dimensions and vasculatures and draw up a normal reference value for the renal inter-lobar artery resistivity index (RI) using a Pulsed wave-Doppler ultrasonography. A total of twelve adult domestic cats were sedated and treated according to IACUC regulation guidelines to be examined using Doppler ultrasound. The same cats were used for morphometric investigation and divided into three groups regarding the used technique. The size difference between the right and left kidneys is slight, measuring 17 g (weight), 3.65 ± 0.06 cm (length), 2.54 ± 0.08 cm (width), and 2.21 ± 0.03 cm (thickness) for the right kidney, and about 15 g, 3.42 ± 0.06 cm, 2.32 ± 0.05 cm, and 2.13 ± 0.03 cm for the left one, respectively. There are three patterns of renal arteries’ point of origin. The mean RI values of both kidneys were 0.57 ± 0.08 (0.50–0.67) in the right kidney and 0.60 ± 0.08 (0.51–0.69) in the left kidney. The gross examination and ultrasonography measurements did not have a statistically different effect on the actual renal dimensions. Moreover, 0.69 is considered the standard resistivity index (RI) threshold of the feline inter-lobar artery with no correlation to the animal’s body weight.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is the main means of reducing NOX emissions. Urea injection structure parameters (i.e., the hole number in a nozzle, spray angle, the distance between the nozzle and the front section of the catalyst) and operating parameters (i.e., exhaust gas temperature, gas hourly space velocity, ammonia-to-nitrogen ratio (ANR)) of the SCR systems have a significant impact on denitrification efficiency (deNOX). A three-dimensional simulation model is developed to investigate the impact of diverse parameters on deNOX. The influence of temperature, ANR and space velocity on the deNOX of SCR system is studied by using the control variable method. The simulation model is modified according to the SCR catalyst gas distribution test results. A diesel bench experiment is conducted to test the deNOX of the SCR system of D2 cycle and two additional operating points to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation model. Based on this model, the influence of key factors on the deNOX of SCR system is studied. In SCR system, the optimal urea injection angle is about 75°, the optimal number of nozzle holes is 4, the distance between the optimal urea injection point and the front section of the catalyst is 8 times of the pipe diameter, and the optimal operating temperature is 300 ∼ 420℃. The influence trend of ANR on deNOX at different temperatures is obtained. This provides a theoretical support for the realization of SCR system in the future.

Abstract Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a frequent digestive illness in North America, causing symptoms and complications. It affects 18.1–27.28% of people and is associated with decreased quality of life. Treatment improves quality of life, but treatment costs are higher. The study aims to assess the role of screening of patients proven to have GERD by upper gastrointestinal endoscope for early detection of interstitial lung diseases. Subjects and methods This research was cross-sectional research. The study will be conducted at the Chest Diseases Department of Ain Shams University hospitals. This prospective cross-sectional research will be performed on 90 randomly selected cases diagnosed with GERD by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. For 1 year. Result The findings of chest HRCT for enrolled patients are 15 patients (16.7%) showed positive CT findings suggestive of interstitial lung disease, whereas 75 patients (83.3%) had normal CT scans. The most common CT finding was atelectasis reported in nine patients (10%). a statistically significant correlation between age and fibrosis and reticular infiltration, female gender, and reticular infiltration. no statistically significant association between CT findings and each of the chest symptoms and GERD symptoms. Conclusion CT chest screen of patients diagnosed with GERD by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy plays a favorable role in the early detection of ILD to help in early management and treatment them. In patients diagnosed with GERD by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, we revealed that: reticular infiltration is more prevalent in female gender. Reticular infiltration and fibrosis increase with older age. Reticular infiltration and atelectasis increase in patients who have a hiatus hernia. Cough, dyspnea, and wheezes increase in older age.

Abstract Background Bladder urothelial carcinoma, is considered the 7th most common cancer in males. It is classified into luminal and basal subtypes depending on molecular markers, influencing prognosis and treatment. Identifying reliable biomarkers like GATA3, CK20, and CK5/6 through immunohistochemical methods can aid in early detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment strategies. This study aims for evaluation prognostic role of these mentioned markers in correlation with clinicopathological parameters in urothelial carcinomas. Methods Tumor samples of forty cases were immunohistochemically stained for GATA3, CK5/6, and CK20. A cutoff of 20% positivity was used to determine subtype classifications, with staining patterns guiding the categorization into basal, luminal, double positive, or double negative groups. Results In this study of 40 urothelial carcinoma patients tumors were classified into basal and luminal subtypes using GATA3, CK5/6 and CK20 markers. GATA3 expression showed no significant association with clinicopathological parameters; while, CK20 was associated with tumor size, and CK5/6 with T, N classification, and lymphovascular invasion. Significant differences in clinicopathological parameters were observed when subtypes were defined by CK5/6, GATA3 or CK20, particularly in tumor grade, T and N classification, and gender. Basal molecular subtypes was correlated with poor prognostic parameters. Conclusions This study documented that use of triple markers could define the luminal and basal subtypes of urothelial carcinoma. Basal tumors have shown to be associated with the aggressive behavior and future studies may allow the development of new therapies in the context of molecular subtypes.

Abstract Background During the last thirty years the world has benefited from the increasing adoption to cloud-based storage of personal health records. The concept of a Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC) of personal health records is presented in the GPOC Series, which contains a systematic review and meta-analysis, a global survey among 100% of the UN member states and a technical sandbox environment. GPOC contains patient co-ownership of personal health records. The global survey showed a consensus for the realisation of a GPOC. Methods Here, we present a Delphi styled GPOC Summit. It also contains a final vote, that validates the results of the previous GPOC Survey. Hence, the Summit contains both multiple rounds of discussion and a voting. Results At the GPOC Summit a unanimous consensus for patient co-ownership of the personal health records was expressed. The majority of participants underlined that GPOC may benefit global health, transfers of the personal health records globally and the dissemination of evidence-based medicine across the globe. The plausible advantages for patients, both refugees and travellers and for developing economies were underlined. GPOC, as a large substrate for global medical artificial intelligence research, was highlighted. There was unanimous positive interest for GPOC. The GPOC Summit agreed on patient co-ownership of personal health records. This collective agreement underscores the potential of GPOC to enhance global health outcomes, facilitate seamless exchange of health data, and advance medical research worldwide. Conclusions The summit emphasised the potential benefits of GPOC for diverse populations and economies, highlighting its potential role in improving healthcare access and infrastructure. Moving forward, coordination with relevant initiatives could enhance interoperability and standardisation in healthcare data management. In conclusion, the GPOC Summit represents one step towards realising a patient-centric, globally accessible healthcare ecosystem, with possible implications for the development and global adoption of AI-driven healthcare solutions.