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This article extends the conversation on English education as preparation for democratic participation. The author journeys through a cycle of action research, analyzing one classroom case study to improve her practice of curricular negotiation in a methods of teaching writing course.

This article explores the tension between social control and democratic participation in the first American peace education curriculum, "A Course in Citizenship" (1914). Previously, this "Course" has been read as a case study of progressive era peace education, during which the call to teach democratically increased in volume. Building on this critical history, the "Course" can also offer historical perspective on the high value of discipline and obedience to law inscribed in some teachers' views of citizenship education. Read alongside archival transcripts from the American peace movement before World War I, the warrants for predicting future peace in the "Course in Citizenship" suggest that peace education requires innovative methods of constituting classroom authority on the basis of representation.

Urine color (Ucol) as a hydration assessment tool provides practicality, ease of use, and correlates moderately to strongly with urine specific gravity (Usg) and urine osmolality (Uosm). Indicative of daily fluid turnover, along with solute and urochrome excretion in 24-hr samples, Ucol may also reflect dietary composition. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of Ucol as a hydration status biomarker after nutritional supplementation with beetroot (880 mg), vitamin C (1000 mg), and riboflavin (200 mg). Twenty males (Mean ± SD\ age, 21 ± 2 y; body mass, 82.12 ± 15.58 kg; height, 1.77 ± 0.06 m) consumed a standardized breakfast and collected all urine voids on one control day (CON) and 1 day after consuming a standardized breakfast and a randomized and double-blinded supplement (SUP) over 3 weeks. Participants replicated exercise and diet for one day before CON, and throughout CON and SUP. Ucol, Usg, Uosm, and urine volume were measured in all 24-hr samples, and Ucol and Usg were measured in all single samples. Ucol was a significant predictor of single sample Usg after all supplements (p < .05). Interestingly, 24-hr Ucol was not a significant predictor of 24-h Usg and Uosm after riboflavin supplementation (p = .20, p = .21). Further, there was a significant difference between CON and SUP 24-h Ucol only after riboflavin supplementation (p < .05). In conclusion, this investigation suggests that users of the UCC (urine color chart) should consider riboflavin supplementation when classifying hydration status and use a combination of urinary biomarkers (e.g., Usg and Ucol), both acutely and over 24 hr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This field investigation assessed differences (e.g., drinking behavior, hydration status, perceptual ratings) between female and male endurance cyclists who completed a 164-km event in a hot environment (35 °C mean dry bulb) to inform rehydration recommendations for athletes. Three years of data were pooled to create 2 groups of cyclists: women (n = 15) and men (n = 88). Women were significantly smaller (p < .001) than men in height (166 ± 5 vs. 179 ± 7 cm), body mass (64.6 ± 7.3 vs. 86.4 ± 12.3 kg), and body mass index (BMI; 23.3 ±1.8 vs. 26.9 ± 3.4) and had lower preevent urinary indices of hydration status, but were similar to men in age (43 ± 7 years vs. 44 ± 9 years) and exercise time (7.77 ± 1.24 hr vs. 7.23 ± 1.75 hr). During the 164-km ride, women lost less body mass (-0.7 ± 1.0 vs. -1.7 ± 1.5 kg; -1.1 ± 1.6% vs. -1.9 ± 1.8% of body weight; p < .005) and consumed less fluid than men (4.80 ± 1.28 L vs. 5.59 ± 2.13 L; p < .005). Women consumed a similar volume of fluid as men, relative to body mass (milliliters/kilogram). To control for performance and anthropomorphic characteristics, 15 women were pair-matched with 15 men on the basis of exercise time on the course and BMI; urine-specific gravity, urine color, and body mass change (kilograms and percentage) were different (p < .05) in 4 of 6 comparisons. No gender differences were observed for ratings of thirst, thermal sensation, or perceived exertion. In conclusion, differences in relative fluid volume consumed and hydration indices suggest that professional sports medicine organizations should consider gender and individualized drinking plans when formulating pronouncements regarding rehydration during exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the response of the cerebrovasculature to acute exercise in children and how these responses might differ with adults. Therefore, we compared changes in middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAVmean), end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2), blood pressure, and minute ventilation (V E) in response to incremental exercise between children and adults. Thirteen children [age: 9 ± 1 (SD) yr] and thirteen sex-matched adults (age: 25 ± 4 yr) completed a maximal exercise test, during which MCAVmean, PETCO2, andV E were measured continuously. These variables were measured at rest, at exercise intensities specific to individual ventilatory thresholds, and at maximum. Although MCAVmean was higher at rest in children compared with adults, there were smaller increases in children (1-12%) compared with adults (12-25%) at all exercise intensities. There were alterations in PETCO2 with exercise intensity in an age-dependent manner [F(2.5,54.5) = 7.983, P < 0.001; η2 = 0.266], remaining stable in children with increasing exercise intensity (37-39 mmHg; P > 0.05) until hyperventilation-induced reductions following the respiratory compensation point. In adults, PETCO2 increased with exercise intensity (36-45 mmHg, P < 0.05) until the ventilatory threshold. From the ventilatory threshold to maximum, adults showed a greater hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia than children. These findings show that the relative increase in MCAVmean during exercise was attenuated in children compared with adults. There was also a weaker relationship between MCAVmean and PETCO2 during exercise in children, suggesting that cerebral perfusion may be regulated by different mechanisms during exercise in the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Nitrate-rich (NR) supplements can enhance exercise performance by improving neuromuscular function and the aerobic cost of exercise. However, little is known about the effects of nitrate on dynamic, multijoint resistance exercise.Methods: Fourteen resistance-trained men (age, 21.1 ± 0.9 years; height, 173.2 ± 2.9 cm: body mass, 77.6 ± 4.3 kg; squat one-repetition maximum [1RM], 127.5 ± 18.8 kg) participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover experiment. Subjects consumed an NR or nitrate-poor (NP) supplement for 3 days, performed a bout of heavy resistance exercise, completed a washout, and then repeated the procedures with the remaining supplement. Before, during, and after exercise, individual and gross motor unit efficiency was assessed during isometric and dynamic muscle contractions. In addition, we compared physical performance, heart rate, lactate, and oxygen consumption (VO2).Results: Nitrate-rich supplementation resulted in lower initial muscle firing rates at rest and lower mean and maximum firing rates over the course of fatiguing exercise. Nitrate-poor supplementation was accompanied by increased mean and maximum firing rates by the end of exercise and lower initial firing rates. In addition, NR supplementation resulted in higher mean peak electromyography (EMG) amplitudes. Heart rate, lactate, and physical performance did not differ by treatment, but oxygen consumption increased more frequently when the NP supplement was consumed.Conclusion: Supplementation with an NR beetroot extract-based supplement provided neuromuscular advantages during metabolically taxing resistance exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which determines adequate drink to be consumed by athletes in a hot climate during ultra endurance cycling to compensate fluid loss due to sweating and urination. The study was conducted on 26 male cyclists and measurements were taken at the start, 52 km, 97 km, 136 km and at the finish point. The study found no universal drinking plan and that each athlete has to develop a plan based on specific needs as per body mass, exercise time and field requirements.

This article explores the tension between social control and democratic participation in the first American peace education curriculum,A Course in Citizenship(1914). Previously, thisCoursehas been read as a case study of progressive era peace education, during which the call to teach democratically increased in volume. Building on this critical history, theCoursecan also offer historical perspective on the high value of discipline and obedience to law inscribed in some teachers’ views of citizenship education. Read alongside archival transcripts from the American peace movement before World War I, the warrants for predicting future peace in theCourse in Citizenshipsuggest that peace education requires innovative methods of constituting classroom authority on the basis of representation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the research "Developmental trajectories of cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy children and young adults assessed with magnetic resonance imaging" by J. Leung and colleagues. It discusses the use of arterial spin labelling and blood-oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging to characterize the developmental trajectories of cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity in brains of healthy children and young adults.

Hypoxia-induced neurocognitive impairments have been of clinical interest for centuries. The mechanisms responsible for these neurocognitive impairments at altitude are unclear, but may relate to the uncoupling of local neural activity with appropriate changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF; i.e., functional hyperemia). At both sea level and following 3 and 7 days at 3800 m (Barcroft Research Lab, White Mountain, CA, USA), transcranial Doppler was used to index CBF during three separate tasks designed to evoke cerebral functional hyperemia in 11 healthy individuals (26.6 ± 5.5 yrs, 2 females). The tasks were: 1) Visual stimulation (VS), with measurement of anterior and posterior CBF; 2) Verbal fluency (VF), with measurement of bilateral CBF; and 3) Visuospatial task (VST), with measurement of bilateral CBF. The VS evoked an increase from baseline to percent peak response in both the posterior (15.2 ± 7.7%, P < 0.01) and anterior (7.6 ± 3.5%, P < 0.01) cerebral hemispheres; however, the percent peak response was higher in the posterior brain, where visual regions are localized ( P = 0.01). The left-sided task, VF, resulted in an increase in both the left (12.2 ± 4.0%, P < 0.01) and right (9.0 ± 4.4%, P < 0.01) cerebral hemispheres; however, the percent peak response was higher in the left brain, where language centers are located ( P < 0.01). The right-sided task, VST, evoked an increase in both the left (13.9 ± 7.1%, P < 0.01) and right (16.8 ± 6.7%, P < 0.01) cerebral hemispheres; however, the percent peak response was higher in the right brain, where visuospatial regions are located ( P < 0.01). Each cerebral functional hyperemia response for all three tasks was unaffected by high altitude exposure ( P > 0.05). Overall, at least at 3800 m, neurovascular function is intact with exposure to 3 and 7 days of high altitude and likely does not explain the previous reports of neurocognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Causative factors of toxemia of pregnancy have not been completely resolved. This project examines rat placenta to determine which placental regions and cells become labeled with renin antibody. Renin is well known as hormone produced by juxtaglomerular cells of the distal renal afferent arteriole, as a response to low blood pressure. Renin is also an immediate downstream target of Class 1 Hox gene regulation. Mice express renin in embryonic renal, adrenal and gonadal arteries, adrenal glands, and tissue associated with the pro- and meso-nephric kidneys. Transgenic mice exhibit expression of a renin/GFP reporter in placental giant trophoblast cells and cells of the tunica adventitia of the uterine/ovarian artery. In RCS rats, renin antibody stain labels giant trophoblast cells and cells of the tunica adventitia of the uterine/ovarian artery. This project examines rat placental tissue labeled by indirect immuno-fluorescence with anti-mouse renin antibody and fluorescent conjugate. Mesometrial vessels, decidual cells, cells within the giant trophoblast layer, trophospongiosum and labyrinthine cells, and cells of the wails and within chorioallantoic vessels were renin positive. Only vasculature was stained in myometrium. Stained granules were more concentrated in regions corresponding to fetal contribution of placental tissue as compared to maternal parts. This suggests that renin is present in the placenta and could play a role in toxemia of pregnancy. Mouse renin antibody and lab space for stain procedures were generously donated by Dr. Kenneth Gross of Roswell Park Cancer Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]