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Predictions of the scrape‐off layer (SOL) plasma conditions from the 2D multi‐fluid code EDGE2D‐EIRENE are compared to the OEDGE 1D fluid code for JET low‐confinement mode (L‐mode) plasmas. In the low‐recycling divertor conditions (divertor target plasma collisionality νe≈30$$ {\nu}_e\approx 30 $$), OEDGE and EDGE2D‐EIRENE agree on the electron temperature, the ion temperature, and the electron density within 10% in the low‐field side (LFS) divertor X‐point region (divertor SOL) and within 25% in the LFS midplane region. In high‐recycling conditions (νe≈55,000$$ {\nu}_e\approx 55,000 $$), the predictions of both codes agree on the electron temperature within 20%, while differences in the ion temperature and electron density increase to as high as 50% in the divertor SOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three previously unknown species of Hydroidomedusa are described from plankton samples collected during oceanographic cruises undertaken along the coast of China. The Anthomedusae Ectopleura dongshanensis Xu, Chen & Chang sp. n. and Ectopleura brevinema Xu, Chen & Wang sp. n. were collected in Dongshan Bay, and the Leptomedusae species Eirene globogonia Xu & Chen sp. n. was found in the shallow waters of Hainan Island. All new species are described and illustrated here. The species Eirene chiaochowensis (Kao, Li , Chang & Li , 1958) stat. rev. is revised to a valid species. Keys to known species of the genera Ectopleura and Eirene are provided. All specimens were deposited at the Third Institute of Oceanography, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactor relevant fusion devices will use tungsten (W) for their plasma facing components (PFCs) due to its thermomechanical properties and low tritium retention. However, W introduces high-Z impurities into the plasma, degrading its performance. Different wall conditioning methods have been developed to address this issue, including coating of W PFCs with layers of low-Z material. Wall conditioning by boron (B) powder injection using an impurity powder dropper (IPD) is being studied in WEST. Two series of experiments were conducted since the installation of the new ITER grade full W divertor. During the first series in 2023 ∼ 1 g of B powder was injected in total at a maximum rate of ∼ 58 mg/s, both of which are three times greater than respective values in the initial WEST powder injection experiments. The second series of experiments included injection of B and BN powders for comparison of their effects on plasma performance. The presence of an instantaneous conditioning effect is suggested by visible spectroscopy measurements of low-Z impurity lines and a rollover of total radiated power past an injection rate of ∼ 20 mg/s was observed. Presence of B coating layer formation is supported by the evolution of the average radiance of visible lines of B, W and oxygen (O). To understand B transport, an interpretative modeling workflow is employed, utilizing the SOLEDGE-EIRENE fluid boundary plasma code and the Dust Injection Simulator (DIS) code. Parameters like B perpendicular diffusivity and recycling coefficients are varied to match experimental results to see if the initial assumption of B sticking to the PFCs immediately after the contact with the wall is adequate for correctly modelling its distribution on the PFCs.

El presente trabajo es un análisis desde una perspectiva de género de la evolución del concepto de pax asociado al dios Jano en la Roma antigua. Se pone el foco en aquellos elementos asociados a lo masculino y femenino en el lenguaje de pax romano, y en su evolución y resignificación. Durante la época romana las puertas de Jano simbolizaron las relaciones externas de la ciudad de Roma, abriéndose cuando había guerra y cerrándose cuando había paz externa. Este ritual del cierre de las puertas se revitalizó durante el principado de Augusto, lo que se plasmó en la literatura e iconografía augustea, asociándolo además a la idea de pax y saeculum aureum. El concepto de pax hasta entonces había aludido a la sumisión del otro a lo largo de la República; fue durante la crisis de la misma cuando se usó como promesa política que implícitamente significaba el final de los enfrentamientos, externos e internos, y el bienestar subyacente. El auge de la pax se produjo durante el Principado de Augusto, quien se presentó como garante de ese principio. En este contexto la pax adquirió nuevas connotaciones, asimilándose a Eirene, diosa de la paz en el mundo griego. Por tanto, el concepto de pax asociado a Jano, deidad que había simbolizado la guerra y la paz externa en época republicana, se helenizó y feminizó al representarse incluso en forma de mujer. Este trabajo pretende contribuir a la comprensión de cómo los conceptos de paz fueron reformulados y redefinidos durante la crisis de la República y empleados como parte de la propaganda de la Pax Augusta. Para ello se han analizado tanto fuentes numismáticas e iconográficas como textos escritos.

To evaluate the impact of transport of metastable, vibrationally excited states of the hydrogen molecule in dense and cold plasmas each vibrational state must be simulated as an individual species. Eirene neutral gas simulations of a one‐dimensional flux‐tube using a metastable‐resolved model indicate a 30–50% decrease in the effective dissociation rate compared to simulations using a metastable‐unresolved setup, which consider a single molecular species. Zero‐dimensional Eirene simulations omitting transport effects predict a 25–65% decrease in the effective dissociation rate due to differences between the metastable‐unresolved AMJUEL and the metastable‐resolved H2VIBR rates available in Eirene. The exclusion of molecular hydrogen depletion via electronically excited states and vibrational transitions v→v±N,N>1 from the metastable‐resolved rates reduce the effective dissociation rate. By accounting for the difference caused by the different collisional‐radiative treatment of the metastable‐resolved rates compared to the metastable‐unresolved rates, transport effects are expected to be relevant under detached divertor conditions. It is, however, not possible to individually assess the role of the collisional‐radiative processes and transport on the effective dissociation rate using the currently available atomic and molecular rates for the metastable‐resolved and metastable‐unresolved Eirene setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluid collisional-radiative model for H2 has been implemented in the edge-fluid code UEDGE and compared to the kinetic neutral code EIRENE on a simple, 2D, orthogonal domain with a constant, static plasma distribution. The novel CRUMPET Python tool was used to implement dissociation and energy rate coefficients that consider molecular-assisted processes, binding energy, and radiation due to molecular processes into the UEDGE fluid molecular model. The agreement between the fluid and kinetic molecular models was found to be within 20% when corresponding rates were used in UEDGE and EIRENE for a domain with absorbing boundaries. When wall recycling was considered, EIRENE predicted up to a factor of 2.2 higher molecular densities than UEDGE at T

The present article deals with the mosaic pavements of one of most significant residential complexes in Late Antique Philippopolis – the Domus Eirene. The name of the complex refers to the personification that is the main element in the decoration not only of the reception hall, but the entire building. An analysis of two main aspects is made: one concerning the transformation of the image of the personification into a Christian saint, and another which concerns the transformation of the complex itself into a domus episcopalis and how that is reflected in the mosaic pavements. In the case of Eirene the image may have well been connected with historical events, contemporary or nearly contemporary with the time when the mosaic was produced, and also with political and religious propaganda.

Four inscribed votives, introduced in this contribution were found in the Lycaonian city of Savatra and are dated to the Roman Imperial Period. Two of them (No. 1 and 2) were dedicated to Zeus Dalbenos, which is only known from an inscription on the base of the Silvanus statuette preserved in a private collection at Barcelona. The first, which has a bull relief, was the votive of Kadmos, son of C(alpurnius?) Germanicianus. The second was erected by a citizen by the name of Zethos for all of his family. It is concluded here that Zeus Dalbenos was a cult which originated from Phrygia or it was a local cult of Savatra, which seems more preferable. The inscription on the third votive, which was offered to Zeus and the goddess of peace Eirene by a priest by the name of Mareis, records the epithets of Zeus as Keraunios, Astrapton, Syrtios and Bronton. The epithet Syrtios has not been documented to date. The last inscribed altar is a votive of all demos for Ares and the listening deities Areiai. Two epigraphic documents from Savatra attest the local cult of Ares worshipped together with the Areiai. At the end of the article also discussed is the presence of the epigraphic documents relating to the soldiers from Savatra, which provides an indication of the importance of the city's geopolitical position during the Roman Imperial Period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine hydroids, the polyp stage of hydrozoans, are assumed to be carnivores and play an important role in benthic-pelagic coupling processes by regulating zooplankton populations and transferring energy. The known hydroid diets mainly consist of zooplankton as well as some benthic diatoms and metazoans, almost all of which have smaller dimensions than the polyp. In the present study, a large-scale breeding failure of the early juveniles of the ivory shell Babylonia areolata (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Babyloniidae) was found in a local aquaculture farm in Fujian, China in July 2018. About 640,000 out of 800,000 early juveniles (80%) died due to predation by a millimetre-sized colonial hydroid species that was initially overlooked. The hydrozoan species was identified as Eirene sp. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Eirenidae) via the integration of morphological and molecular data. A laboratory feeding experiment showed that the hydroid predation led to an overall mortality of ivory shell juveniles of up to 92.6% after 48 h. The predation process was observed in the laboratory and a video showing the entire process was prepared. This is the first report of hydroids preying on gastropod juveniles, revealing a previously unknown threat to mollusc aquaculture including ivory shells. Several management practices are suggested to mitigate this newly recognized threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charged particles of species different from the major constituents of a plasma might not reach local thermodynamic equilibrium during their lifespan. Such low collisional ions render the often‐used fluid description, assuming Maxwellian velocity distribution, as insufficient. Hence, kinetic treatment of such minorities becomes inevitable. The three‐dimensional kinetic neutral particle Monte‐Carlo code EIRENE [D. Reiter et al., Fusion Science and Technology, 47 (2), 172 (2005)] possesses a model for ion transport reduced in physics, consisting of field‐line tracing and energy relaxation of particles. The trajectory integration is now extended to account for first‐order particle drifts, anomalous cross‐field diffusion denoting for turbulence effects, and the consideration of the magnetic mirror force. The technical implementation, as well as the verification of the enhanced kinetic ion transport is being reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo analizamos el culto a Nike en Atenas del s. V a.C. en relación con la guerra y específicamente con la paz como reivindicación de la victoria en los conflictos bélicos. Recorremos el culto a Nike desde inicios de siglo, pero nos adentraremos especialmente en la polémica del proyecto arquitectónico del templo de Nike en relación con la famosa Paz de Calias (449) y con la institución del sacerdocio democrático de Atenea Nike que recayó en Mirrina. En la década de los 40 se elabora la paz como victoria, tema que pervive durante la guerra del Peloponeso, como se ve en escritos de esa época como Lisístrata de Aristófanes. Las elaboraciones míticas y cultuales de la guerra y de la paz ponen de relieve el papel que otorgan los griegos a la paz como afirmación de la victoria.

Copyright of Journal of Mosaic Research is the property of Uludag University, Mosaic Research Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

W Listach św. Piotra, a zwłaszcza w Pierwszym jego Liście, znajdujemy dość oryginalne rozumienie pokoju jako Bożej życzliwości dla tych, którzy są w stanie zrezygnować z zemsty za złe traktowanie ze strony otoczenia. Autor Listu przekonuje o tym swoich adresatów przy pomocy długiego cytatu zaczerpniętego z Psalmu 33 LXX w 1 P 3,10-12. Natomiast Drugi List św. Piotra widzi pokój nieco inaczej. W koncepcji tego Listu pokój określa już bardziej postawę chrześcijan polegającą na najwyższej doskonałości moralnej. Można ją osiągnąć przez głębsze poznanie Chrystusa.

Copyright of Quaestiones Disputatae is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas, Seccional Tunja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our present world and society longs for meaning and wholeness. A major contributor to this state is the dualistic worldview legacy of modern Western culture. Rich and poor-- male and female-- white and black are asked at every corner to choose between different dimensions of human life as if the lines of these dimensions did not intersect at one point: the person.

The new magnetic configurations for tokamak divertors, snowflake and super-X, proposed to mitigate the problem of the power exhaust in reactors have clearly evidenced the need for an accurate and reliable modeling of the physics governing the interaction with the plates. The initial effort undertaken jointly by ENEA and IPPLM has been focused to exploit a simple and versatile modeling tool, namely the 2D TECXY code, to obtain preliminary comparison between the conventional and snowflake configurations for the proposed new device FAST that should realize an edge plasma with properties quite close to those of a reactor. The very interesting features found for the snowflake, namely a power load mitigation much larger than expected directly from the change of the magnetic topology, has further pushed us to check these results with the more sophisticated computational tool EDGE2D coupled with the neutral code module EIRENE. After a preparatory work that has been carried out in order to adapt this code combination to deal with non-conventional, single null equilibria and in particular with second order nulls in the poloidal field generated in the snowflake configuration, in this paper we describe the first activity to compare these codes and discuss the first results obtained for FAST. The outcome of these EDGE2D runs is in qualitative agreement with those of TECXY, confirming the potential benefit obtainable from a snowflake configuration. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the description of the far scrape-off layer (SOL) in current edge code suites such as SOLPS is the subject of current efforts, given the importance of main chamber plasma wall interactions (first wall recycling and sputtering) in the design and operation of tokamaks. One of the specific features of the far SOL is the large amplitude of turbulent fluctuations. Neutral particles (atom and molecules) are affected by these fluctuations through the rates of atomic physics processes. In accordance with experimentally measured PDF (probability density function) for both the plasma density and temperature fluctuations, n e and T e are modeled using a Beta PDF. Space and time correlations are accounted for by using an autogressive process. The effects of fluctuations on the neutral atoms penetration depth, as well as on the beryllium sputtering yield are discussed (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A systematic numerical study of the deposition of Be and C atoms on the ITER main chamber first mirrors and their erosion due to fast D(T) atoms has been carried out. The calculations are based on Monte-Carlo neutral transport modelling (with the EIRENE code) on a simulated steady-state plasma background. A generic reduced model of cylindrical and conical diagnostic ducts is considered. The results indicate that the sputtering of the mirrors can be made acceptably small if they are installed in sufficiently long ducts. At the same time the deposition of impurities can be a serious issue even for mirrors protected in long channels. However, the calculations of deposition are not very reliable at the current stage and a need to seriously improve them is indicated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Change of Hα intensity profiles depending on magnetic configurations is observed in the divertor plasma. It can be explained by the magnetic field line structures in the ergodic layer and the divertor legs. The behavior of neutral particles in the plasma periphery is investigated by a three-dimensional neutral particle transport simulation code which assumes that the distribution of the plasma flow onto the divertor plates corresponds to that of the strike points calculated by magnetic field line traces. Vertical Hα intensity profiles and polarization resolved Hα spectra are calculated by the simulation code including the effect of Doppler broadening, fine structure splitting and polarization of the Hα emission, which agree well with the measurements in various magnetic configurations. It shows spontaneous formation of high neutral density in inboard side of the torus, which is independent of the magnetic configurations in LHD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Predictive and interpretative edge plasma models often rely upon a kinetic neutral particle module. A virtually exact description of atomic, molecular and radiative reactions is provided via Monte Carlo synthesis of the relevant processes. For many integrated edge transport models, such as B2–EIRENE (‘SOLPS’), OEDGE, EDGE2D–EIRENE (all 2D) and EMC3–EIRENE (3D) the EIRENE Monte Carlo code provides this microscopic analysis for the macroscopic plasma flow fields. The current status of the neutral-particle and radiation transport model in the EIRENE Monte Carlo Code is presented. The directions of further developments of the databases are outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In Tore Supra long pulses, particle balance gives evidence that a constant fraction of the injected gas (typically 50%) is retained in the wall for the duration of the shot, showing no sign of wall saturation after more than 6min of discharge. During the discharge, the retention rate first decreases (phase 1), then remains constant throughout the pulse (phase 2). Phase 1 could be interpreted as implantation of particles combined with a constant codeposition rate, while phase 2 could correspond to codeposition alone, once the implanted surfaces are saturated with deuterium. This paper presents a possible contribution of charge exchange neutrals to the implantation process, based on modelling results with the Eirene neutral transport code. A complex pattern of particle implantation is evidenced, with saturation time constants ranging from less than one to several hundreds seconds, compatible with the experimental behaviour during phase 1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For some divertor aspects, such as detached plasmas or the private flux zone, it is not clear that the controlling physics has been fully identified. This is a particular concern when the details of the plasma are likely to be important in modeling the problem – for example, modeling co-deposition in detached inner divertors. An empirical method of ‘reconstructing’ the plasma based on direct experimental measurements may be useful in such situations. It is shown that a detached plasma in the outer divertor leg of DIII-D can be reconstructed reasonably well using spectroscopic and probe data as input to a simple onion-skin model and the Monte Carlo hydrogenic code, EIRENE. The calculated 2D distributions of n e and T e in the detached divertor were compared with direct measurements from the divertor Thomson scattering system, a diagnostic capability unique to DIII-D. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The ITER divertor will be more collisional than divertors in existing tokamaks and the neutral modeling tools used for predictive ITER modeling need to be validated for similar divertor conditions in order to increase confidence in the results. The EIRENE neutral code has been applied to the Alcator C-Mod divertor, where collisional effects such as Lyman series photon trapping and neutral viscosity have been observed. The plasma solution used as input to EIRENE agrees well with the available diagnostic data for the divertor and was generated using an empirical Onion-Skin Method interpretive code that requires a large amount of experimental data as input. The calculated divertor pressure is 11±3 mTorr, a factor ∼2 lower than the measured value of 25±3 mTorr. The neutral solution is sensitive to photon trapping, viscosity, elastic collisions between plasma ions and molecules, and the amount of leakage through the outer divertor substructure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Studies of mitochondrial redox signaling predict that the colonial hydroids Eirene viridula and Podocoryna carnea should respond to manipulations of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both species encrust surfaces with feeding polyps connected by networks of stolons; P. carnea is more ‘sheet-like’ with closely spaced polyps and short stolons, while E. viridula is more ‘runner-like’ with widely spaced polyps and long stolons. Treatment with the chemical anti- oxidant vitamin C diminishes ROS in mitochondrion-rich epitheliomuscular cells (EMCs) and produces phenotypic effects (sheet-like growth) similar to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. In peripheral stolon tips, treatment with vitamin C triggers a dramatic increase of ROS that is followed by tissue death and stolon regression. The enzymatic anti-oxidant catalase is probably not taken up by the colony but, rather, converts hydrogen peroxide in the medium to water and oxygen. Exogenous catalase does not affect ROS in mitochondrion-rich EMCs, but does increase the amounts of ROS emitted from peripheral stolons, resulting in rapid, runner-like growth. Treatment with exogenous hydrogen peroxide increases ROS levels in stolon tips and results in somewhat faster colony growth. Finally, untreated colonies of E. viridula exhibit higher levels of ROS in stolon tips than untreated colonies of P. carnea. ROS may participate in a number of putative signaling pathways: (1) high levels of ROS may trigger cell and tissue death in peripheral stolon tips; (2) more moderate levels of ROS in stolon tips may trigger outward growth, inhibit branching and, possibly, mediate the redox signaling of mitochondrion-rich EMCs; and (3) ROS may have an extra-colony function, perhaps in suppressing the growth of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]