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ABSTRACT The global consumption of mineral fertilizers has increased in the last 60 years. However, these fertilizers can negatively affect the soil and the atmosphere. The application of soil amendments focusing on sustainable farming practices can reduce the effects of mineral fertilization. In this study, we investigated the effects of increasing the dose of a commercial amendment using poultry litter enriched with Bacillus (SMARTGRAN) in different types of soils in Brazil under microcosm conditions. These different types of soils were classified as Nitossolo, Argissolo arênico, Argissolo alumínico, Latossolo distroférrico, and Latossolo distrófico. The biological activity in the soil was quantified by measuring the enzymes arylsulfatase, beta-glucosidase, and acid phosphatase. Additionally, bacterial diversity was evaluated by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and conducting phylogenetic analyses of three types of soils, which were selected because of their occurrence and fertility profiles. The results showed an increase in those enzyme activities under all conditions. The results of the analysis of the bacterial community in Nitossolo, Argissolo arênico, and Latossolo distrófico soil types showed a direct relationship between the bacterial composition in the soil and the increase in the amendment dosage. The alpha diversity indices decreased considerably because some plant-growth-promoting bacteria, such as Bacillus, Massilia, Paenibacillus, and Rhizobium, increased in relative abundance. The results indicated that an organic amendment enriched with Bacillus had a beneficial effect on different types of soil in Brazil.

The least limiting water range (LLWR) has been used as an indicator of soil physical quality as it represents, in a single parameter, the soil physical properties directly linked to plant growth, with the exception of temperature. The usual procedure for obtaining the LLWR involves determination of the water retention curve (WRC) and the soil resistance to penetration curve (SRC) in soil samples with undisturbed structure in the laboratory. Determination of the WRC and SRC using field measurements (in situ ) is preferable, but requires appropriate instrumentation. The objective of this study was to determine the LLWR from the data collected for determination of WRC and SRC in situ using portable electronic instruments, and to compare those determinations with the ones made in the laboratory. Samples were taken from the 0.0-0.1 m layer of a Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisol). Two methods were used for quantification of the LLWR: the traditional, with measurements made in soil samples with undisturbed structure; and in situ , with measurements of water content (θ), soil water potential (Ψ), and soil resistance to penetration (SR) through the use of sensors. The in situ measurements of θ, Ψ and SR were taken over a period of four days of soil drying. At the same time, samples with undisturbed structure were collected for determination of bulk density (BD). Due to the limitations of measurement of Ψ by tensiometer, additional determinations of θ were made with a psychrometer (in the laboratory) at the Ψ of -1500 kPa. The results show that it is possible to determine the LLWR by the θ, Ψ and SR measurements using the suggested approach and instrumentation. The quality of fit of the SRC was similar in both strategies. In contrast, the θ and Ψ in situ measurements, associated with those measured with a psychrometer, produced a better WRC description. The estimates of the LLWR were similar in both methodological strategies. The quantification of LLWR in situ can be achieved in 10 % of the time required for the traditional method.

The least limiting water range (LLWR) has been used as an indicator of soil physical quality as it represents, in a single parameter, the soil physical properties directly linked to plant growth, with the exception of temperature. The usual procedure for obtaining the LLWR involves determination of the water retention curve (WRC) and the soil resistance to penetration curve (SRC) in soil samples with undisturbed structure in the laboratory. Determination of the WRC and SRC using field measurements (in situ ) is preferable, but requires appropriate instrumentation. The objective of this study was to determine the LLWR from the data collected for determination of WRC and SRC in situ using portable electronic instruments, and to compare those determinations with the ones made in the laboratory. Samples were taken from the 0.0-0.1 m layer of a Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisol). Two methods were used for quantification of the LLWR: the traditional, with measurements made in soil samples with undisturbed structure; and in situ , with measurements of water content (θ), soil water potential (Ψ), and soil resistance to penetration (SR) through the use of sensors. The in situ measurements of θ, Ψ and SR were taken over a period of four days of soil drying. At the same time, samples with undisturbed structure were collected for determination of bulk density (BD). Due to the limitations of measurement of Ψ by tensiometer, additional determinations of θ were made with a psychrometer (in the laboratory) at the Ψ of -1500 kPa. The results show that it is possible to determine the LLWR by the θ, Ψ and SR measurements using the suggested approach and instrumentation. The quality of fit of the SRC was similar in both strategies. In contrast, the θ and Ψ in situ measurements, associated with those measured with a psychrometer, produced a better WRC description. The estimates of the LLWR were similar in both methodological strategies. The quantification of LLWR in situ can be achieved in 10 % of the time required for the traditional method.

A pressão exercida pelos cascos dos animais pode ocasionar a compactação superficial do solo em sistema integração lavoura-pecuária (SILP), com reflexos na qualidade física dele. A hipótese do trabalho foi de que o pisoteio dos animais em decorrência do pastejo das culturas de aveia e azevém num Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico com SILP sob plantio direto degrada a qualidade física do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes alturas de pastejo na densidade do solo (Ds), na porosidade total (PT), na macro e microporosidade, na porosidade no domínio dos macroporos (POMAC) e da matriz do solo (POMAT), na capacidade de aeração do solo (CATSOLO) e da matriz do solo (CAMAT), na capacidade de armazenamento de água e ar e no intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, após sete anos sob SILP. A área estudada, localizada no município de Campo Mourão, PR, foi manejada em SILP com semeadura direta de soja/milho no verão e consórcio de aveia+azevém no inverno, utilizado como forragem para o pastejo pelos animais. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro alturas de pastejo (7, 14, 21 e 28 cm) e um tratamento-controle (testemunha). Em cada tratamento, foram coletadas 36 amostras com estrutura indeformada, nas profundidades de 0,0-7,5 e 7,5-15,0 cm, para determinação dos atributos físicos do solo. A hipótese do trabalho foi confirmada, pois a aeração foi reduzida com intensificação do pastejo. Após sete anos de SILP, a altura de pastejo de 7 cm resultou em redução da qualidade física do solo, indicada pela Ds, PT, POMAT e quantidade de amostras com Ds > densidade do solo crítica (Dsc) na profundidade de 0,0-7,5 cm; e pela macroporosidade, CAMAT, CATSOLO e capacidade de armazenamento de ar, na profundidade de 7,5-15,0 cm. Com o aumento da Ds, ocorreram valores restritivos de aeração e resistência à penetração no IHO em todos os tratamentos e nas duas camadas, com efeito mais pronunciado na camada de 0,0-7,5 cm.

The hypothesis of this study was that the absence of soil tillage in long-term no-tillage (NT) systems can be detrimental to soil aeration. The objective was to assess the aeration condition of an Oxisol (Rhodic Ferrasol), very clayey texture (750 g kg-1 of clay; 200 g kg-1 of sand), after 30 years of cultivation under NT. The physical property soil air permeability (Ka) is sensitive to changes in the soil pore system. Aside from Ka, the air-filled porosity (ε a) and indices of pore continuity (K1 and N), derived from the relationship between Ka and εa, were used as indices of soil aeration. From the soil layers 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m, 240 undisturbed samples were collected along a transect perpendicular to the crop rows, at three sampling positions: corn plant row (CR); center of the interrow (INT); and the equidistant point between CR and INT (PE). The properties Ka and εa were determined at soil matric potentials (Ψm) of -2, -4, -6, -10, -30, and -50 kPa. Soil bulk density (BD) was also determined. The results confirmed the hypothesis. In the 0.0-0.1 m layer, Ka, K1, N and Ψa were significantly greater and BD significantly lower in CR than at the other sampling positions. At a Ψm of -10 kPa, the Ka of CR was 6.9 and 8.4 times higher than in PE and INT, respectively, in the 0.0-0.1 m layer. The properties Ka, K1 and N were sensitive enough to detect changes in the pore system and their differences between the sampling positions demonstrated the importance of the spatial location for soil sampling. Tilling the crop rows provides better soil aeration under NT.

The hypothesis of this study was that the absence of soil tillage in long-term no-tillage (NT) systems can be detrimental to soil aeration. The objective was to assess the aeration condition of an Oxisol (Rhodic Ferrasol), very clayey texture (750 g kg-1 of clay; 200 g kg-1 of sand), after 30 years of cultivation under NT. The physical property soil air permeability (Ka) is sensitive to changes in the soil pore system. Aside from Ka, the air-filled porosity (ε a) and indices of pore continuity (K1 and N), derived from the relationship between Ka and εa, were used as indices of soil aeration. From the soil layers 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m, 240 undisturbed samples were collected along a transect perpendicular to the crop rows, at three sampling positions: corn plant row (CR); center of the interrow (INT); and the equidistant point between CR and INT (PE). The properties Ka and εa were determined at soil matric potentials (Ψm) of -2, -4, -6, -10, -30, and -50 kPa. Soil bulk density (BD) was also determined. The results confirmed the hypothesis. In the 0.0-0.1 m layer, Ka, K1, N and Ψa were significantly greater and BD significantly lower in CR than at the other sampling positions. At a Ψm of -10 kPa, the Ka of CR was 6.9 and 8.4 times higher than in PE and INT, respectively, in the 0.0-0.1 m layer. The properties Ka, K1 and N were sensitive enough to detect changes in the pore system and their differences between the sampling positions demonstrated the importance of the spatial location for soil sampling. Tilling the crop rows provides better soil aeration under NT.

O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) é definido pela amplitude do teor de água (θ) no solo em que são mínimas as limitações ao crescimento vegetal, associadas à disponibilidade de água, aeração e resistência do solo à penetração (RP). Em geral, a determinação do IHO exige equipamentos de elevado custo, sendo laboriosa a obtenção dos dados de retenção de água e RP. O uso de membranas de pressão e placas porosas de Richards exige longo tempo para definir a curva de retenção de água no solo (CRA) em função do tempo de equilíbrio hidráulico, o qual depende das dimensões da amostra, do tipo de solo e da pressão aplicada. Atualmente, há disponibilidade de equipamentos para determinar o potencial de água do solo (ψ) com rapidez e menor custo como tensiômetros e equipamentos psicrométricos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o IHO a partir do secamento de amostras indeformadas de solo em estufa elétrica com ventilação de ar e temperatura de 40 ºC (tempos de secamento de 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 e 420 min), com subsequentes medições de ψ, utilizando tensiômetro ou psicrômetro, e medidas de RP, usando um penetrômetro eletrônico com aquisição automatizada de dados. A CRA e a curva de resistência do solo à penetração (CRS) foram adequadamente descritas utilizando o método proposto, que permitiu obter dados de θ e de RP em 10 dias e possibilitou ajuste acurado dos dados para descrever o IHO e alcançar a densidade crítica do solo (Dsc).

ABSTRACT Understanding the spatial behavior of soil physical properties under no-tillage system (NT) is required for the adoption and maintenance of a sustainable soil management system. The aims of this study were to quantify soil bulk density (BD), porosity in the soil macropore domain (PORp) and in the soil matrix domain (PORm), air capacity in the soil matrix (ACm), field capacity (FC), and soil water storage capacity (FC/TP) in the row (R), interrow (IR), and intermediate position between R and IR (designated IP) in the 0.0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m soil layers under NT; and to verify if these soil properties have systematic variation in sampling positions related to rows and interrows of corn. Soil sampling was carried out in transect perpendicular to the corn rows in which 40 sampling points were selected at each position (R, IR, IP) and in each soil layer, obtaining undisturbed samples to determine the aforementioned soil physical properties. The influence of sampling position on systematic variation of soil physical properties was evaluated by spectral analysis. In the 0.0-0.1 m layer, tilling the crop rows at the time of planting led to differences in BD, PORp, ACm, FC and FC/TP only in the R position. In the R position, the FC/TP ratio was considered close to ideal (0.66), indicating good water and air availability at this sampling position. The R position also showed BD values lower than the critical bulk density that restricts root growth, suggesting good soil physical conditions for seed germination and plant establishment. Spectral analysis indicated that there was systematic variation in soil physical properties evaluated in the 0.0-0.1 m layer, except for PORm. These results indicated that the soil physical properties evaluated in the 0.0-0.1 m layer were associated with soil position in the rows and interrows of corn. Thus, proper assessment of soil physical properties under NT must take into consideration the sampling positions and previous location of crop rows and interrows.

O pisoteio dos animais durante o pastejo pode compactar as camadas superficiais e comprometer a qualidade física dos solos em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (SILP). A hipótese deste trabalho é de que o pisoteio dos animais decorrente da intensificação do pastejo das culturas de aveia e azevém num Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico com SILP sob plantio direto reduz a qualidade física do solo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar a densidade do solo (Ds), a porosidade de aeração (εa), a permeabilidade do solo ao ar (Ka) e a resistência do solo à penetração (RP) e estimar índices de continuidade de poros a partir das relações entre εa e a Ka. A área estudada, localizada no município de Campo Mourão - PR, foi manejada em SILP com semeadura direta de soja/milho no verão e consórcio de aveia com azevém no inverno, utilizados como forragem para o pastejo pelos animais. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro alturas de pastejo (7, 14, 21 e 28 cm) e um tratamento controle (testemunha). Em cada tratamento foram coletadas 20 amostras com estrutura indeformada, nas profundidades de 0-7,5 e 7,5-15 cm. Não foram constatadas diferenças significativas na Ds, εa e Ka entre a testemunha e os tratamentos pastejados. Após oito anos de SILP, a Ds, a εa e a Ka não confirmaram a hipótese de que a intensificação do pisoteio animal reduz a qualidade física do solo. Contudo, a RP mostrou diferenças entre os tratamentos pastejados e a testemunha, com valores restritivos de RP até 15 cm de profundidade, sugerindo que a maior intensidade de pastejo resulta em redução da qualidade física do solo.

A qualidade física do solo é um dos fatores determinantes da sustentabilidade agronômica, econômica e ambiental no sistema plantio direto (SPD). A compactação do solo tem sido apontada como um dos fatores de redução da qualidade física em solos sob SPD. Contudo, com a utilização do SPD, pode haver o incremento de matéria orgânica do solo e o desenvolvimento de um sistema poroso contínuo e estável, que atenuam os impactos negativos da compactação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico sob SPD durante 30 anos, utilizando o intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) e o grau de compactação do solo (GC). Em uma área comercial com histórico de altas produtividades sob SPD, foram coletadas amostras de solo com estrutura preservada e deformada, para determinação da densidade do solo (Ds), do IHO e do GC. As amostras com estrutura preservada foram obtidas em três posições, relativas às linhas (L), entrelinhas (E) e posição intermediária entre as linhas e entrelinhas (PI) da cultura do milho. Foram determinadas as curvas de retenção de água e resistência do solo à penetração, bem como a Ds. A amostra de solo com estrutura deformada foi usada para obter a curva de compactação, utilizando o teste de Proctor. A Dmax foi obtida a partir da curva de compactação, e o GC foi determinado pela razão entre a Ds e a Dmax. Independentemente dos limites críticos de resistência à penetração (RP), verifica-se redução do IHO com o aumento da Ds. Os maiores valores do IHO foram verificados na posição de amostragem L, e a utilização de RP crítica maior que 2,0 MPa resultou em IHO condizente com a qualidade física desse solo sob SPD de longo tempo. A Dmax foi de 1,52 kg dm-3, e o GC variou de 64 a 87 %, sendo os maiores valores obtidos nas posições E e PI. Os valores de IHO e GC obtidos neste estudo indicam que a qualidade física desse solo não é limitante à produção das culturas após 30 anos de utilização do SPD.