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A new amphipod species belonging to the genus Gammarus was identified in the rivers of the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye: G. sezgini sp. nov. The authors described the new species using a taxonomic approach that combines morphological and molecular data. The newly identified species belongs to the G. komareki species complex because of the setation of antenna 2, pereopods 3 and 4, and the uropod 3. Some of its characteristic features are as follows: A medium-large species (holotype male, 9.8 mm). The body is yellowish; no dorsal keel or hump; eyes well developed, kidney-shaped; extremities not elongated; the second antenna bears numerous groups of long setae on the peduncle and flagellar segments; antennal gland cone long, not curved; the posterior margin of pereopod 3 is densely setose; the setae on the posterior edge of pereopod 4 are shorter and fewer in number; the anterior margins of pereopods 5 to 7 bear spines in the male; epimeral plates are not pointed. The newly identified species looks similar to G. komareki but differs from it by having a longer antennal gland cone, having fewer D-setae (33) in the third segment of the mandible palp, having shorter setae on the ventral part of the peduncular segment of the antenna 2, and having longer antenna 1, having fewer setae along the posterior margins of pereopods 3 and 4, and the absence of setae along the anterior margins of merus and carpus of pereopod 7. The new species is distinct from its relatives by high genetic distance (COI : 17.10% and 28S: 0.88%) and was resolved from them as an independent lineage with high support (ML : 78%, NJ : 70%, and BI : 1.0) in all phylogenetic results, based on the concatenated dataset (28S+ COI). Additionally, species delimitation analyses (ASAP and PTP) based on the COI gene supported the conclusion that the new species constitutes an independent lineage. Detailed descriptions and drawings of the male holotype and the female allotype are given, and the morphology of the newly identified species is compared with that of its relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing the variations in hydrological cycle components is essential for water resources planning and management. In this study, the relationship between the streamflow data belonging to five discharge gauging stations in the Eastern Black Sea Basin in Türkiye and the Arctic Oscillation (AO), East Atlantic-Western Russia (EAWR), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and North Sea Caspian Pattern (NCP) was investigated. For this purpose, Spearman’s correlation test, ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and relative importance analysis were used. Accordingly, Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated between raw streamflow data, decomposed streamflow data via EEMD and atmospheric teleconnections. Then, the relative importance analysis was applied to determine the atmospheric teleconnections’ influences on streamflow data. The findings showed that the relationship between raw streamflow data and atmospheric teleconnections is generally more significant and negative in the winter and spring. Furthermore, it was observed that the linkage between the decomposed streamflow data and atmospheric teleconnections could differentiate. Although no significant correlation between atmospheric teleconnections and raw streamflow data was detected in some months, significant correlations were detected between atmospheric teleconnections and decomposed streamflow data. This reveals the importance of examining the relationship between atmospheric teleconnections and streamflow data for different periods. The relative importance analysis revealed that the influence of atmospheric teleconnections on streamflow data could change from station to station and from component to component. This study showed that investigating the effects of atmospheric teleconnections on streamflow data for different components and periods is important.

Copyright of Journal of Natural Hazards & Environment (JNHE) / Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi (DACD) is the property of Artvin Coruh University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni is the property of TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aptian is characterized by widespread deposition of organic-rich sediment. The Aptian bitumen limestone horizon, which is thin decimetre-thick sequences, locally crops out in the Kırcaova area, Eastern Black Sea Region (Eastern Pontides). They are well correlated with Aptian bitumen limestone in the other Tethys Reams. They are proposed as episodes of increased organic matter. However, background factors controlling organic matter enrichment are poorly known. In this study, we present new inorganic geochemistry, including trace elements, rare earth elements (REE), redox-sensitive elements (RSE), stable-isotopes (δ18O and δ13C), and total organic carbon (TOC). We integrated new geochemical data with existing stratigraphy, paleontology, and organic chemistry data to provide new insight into the depositional environment and paleoclimate conditions during Aptian. The lacustrine bitumen limestone (LBL) samples have varied δ13C (ave. -1.45‰) and δ18O (ave.-4.50‰). They possess distinct REE patterns, with an average of REE (ave. 14.45 ppm) and Y/Ho (ave. 35) ratios. In addition, they have variable Nd/YbN (0.28–0.81; ave. 0.56) and Ce/Ce* (0.68–0.97; ave. 0.86), and relatively high Eu*/Eu (1.23–1.53; ave. 1.35). They display seawater signatures with reduced oxygen conditions. The enrichment in RSE (Mo, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and the low Mo/TOC (0.70–3.69; ave. 2.41) support a certain degree of water restriction. The high Sr/Ba, Sr/Cu, Ga/Rb, and K/Al records of the LBL facies suggest hot house climatic conditions. The sedimentary environment was probably an isolated basin that is transformed from the marine basin. In addition to depositional conditions, the regional parameters such as the climate, increased run-off period, nutrient levels, alkalinity level, and dominant carbonate producers favored the enrichment in organic matter of LBL facies. Thus, extreme greenhouse palaeoclimate conditions have an important role in organic matter enrichment in the isolated basin. Our results are conformable with the published data from marine, semi-restricted basin, and lacustrine settings in the different parts of the Tethys margin. Thus, this approach provides the first insight into the Aptian greenhouse paleo-climate conditions of the Eastern Black Sea Region, NE Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies is the property of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rainfall–runoff modelling is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of water resources. Conceptual models can have difficulties, such as coping with nonlinearity and needing more data, whereas data-driven models can be deprived of reflecting the physical process of the basin. In this regard, two hybrid model approaches, namely Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier (GR4 J)–wavelet-based data-driven models (i.e., wavelet-based genetic algorithm–artificial neural network (WGANN); GR4 J–WGANN1 and GR4 J–WGANN2), were implemented to improve daily rainfall–runoff modelling. The novel GR4 J–WGANN1 hybrid model includes the outflow (QR) and direct flow (QD) obtained from the GR4 J model, and the GR4 J–WGANN2 hybrid model includes the soil moisture index (SMI) obtained from the GR4 J model as input data. In hybrid models, wavelet analysis and the Boruta algorithm were implemented to decompose input data and select wavelet components. Four gauging stations in the Eastern Black Sea and Kızılırmak basins in Turkey were used to observe modelling performance. The GR4 J model exhibited poor performance for extreme flow forecasting. The novel GR4 J–WGANN1 approach performed better than the GR4 J–WGANN2 model, and the hybrid models improved modelling performance up to 40% compared to the GR4 J model. In this regard, integrated conceptual–wavelet-based data-driven models can be useful for improving the conceptual model performance, especially regarding extreme flow forecasting. HIGHLIGHTS Two hybrid models (i.e., GR4 J–WGANN1 (Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier-wavelet–genetic algorithm–artificial neural network) and GR4 J–WGANN2) and the GR4 J conceptual model were implemented for rainfall–runoff modelling.; The Boruta algorithm indicated a higher importance level of outputs obtained from the GR4 J model as input data than other variables in hybrid models.; The hybrid models improved the performance by up to 40% compared to the GR4 J model.; The proposed GR4 J–WGANN1 model yielded better results than the GR4 J–WGANN2 model.;

Copyright of International Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS) / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of International Journal of Social Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The kemençe instrument is a crucial part of daily life in the Eastern Black Sea region's culture. Besides the performance of the kemençe, other instruments, dances, and the ideological discourses associated with the instrument show us how local people interact with the landscape of the Eastern Black Sea region. This study examines the space of kemençe by considering its complex cultural relations in and around the province of Trabzon. We use the concept of organonscape to analyse the space of the kemençe through considering the geography and spatial features of the instrument. This concept shows that instruments are important determinants of performance and are created to mark a fluid space in relation to landscape. As a result, the organonscape of the kemençe contains musical practices and shapes the ideological construction of landscapes as spaces where the kemençe is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tasarim+Kuram is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eight specimens of European hake, Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) were caught in 2021 by commercial gill net from the Eastern Black Sea coasts of Turkey. The total length of the specimens ranged from 12.3 to 22.3 cm. Mitochondrial gene regions of 16S rRNA and COI were analyzed to genetically characterize M. merluccius specimens. This record is the first confirmed report suggesting that M. merluccius has expanded its distribution range eastward in the Black Sea. The occurrence of the species at different times and in a wide depth range (20-92 m) strengthens our opinion that this species is adapted to the region. We highlight that the current status of environmental factors for a productive habitat may increase the biomass level of European hake in the long run in the Eastern Black Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify and characterize individual sources of pollutants such as PM10, SO2, NOx, and CO in the urban area in Karadeniz (Turkey) using the bivariate polar plots method. In addition, the relationship between the meteorological conditions and the pollutants was determined based on correlation analysis in the region. Bivariate polar plots are a graphical method used to demonstrate the dependence of pollutant concentrations on wind direction measured at stations. Thanks to these graphics, resource types and properties can be determined. Wind flow and pollution data were used to provide information on wind and pollutant interactions in the study area. As a result of the study, it was founded that the main source of pollutants is intensive anthropogenic activities such as urban, street traffic, agricultural activities, and natural resources. It has been concluded that the highway in the region is not an important source of pollutants. In addition, the pollutant relations were examined with meteorological data, and it was discovered that temperature and relative humidity were effective for all pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is aimed to determine some basic parameters of the whiting (Merlangius merlangus) population in the Eastern Black Sea. As a result of 12 months sampling conducted between March 2017 and February 2018, a total of 1579 whiting were examined and their lengths ranged between 7.5 cm and 32.6 cm and the mean length was 14.49 ± 2.85 cm and their weights ranged between 2.68 g and 279.58 g, the mean weight was 26.05 ± 20.95 g. Length-weight relationship was found W=0,0046*L3,173. While the sex ratio (female/male) was found to be 1,31: 1, because of the chi-square test the difference was found to be significant. Age distribution was between 0 and VIII, growth parameters were determined as L∞=31,87 cm, K=0,130, t0=-3,071, W∞=271,01 g and Ø'=2,123, respectively. The first sexual maturity length of total samples (L50) was calculated as 13.19 cm. In the light of the data obtained, it has been observed that there is a catch that negatively affects the sustainability of Eastern Black Sea whiting stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture / Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was carried out in order to determine some biological characteristics of the fish species of Spicara flexuosa, which is distributed on the Eastern Black Sea coast, and to contribute to the management of the picarel in all the seas of our country. Between October 2015 and September 2016, 599 fish samples were obtained and examined in the laboratory. It was determined that the examined individuals were distributed between the ages of I-VII which 31.22% of the population was male and 68.78% was female. The minimum-maximum total length values of the samples were between 8.7 and 21.8 cm; and the weight values ranged from 7.1 to 129.94 g. It has been determined that the mean total length of males is statistically different from that of females (P<0.05). Von Bertalanffy growth equilibrium was calculated as "L8=22.71 cm TL, K=0.243 year-1, t0=-2.306 year-1; W8=118.27 g" for females, "L8=38.34 cm TL, K=0.063 year -1, t0 = -6.381 year-1; W8=755.37 g" for males, and "L8=33.42 cm TL, K=0.080 year -1, t0=-5.381 year-1; W8=401.24 g" for all individuals. The length-weight relation of all individuals was found as W= 0.0118*L2.9727 (R² =0.9487). When the ratio of gonadosomatic index (GSI) data and gonadal maturity stages were examined over the year, it was determined that the reproduction of the picarel in the Black Sea occurred between June and September. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First time, T-head groins were built to protect the shore in 1998-2000 during the double highway construction, along the Black Sea Coast in Turkey. Between the years 2000-2018 the contribution of Thead shaped groins to beach formation and their positive or negative effects on the change of coast and submarine topography were examined in addition to protecting the coast the possibility of used as a beach has also been investigated. As a research methods the T-head groins were marked on the map then obtained measurements of bathymetric depth by taking echo sounders, for the survey area so bathymetric maps were prepared. Afterwards, bathymetric depth measurements were repeated at the winter and summer. What kind of materials fill in T-head groins? Can be used T-head groins as beach? Does T-head groins have positive or negative contributions along the seashore to beach formation? In this study, such questions answers have been searched. As a result of the research, it was observed that the T-head groins were seen to have formed a sandy area along the coast where could be used as beach and it was found provided very positive contributions to the seacoast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a preliminary study was carried out in January and February 2014 to determine the fecundity of the whiting species in Tirebolu, Eastern Black Sea. After the total length (cm) and weight (0.01 g) of the 70 fish specimens were measured in the laboratory, they were dissected for sex determination. Using the 20 ovaries at the third and fourth maturation stages, 3 sub-samples which is 2-5% of the total ovary weight (from the anterior, median and posterior parts of the ovary) were taken from each ovary to determine the fecundity, and hydrated oocytes were counted with gravimetric method. Total fecundity, total oocytes number in the ovary were computed with the formula F=(n×G)/g. The total length-weight values were 12.6-23.3 cm (mean 17.08±2.12) and 15.59-95.72 g (mean 41.07 ± 16.75), respectively, and total length-weight relationship was computed as W=0.0073L3.024 (R2=0.94) for the 70 fishes evaluated. Fecundity was computed as 3.247-30.534 (mean: 10.139±6.953) eggs and a linear relationship between fecundity and total length was calculated as F=0.0186L4.5631 (R2=0.70). In conclusion, the fecundity results of this prelaminar study were compared with similar studies on the whiting species from Black Sea and other seas.

This study focuses on gas bubble emissions across ~ 1800 km2 of the southeastern continental slope of the Crimean Peninsula in the Eastern Black Sea basin. In total, about 3500 gas emissions were mapped as so-called flares in single- and multibeam echosounder imaginary. Flares generally emanate from the seafloor, with a few exceptions, where water depths are less than 700 m, which represents the upper limit of the gas hydrate stability zone in this region. Methane in shallow sediments below 700 m is transferred to methane hydrate, and the migration of free gas into the water column is therefore inhibited in most cases. This study illustrates further that flare occurrence is linked to morpho-structural margin characteristics. Two morphologically different margin segments are distinguished, and flare distributions were found to relate to differing morphological structures along these segments. In the western province, where the upper continental margin is steep and incised by gullies, flares occur mainly along downslope-oriented ridge crests. In the eastern province, representing a part of the Don-Kuban paleo-fan, the slope is influenced by extensive mass wasting. Gas emissions in this area were mainly detected aligned along scarps of submarine landslides and related to sediment failures. Almost all flares disappear in the acoustic records of the water column below a water depth of ~ 100 m suggesting that the gas bubbles dissolve within the water body of the Black Sea and contribute to its methane inventory and the anoxic water column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter tourism is one type of tourism that is developing ever-increasingly in the world and in our country. Winter tourism events such as snow festivals are organized for the development of winter tourism. Activities such as snow festivals, which have increased in our country in recent years, contribute to the revitalization of winter tourism activities, increasing the number of tourists and branding the destinations. In addition, snow festivals draw attention as activities that have significant effects on the development of tourism activities in the winter period, when the mobility in tourism decreases compared to other seasons and likewise in the spread of tourism throughout the year. Snow festivals have been increasing in recent years in the Eastern Black Sea region, which we have chosen as a research area. It is expected that the snow festivals, which are expected to make the above-mentioned positive contributions, to contribute to tourism activities which are concentrated only in the summer season to be carried out in the winter season especially in the highlands in the region and for the tourism pressure possible to spread over a longer period of time and field and that for the plateaus that were previously abandoned in the winter season to continue to be alive in this season as well. The main purpose of our study is to evaluate the effects of snow festivals on winter tourism in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Case study (case study) among the qualitative research methods was used in the research. In our researches, it is understood that the increasing number of snow festivals in the Eastern Black Sea Region contribute to the revival of winter tourism, however, due to some deficiencies in some fields such as infrastructure, organization, access, promotion, etc.; the current potential cannot be exploited at the desired level. We believe that by eliminating all these shortcomings, the real potential of snow festivals can be revealed and it can make a significant contribution to the development of winter tourism in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of possible climate change in a 36-year period (1980-2015) in different sites on the spatial-temporal distribution of chestnut forests in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey were investigated. For this purpose, Giresun, Trabzon- Arsin and Artvin-Hopa in the Eastern Black Sea region were selected as the study areas. The Mann-Kendall and Sen's trend analyses were applied to the annual temperatures (average, maximum and minimum) and annual total precipitations. Two sets of forestry management plans, the first published in 1984-1987 and the second in 2009-2011, were used to extract forest stand maps and to determine change in chestnut distribution. In the time elapsed, chestnut forests increased from 3.58% to 10.05% in Giresun, from 1.28% to 5.31% in Trabzon-Arsin and from 5.44% to 7.53% in Artvin-Hopa. There were increases in chestnut forest areas along with the increasing temperatures. In the city centers, downward shifts occurred in Giresun (-46 m), Trabzon-Arsin (-185 m) and Artvin-Hopa (-168 m) in the minimum altitude against the increasing population. In rural areas, it was determined that there were upward shifts in Giresun (+371 m) and Trabzon-Arsin (+222 m) and downward shifts in Artvin-Hopa (-31 m) in the maximum altitude against the increasing population. Land abandonments and competition between species may have effects on the changes in the area and vertical spread of chestnut forests. However, when the evidences revealed by this study are considered, the changes in temperature and total precipitation in a 30-year period are more likely to affect the spread of chestnut which is a thermophilic species. This study is an exemplary study with respect to carrying out studies on climate change in the region, monitoring chestnut and other species in this regard and developing regional policies for climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the credit card ownership rates of the households living in the Eastern Black Sea region and the factors affecting the use of credit cards. It is known that the increase in household credit card usage leads to consumption expenditures and thus economic recovery. In addition, although credit card usage has a function of providing income in the banking sector, it also contains many risk factors. Therefore, the factors affecting the credit card usage of households should be determined. The data in the study were obtained by face-to-face survey method on the households living in 6 provinces (Artvin, Rize, Gümüşhane, Trabzon, Giresun and Ordu) in the Eastern Black Sea Region. According to these data, the demographic characteristics of households, credit card ownership rates, the factors affecting the use of credit card and the motivations of the households that do not use credit card were determined by frequency analysis. The relationship between credit card usage and demographic factors and the place of residence and the factors related to credit card usage were examined with chi-square test. Finally, the relationship between the place of residence and credit card preference factors and the place of residence and the reasons for not using credit cards were determined by anova test. As a result of the study, it was determined that 76% of the participants used credit card and 24% did not use it. It was determined that the two most important factors that affect the credit card usage of households were the installment shopping and payment convenience. It was determined that the motivation of the people who do not use credit card, besides their sensitivity of interest, is the fact that credit card usage increases the expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the activity concentrations of naturally occurring 40K, 238U, and 232Th radionuclides and of the artificial, Chernobyl accident-induced 137Cs radionuclide were measured in soil samples collected from Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Rize is a city located in the Northeastern District of Turkey, which was significantly affected by the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident in Ukraine, and the effects have continued to today. Tea is the main production plant of the region, and was contaminated by the artificial radioactivity. Therefore, measurements of residual 137Cs contamination in soil are critical for monitoring the potential impacts on human health. The activity concentrations of radionuclides in 24 soil samples from the study area were measured by means of gamma spectrometry with a Nal(TI) detector. The activity concentrations in soil samples varied in the range of 7.4–79.8 Bq kg−1 for 238U, 9.5–170.8 Bq kg−1 for 232Th, 35.7–913.8 Bq kg−1 for 40K, and 0.6–154.3 Bq kg−1 for 137Cs. The gamma absorbed dose rates in air were in the range of 10.7–156.4 nGy h−1, with an arithmetic mean of 56.9 nGy h−1, while the annual effective dose rates were determined to be in the range of 13.1–191.8 μSv y−1. The calculated values of external hazard index (Hex) for the soil samples in the study area were in the range of 0.12–0.94. The average value of radium equivalent activity was 125.0 Bq kg−1. The activity concentrations of radionuclides in soil samples were compared to the international values reported by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR, 2000) and previous studies on the area.

Watermills are examples of industrial heritage carrying traces of improvement in hydraulic power technology and reveal societies' cultural structure and lifestyle since the ancient times. They are 'historical documents' in terms of structure type, assembly, and production techniques. A research conducted on the water mills of Anatolia known to be used for grinding in three different water basins revealed that watermills surviving to the present day are not considered cultural heritage and are unregistered; hence, a study for the conservation of these structures was decided to be started. To effectively conserve them, creating inventories for the identified watermills was undertaken. Accordingly, a 'watermill inventory' model was developed by creating two different forms about settlement and structure details, using the TÜBA-TÜKSEK Turkish Cultural Inventory Project principles as guidelines. These forms were used for documenting 25 watermills identified in 'Eastern Black Sea Basin' and 'Çağlayan, Sulak, Arılı' subbasins. The watermills were examined according to criteria based on their originality and integrity of their structure and technology. The original structural sustainability of the watermills was determined to be under threat, and the determined deteriorations were numerically evaluated according to their form, location, and significance. Based on results of the evaluation, a conservation approach was designed and used to identify watermills having priority for conservation according to the structures ranked according to their deterioration status.

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is a pest of many annual and perennial agricultural products. The species is native to Asia. It is an awful highly polyphagous invasive pest. This study is the first comprehensive study on Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), which is an invasive species in Turkey, and was conducted to determine the spread, intensity, population change and hosts of it in the Black Sea Region in 2018. In the present study, pheromone traps were placed for the pest in 6 cities, 49 counties and 149 locations between May and October, and were followed periodically. According to the results, it was determined that H. halys spread between Kemalpaşa (Artvin) and Hayrat (Trabzon). According to the number of the adults that were caught by the pheromone traps, the areas where the pest was at the highest intensity were: Hopa, Kemalpaşa, Borçka, Arhavi (Artvin) and Fındıklı (Rize). It was determined in the area where the study was conducted that many cultivated plants especially hazelnut, kiwi, corn, orange, blueberry, beans and tomato were the hosts of the pest, and recommendations were given on the precautions that must be taken against the pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Research Institute / Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Arastirmalari Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main aim of this study is to understand the seasonal changes in the selected rivers of the Eastern Black Sea water quality by using physico-chemical parameters (temperature °C, pH, conductivity), Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chlorophyll-a, nutrients (Nitrate: NO3-N, Nitrite: NO2-N; Ammonia: NH3-N), o-Phosphate (o-PO4), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Organic Matter, Detergent (LAS), Total Hardness, Ca+2 and Mg+2at Fırtına, İkizdere and Çağlayan streams. The highest average values for temperature (°C), electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solid (TSS) and reactive phosphate (o-PO4) were determinate as 12.1±4.04 °C in Çağlayan stream, 45.3±13.3 µs/cm and 32.5±30.2 mg/L in İkizdere stream and 0.24±0.24 mg/L in Fırtına stream, respectively. Water samples were collected at seosanaly during one year of monitoring from Çağlayan, Fırtına and İkizdere river basin to determine physicochemical characteristics and nutrient levels, their spatial and seasonal variations. The results were classified regarding the criteria’s of European Council Directive 98/83/EC (1998), National Recommended Water Quality Criteria (US EPA, 2009) and World Health Organisation (WHO, 2004). Results obtained from three streams show that the values of the studied parameters are lower than legal limits proposed by Euorpean Council 98/83/EC (1998),US EPA 2009 and WHO 2004, indicating that the water quality of the streams studied is well beyond the drinking waters.

Zati is famous poet who lived in the late 15th century and early 16th century poetry and writings that famous verses and the one of the wellknown poets of his era. As poet who versed easily and he was famous to awareness the technics of versing. In Turkish literature the most verses poems attributed to him. Zati the resources to be remembered as master poets and spoken of with praise. One of the most famous students is Baki, Another of his disciples is Kara Fazli is known that the Masnavi flowery. His small shop located in the courtyard of the Mosque of Bayazid read poetry and talk about it and it was a scientific environment. Hayali Bey and Tashlijali Yahya were poets who came to this shop. Zati was clever man and had strong gift to versing and he was astute person and nifty one who was born to been poet and had multidimensional talent. Undoubtedly, the main features of such a talented person. Almost can be said, there is no research about the poet who had unique features. This article also intends to study the life and works of Zati and remove blanks of his life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents bronze finds which are obtained during excavations between the years of 2012-2014, conducted in Cıngırt Kayası, in the Eastern Black Sea region. Cıngırt Kayası is located in the Yapraklı Village of the town Fatsa, which is in Ordu. First, these finds have been categorised according to their use, such as decorative or medical objects. In light of archaeological data and similar materials, the finds have then been analysed in respect to their form, period and function, and are presented along with their catalogue with plates. In terms of dating the finds, this study also benefits from other groups of finds which are obtained from the same level and indicate an exact date for these objects. By presenting these bronze finds, this study aims to share first scientific conclusions about bronze objects of the Eastern Black Sea Region; it also contributes to the literature on the archaeology of this region known to be rich in metal reserves since early ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of the double highway on the Black Sea Coast was initiated in 1998, completed in 2000. During the construction, T-shaped groins where were built to protect the shore. In this article, the contribution of T-shaped groins to beach formation and their positive or negative effects on the change of coast and submarine topography were environmentally examined. For this purpose, before the research on the map the groins were marked then the places where the groins would be constructed were levelled by taking soundings and their bathymetric maps were prepared. After the groins were built, the surrounds of the T-groins were determined by taking data with the echo sounders device and their bathymetric maps were prepared again. Afterwards, these are whose construction was completed were observed at the beginning of winter, at the end of winter, at the beginning of summer, and at the end of summer. These observations investigated whether a beach was formed on the coast and the environmental effects conclusions were investigated. At the end of the study, the effects of the groins on submarine topography in terms of shore protection and the positive or negative environmental contributions to the shore were determined and the data were shown in graphs and figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the contents of Cu, Zn and Pb in seawater, sediment, different shell sizes of mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) and sea snail ( Rapana venosa ) samples collected from four different provinces of the Eastern Black Sea Region. With the exception of Zn, all the metal concentration values measured in the sea snail were observed to be higher than those of mussels in all stations. While the correlation between mussels and sea snail according to metal concentrations was found to be positive (p ˂ 0.05), this relation was not observed between the other parameters, such as the shell sizes, salinity and pH (p ˃ 0.05). Although the mean concentration values of Cu, Zn, and Pb for mussel and sea snail are significantly above the tolerable levels, the estimated daily intake values for mussel were below the daily intake recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Megaron is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study daily aerosol samples were collected at two different sampling stations at the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Western Black Sea sampling station is located at the Bulgarian border of Turkey and approximately 50 km from the Black Sea coast. The station on the Eastern Black Sea is located at a high altitude site which is approximately 75 km from the Black Sea coast. Both stations are situated at relatively remote rural locations. Nearest large settlement area is at least 50 km away from both sites. At both sampling stations daily coarse (PM2.5- 10) and fine (PM2.5) aerosol samples were collected on polycarbonate (Nuclepore) filters using Stacked Filter Units (SFU) between March 2011 and December 2012. Concentrations of eighteen elements were determined in collected aerosol samples by using an energy dispersive X-ray flurescence spectrometry. Measured concentrations of elements and ions varied between 0.46 ng m-3 for As and 2071 ng-3 for SO42- for Eastern Black Sea atmosphere and 0.6 ng m-3 for As and 3415 ng-3 for SO42- for Western Black Sea atmosphere. Concentrations of pollution derived elements were higher at the western part of the Black Sea, which is not surprising when the distribution of industrial sources around sampling location is considered. However, concentrations of some specific elements like Mn, Cr were higher at the Eastern part of the basin, due to emissions from smelters and metallurgical industries located at Georgia, Eastern part of Ukraine and central Russia. Besides the general evaluation of the elemental data also Factor Analysis (FA) was applied to the elemental data to characterize aerosols with respect to sources and to quantify the different sources and their importance for the composition of the aerosols at both Eastern and Western atmospheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishing industry in Turkey has a great importance because of the country's geographical location and efficient natural resources. Within the regional seas in Turkey, the Eastern Black Sea Region come first at the amount of production and a large part of the population live on fishing. This study is intended to inform about the current situation about fishing in Turkey and in the Eastern Black Sea Region. For this, information about hunting of aquatic products, fishing boats, shelters, employment figures and etc. are given. Besides resources obtained from the sea, the information about aquaculture is located in the next. And in the final section, an overall assessment about fishing in the Eastern Black Sea Region is located in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogu Karadeniz Bölgesi Üst Kretase yaşlı masif sülfid yataklarında tüp şeklinde solucan fosilleri saptanmıştır. Bu tip tüp formundaki solucan fosillerinin benzerlerine bu güne kadar Umman, Kıbrıs, Irlanda ve Urallar'daki masif sülfid yataklarında rastlanmıştır. Dünyada çok az sayıda masif sülfit yatayında tanımlanan bu fosil toplulugu, Pontid'lerdeki Kretase deniz tabanı hidrotermal çıkışlarının önemli kanıtlarıdır. Tanımlanan bu solucan benzeri formlar, aynı zamanda Dogu Pasifik yükselimi, Galapagos ve Juan de Fuca sırtı gibi güncel hidrotermal çıkışlarının gözlendigi yerlerde tanımlanmış sıra dışı organizma toplulugunun atalarına ait formları olarak düşünülebilir.

It is important that climate comfortable conditions are within presumed threshold values with respect to tourism activities in the form that people rest in a healthy environment. While determining the climate comfortable conditions, sunshine duration, temperature, relative humidity, wind and precipitation are taken into consideration. The purpose of this study is to examine the climate comfortable conditions in respect of coastal tourism on the Eastern Black Sea Subregion coastal belt of Turkey. In this study, the Tourism Climatic Index (TCI), the Thermo Hygrometric Index (THI) and the Summer Simmer Index (SSI) have been used. The mean annual TCI value was calculated in the “acceptable” category. TCI values change between “marginal” and “good” categories in year and between meteorological stations. According to THI, TCI and SSI indices favorable climate comfortable periods for coastal tourism are 3 June-25 June and 6 September-27 September. The favourable period for sea bathing is 11 July-13 September. Climatic conditions for coastal tourism are unstable in general and rainfall is the most important climate issues for coastal tourism

Turkey located in the Alpine-Himalayan Mountain Belt has 35% of the natural stone reserves of the world and has good quality marble, limestone, travertine and onyx reserves especially in the western regions of the country. The eastern Black Sea Region with a 1.4 million meters cubes reserve has a little role on the natural stone production in the country. For this reason, this paper deals with investigation on the potential of carbonate stone in the region and determination of the geological and geo-mechanical properties of these rocks in order to provide economic contribution to the national economy. While the study sites are selected among the all carbonate rock sites, the importance as well as the representative of the sites were carefully considered for the region. After representative samples were analyzed for major oxide and trace element compositions to find out petrochemical variations, the experimental program conducted on rock samples for determination of both physical and strength properties of the carbonate rocks. The results of the tests showed that there are significant variations in the geo-mechanical properties of the studied rock groups. The density values vary from 2.48 to 2.70 gr/cm 3 , water absorption by weight values range from 0.07 to 1.15% and the apparent porosity of the carbonate rocks are between 0.19 and 3.29%. However, the values of the UCS shows variation from 36 to 80 MPa. Tensile and bending strength values range from 3.2 to 7.5 MPa and 6.0–9.2 MPa respectively. Although the onyx samples have the lowest values of apparent porosity and water absorption by weight, these samples do not have the highest values of UCS values owing to occurrence of the micro-cracks. The UCS values of the rock samples were also found after cycling tests However, the limestone samples have less than 5% deterioration after freezing-thawing and wetting-drying tests, but travertine and onyx samples have more than 15% deterioration. Exception of the apparent porosity values of travertine samples, all geo-mechanical properties of the studied carbonate rocks were determined in the acceptance values given by Turkish Standards Institute (TSE) for using as a natural dimension stone. After these investigations, it is anticipated that in the near future the number of quarries and factories will increase and more types of natural stones will be discovered in the eastern Black Sea Region and thus this will provide economic contribution to the economy of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tectonic evolution of the Black Sea (BS) is a subject of debate, there are several unsolved questions: 1) the timing and the spatial progression of the BS basin opening and 2) the timing of Cenozoic shortening along the northern margin of the Eastern BS basin. The timing of the main compressional deformations, related to the inversion of the Greater Caucasus (GC) basin, is assumed to be Oligo-Miocene. However, Late Cretaceous/Early Paleocene shortening, linked to the final closure of the northern branch of the Neotethys, is also suggested. The Crimean Mountains (CM), to the north of the Eastern BS, is one of the key areas to investigate in order to fix the tectonic evolution of the BS. To precise the timing of the Cenozoic shortening of the Eastern BS, we focus on an integrated onshore/offshore transect from the Eastern CM to the Sorokin Trough (north of Eastern BS). We use newly collected stratigraphic and structural data from the Eastern CM, and a new interpretation of multichannel seismic lines. We define 1) the offshore seismic stratigraphy and constrain the relative chronology of deformations, 2) the age of seismic units by correlation of the seismic data with the Subbotina-403 well log, and 3) we construct an on-to-off shore transect of Eastern CM - northern Eastern BS region. Our results evidence a polyphased Cenozoic compression in the northern part of the Eastern BS: 1) Paleocene-Earliest Eocene and 2) Oligocene-Miocene (Maikopian). Normal faults appear to be related to a formation of the foreland basin, instead of evidencing the Eastern BS Cretaceous rifting. Finally, this study allows precising the shortening phases within Eastern CM and Eastern BS since the Early Paleocene, linking them to the Neotethys closure and the GC tectonic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, organizational and socio-economic structure of fishermen was evaluated in the Eastern Black Sea Region. This study was conducted with the participation of fishers as members of the fisheries cooperatives in several locations on the Eastern Black Sea coast. In order to achieve this aim, the interview was carried out with 388 fishermen in Artvin, Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu and Sinop provinces. In consequence of an interview, social and economic status, existing problems were detected and solution suggestions were presented. Moreover, the technical properties of the fishing vessels operated in these regions were determined. As a result of the survey, it was observed that there are similarities with the problems and socio-economic state of fishermen of the other cities and locations on the size of vessels, number of crews, lack of insufficient social security and income appreciation from fisheries and dissimilarities on their social status as education, age distribution and the reason to be involved in fisheries. According to the negotiations, existing problems were stated as insufficient infrastructure of fishery organizations, failures to find against overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fisheries, lack of infrastructures in fishing ports and financial support to maintain their life in the fisheries sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Destination and touristic products devoted to those destinations make different senses to different tourist groups. In order to realize effective marketing activities, to use the sources efficiently, to satisfy needs of tourists and to ensure a competitive advantage over its rivals, tourist profile of the destination is to be identified. Thanks to the correctly identified tourist profile, it could be possible to segment the market by splitting tourists into homogeneous groups and to offer ideal touristic products that will meet the needs and expectations of each segment. There is no tourist profile research about the Eastern Black Sea Region where rapid changes has been observed for the last fifteen years. This research has been made to identify the profile of tourists who participated in tour packages of Eastern Black Sea Region and to propose a market segmentation based on that profile. As a result of analysis of the datum obtained by survey method, it has been ascertained that the Eastern Black Sea Region is mostly visited by undergraduates, government employees and 31-60 age segment. Among the participants' reasons of going to the Eastern Black Sea Region excursion; cost, natural beauties and amusement factors come to the forefront, the most wondered cities being Trabzon and Rize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People trying to spread christianity to the world are called missionary and the efforts shown by them in order to realize that mission are called the missionary activities,Even though the missionaries having activities in the 3,world countries and islamic countries claim that they are only interested in a religion mission and they are away of the national and international political affairs, as it was in the course of history, missionaries are in a close relationship with christian power groups,Therefore, missionary activities are not carried on religious issues, but only for expanding the political and military domination areas of various power groups,In this study, the history of the missionary; its methods and its activities in the Black Sea Region have been mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Trace element composition of atmospheric particles collected at a high altitude site on the Eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey was investigated to understand atmospheric transport of pollutants to this semi-closed basin. Aerosol samples were collected at a timber-storage area, which is operated by the General Directorate of Forestry. The site is situated at a rural area and is approximately 50km to the Black Sea coast and 200km to the Georgia border of Turkey. Coarse (PM2.5–10) and fine (PM2.5) aerosol samples were collected between 2011 and 2013 using a “stacked filter unit”. Collected samples were shipped to the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, where Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ba, Pb were measured by Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence technique (EDXRF). Comparison of measured concentrations of elements with corresponding data generated at other parts of Turkey demonstrated that concentrations of pollution derived elements are higher at Eastern Black Sea than their corresponding concentrations measured at other parts of Turkey, which is attributed to frequent transport of pollutants from north wind sector. Positive matric factorization revealed four factors including three anthropogenic and a crustal factor. Southeastern parts of Turkey, Georgia and Black Sea coast of Ukraine were identified as source regions affecting composition of particles at our site, using trajectory statistics, namely “potential source contribution function” (PSCF). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, length-weight relationships of two seahorse species were determined inhabits Eastern Black Sea. Hippocampus hippocampus (38) and Hippocampus guttulatus (139) individuals were obtained by comercial fishermen in the Eastern Black Sea. Length-weight relationships of H. hippocampus were found as W-0.012TL241 (R²-0.90) and length-weight relationships of H. guttulatus were found as W=0 005TL2.84 (R2=0 91) for all individuals. The type of growth for both sexes was negative allometric growth (b<3) for these species Average condition factors ot H. hippocampus and H. guttulatus have shown 0.38 and 0.41, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]