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The UK has a growing problem in the fast and unsustainable accumulation of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, causing a wide range of negative environmental and social impacts. The UK repair economy, by its nature, is a complex system involving an interplay of legislative (i.e., policy, law, regulation), social (i.e., education, health, wellbeing), economic (i.e., fiscal, business models, supply chains) and environmental aspects (i.e., materials and energy use, greenhouse gas emissions), and stakeholders (i.e., citizens, educators, repair professionals, producers, waste processors, policymakers) at a range of scales (i.e., local, national, and global). Growing a successful UK repair economy can help tackle many negative environmental and social impacts including reducing electronic waste, material consumption, mitigating supply chain risk, and regional inequality. To do this, the needs and interactions of stakeholders at local, national and global level should be supported via coordinated policy and regulation initiatives. This article takes a systems approach to understanding the UK repair economy, identifying key policy and regulatory aspects and opportunities for action and development across global, national, and local contexts to help it grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK has a growing problem in the fast and unsustainable accumulation of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, causing a wide range of negative environmental and social impacts. The UK repair economy, by its nature, is a complex system involving an interplay of legislative (i.e., policy, law, regulation), social (i.e., education, health, wellbeing), economic (i.e., fiscal, business models, supply chains) and environmental aspects (i.e., materials and energy use, greenhouse gas emissions), and stakeholders (i.e., citizens, educators, repair professionals, producers, waste processors, policymakers) at a range of scales (i.e., local, national, and global). Growing a successful UK repair economy can help tackle many negative environmental and social impacts including reducing electronic waste, material consumption, mitigating supply chain risk, and regional inequality. To do this, the needs and interactions of stakeholders at local, national and global level should be supported via coordinated policy and regulation initiatives. This article takes a systems approach to understanding the UK repair economy, identifying key policy and regulatory aspects and opportunities for action and development across global, national, and local contexts to help it grow.

The paradigm of the Next Generation cellular network (6G) and beyond is machine-type communications (MTCs), where numerous Internet of Things (IoT) devices operate autonomously without human intervention over wireless channels. IoT's autonomous and energy-intensive characteristics highlight effective energy efficiency (EEE) as a crucial key performance indicator (KPI) of 6G. However, there is a lack of investigation on the EEE of random arrival traffic, which is the underlying platform for MTCs. In this work, we explore the distinct characteristics of F -composite fading channels, which specify the combined impact of multipath fading and shadowing. Furthermore, we evaluate the EEE over such fading under a finite blocklength regime and QoS constraints where IoT applications generate constant and sporadic traffic. We consider a point-to-point buffer-aided communication system model, where (1) an uplink transmission under a finite blocklength regime is examined; (2) we make realistic assumptions regarding the perfect channel state information (CSI) available at the receiver, and the channel is characterized by the F -composite fading model; and (3) due to its effectiveness and tractability, application data are found to have an average arrival rate calculated using Markovian sources models. To this end, we derive an exact closed-form expression for outage probability and the effective rate, which provides an accurate approximation for our analysis. Moreover, we determine the arrival and required service rates that satisfy the QoS constraints by applying effective bandwidth and capacity theories. The EEE is shown to be quasiconcave, with a trade-off between the transmit power and the rate for maximising the EEE. Measuring the impact of transmission power or rate individually is quite complex, but this complexity is further intensified when both variables are considered simultaneously. Thus, we formulate power allocation (PA) and rate allocation (RA) optimisation problems individually and jointly to maximise the EEE under a QoS constraint and solve such a problem numerically through a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, we examine the EEE performance in the context of line-of-sight and shadowing parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repair is one of the main strategies to extend the lifetime of products in the circular economy framework. With the aim of identifying current consumer practices toward the purchase, use, and end of life of electric and electronic equipment (EEE), including willingness to repair, maintenance, and final disposal, a survey is designed and implemented online, taking kettles as an application case. Regarding current strategies for extending the lifespan of these items, a general lack of maintenance and low levels of reparability or reuse have been detected. Disposal patterns show that nearly half of all kettles disposed of were still functioning. Nevertheless, a future willingness to repair these items has been identified, either by users themselves or at repair centers, if the manufacturer provides the means to do so. Finally, the results reveal that when consumers purchase a kettle, the price and then the energy efficiency score are the main priorities affecting their purchasing decisions, taking priority over the reparability score. These results can help in the design of more focused and direct strategies to promote the reparability of small household appliances, encourage the authorities to regulate the new reparability score in a more efficient way, and improve the way that information is transmitted to users/consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paradigm of the Next Generation cellular network (6G) and beyond is machine-type communications (MTCs), where numerous Internet of Things (IoT) devices operate autonomously without human intervention over wireless channels. IoT’s autonomous and energy-intensive characteristics highlight effective energy efficiency (EEE) as a crucial key performance indicator (KPI) of 6G. However, there is a lack of investigation on the EEE of random arrival traffic, which is the underlying platform for MTCs. In this work, we explore the distinct characteristics of F-composite fading channels, which specify the combined impact of multipath fading and shadowing. Furthermore, we evaluate the EEE over such fading under a finite blocklength regime and QoS constraints where IoT applications generate constant and sporadic traffic. We consider a point-to-point buffer-aided communication system model, where (1) an uplink transmission under a finite blocklength regime is examined; (2) we make realistic assumptions regarding the perfect channel state information (CSI) available at the receiver, and the channel is characterized by the F-composite fading model; and (3) due to its effectiveness and tractability, application data are found to have an average arrival rate calculated using Markovian sources models. To this end, we derive an exact closed-form expression for outage probability and the effective rate, which provides an accurate approximation for our analysis. Moreover, we determine the arrival and required service rates that satisfy the QoS constraints by applying effective bandwidth and capacity theories. The EEE is shown to be quasiconcave, with a trade-off between the transmit power and the rate for maximising the EEE. Measuring the impact of transmission power or rate individually is quite complex, but this complexity is further intensified when both variables are considered simultaneously. Thus, we formulate power allocation (PA) and rate allocation (RA) optimisation problems individually and jointly to maximise the EEE under a QoS constraint and solve such a problem numerically through a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, we examine the EEE performance in the context of line-of-sight and shadowing parameters.

In this paper, panel data from 30 provinces in China from 1999 to 2019 were selected. In using empirical research based on a two-way fixed effects model, this paper explores the impact of market segmentation on energy efficiency in electric power industry (EEE) and explores how the impact varies under different traffic accessibility levels. The results of study show that: Firstly, market segmentation inhibits the improvement of EEE. Secondly, traffic infrastructure has a positive moderating effect on EEE, that is, the more developed the traffic infrastructure is, the weaker the inhibiting effect of market segmentation on EEE is. Thirdly, empirical research methods based on a two-way fixed effects model is more accurate and reliable in measuring the impact of market segmentation on EEE. Such a method is an extension of traditional EEE analysis models. From the perspective of EEE, this paper discusses the moderating effects of transportation infrastructure development in the context of market segmentation, providing a theoretical foundation and decision-making basis for improving EEE.

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Abstract E-waste is the world’s fastest growing and most valuable domestic waste stream. The increasing production of e-waste is driving elevated levels of export from developed to developing countries. Although countries worldwide are actively recognising the issues around e-waste and introducing policies, legislation or regulations governing e-waste, a large fraction of e-waste, goes undocumented at its end-of-life. Much of the global e-waste is accumulating in open dumpsites in several African countries. Using available data, we calculate the total e-waste in Africa (locally produced plus imported e-waste) for 2019 to be between 5.8 and 3.4 metric tonnes (Mt). This is believed to be an underestimate, large data gaps exist, hindering more precise estimates. The data is further complicated by, sometimes intentional, differences in labelling and reporting between formal and intermittent informal importers. Based on the available data, the main African recipients of e-waste are Nigeria, Ghana, and Tanzania, with Kenya, Senegal and Egypt featuring as countries of concern. The lack of proper waste management in the recipient developing countries, leads to environmental contamination and human exposure. A coordinated, regional and global, approach is needed in tackling e-waste. Regulatory frameworks, together with monitoring and compliance mechanisms need to be developed, financed, and enforced.

Extreme Energy Events (EEE) is an extended Cosmic Rays (CRs) Observatory, composed of about 60 tracking telescopes spread over more than 10 degrees in Latitude and Longitude. We present the metrological characterization of a representative set of actually installed EEE GPS receivers, their calibration and their comparison with respect to dual-frequency receivers for timing applications, as well as plans for a transportable measurement system to calibrate the currently deployed GPS receivers. Finally, the realization of an INRIM Laboratory dedicated to EEE, aimed at hosting reference telescopes and allowing timing studies for Particle Physics/Astrophysics experiments, is presented, as well as the possibility of synchronizing already deployed telescopes utilizing White Rabbit Technique, over optical fiber links, directly with the Universal Time Coordinated time scale, as realized by INRIM (UTC(IT)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a mosquito borne alphavirus spread primarily in Atlantic and Gulf Coast regions of the United States. EEEV is the causative agent of a devastating meningoencephalitis syndrome, with approximately 30% mortality and significant morbidity. There is no licensed human vaccine against EEEV. An inactivated EEEV vaccine has been offered under investigational new drug (IND) protocols at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) since 1976. Healthy at-risk laboratory personnel received inactivated PE-6 strain EEEV (TSI-GSD 104) vaccine under two separate IND protocols. Protocol FY 99–11 (2002–2008) had a primary series consisting of doses on day 0, 7, and 28. Protocol FY 06–31 (2008–2016) utilized a primary series with doses on day 0 and 28, and month 6. Participants with an inadequate immune response, plaque reduction neutralization test with 80% cut-off (PRNT80) titer < 40, received booster vaccination. Volunteers with prior EEEV vaccination were eligible to enroll for booster doses based on annual titer evaluation. The FY06-31 dosing schema resulted in significantly greater post-primary series immune response (PRNT80 ≥ 40) rates (84% vs 54%) and geometric mean titers (184.1 vs 39.4). The FY 06–31 dosing schema also resulted in significantly greater cumulative annual immune response rates from 1 to up to 7 years post vaccination (75% vs 59%) and geometric mean of titers (60.1 vs 43.0). The majority of probably or definitely related adverse events were mild and local; there were no probably or definitely related serious adverse events. Inactivated PE-6 EEEV vaccine is safe and immunogenic in at-risk laboratory personnel. A prolonged primary series, with month 6 dose, significantly improved vaccine immunogenicity both post-primary series and longitudinally on annual titers. Despite decades of safe use under IND, full licensure is not planned due to manufacturing constraints, and ongoing development of alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a rare and potentially fatal neuroinvasive disease with a high mortality rate of > 30%. It is an uncommon vector-borne illness, with an average of 8 cases reported in the United States annually. Alarmingly, in 2019 alone, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed 38 cases of EEE virus in the United States, reported from 10 states. In this report, we describe a 42-year-old man who worked primarily in wooded areas and presented to a hospital in southern New Jersey with an intractable headache and global facial paraesthesia. He reported multiple tick bites in the weeks prior to his presentation. Based on high clinical suspicion, cerebrospinal samples were sent to the CDC, which confirmed the diagnosis of EEE. The patient was treated with supportive care, and, after spending 9 days on mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit, he was extubated and subsequently had some improvement of his symptoms with the implementation of an extensive physical therapy program. We hope this report will contribute to increasing awareness among the public health and medical communities regarding the increasing number of EEE cases and the importance of following prevention measures, especially in areas with high prevalence and early recognition of the disease for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear material flows dominate in the Swedish manufacturing industry, and knowledge on remanufacturing as a value-retention process remains limited. Today, only a limited amount of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) for consumer goods (that are acquired for personal use), such as laptops and mobile phones, are remanufactured in Sweden. More support is needed to enhance the remanufacturization (a shift towards remanufacturing) of manufacturing industries by targeting manufacturers that have prerequisites and/or show interest in implementing remanufacturing on their products (later called developing remanufacturing industries). One way to support the developing remanufacturing industries could be by providing a tool to assesses manufacturers' potential with remanufacturing. The aim of this paper is to introduce such a tool, called the Remometer™, and to present this approach to measure a company's remanufacturing readiness level (RRL). The data was collected through a literature study and semi-structured interviews to fulfill the aim of this paper. The authors' research on lean remanufacturing, in collaboration with EEE, automotive, heavy equipment and machinery manufacturers, service/maintenance providers and retailers, laid the basis for developing the Remometer™ tool. By assessing 15 subjects shared between four critical to remanufacturing areas, namely, business model, production system, product and customer, manufacturers can measure their remanufacturing readiness level and a gap towards a world-class remanufacturer. However, neither RRL nor a gap is a purpose of the Remometer™ tool, but a useful measure to communicate to top managers on a manufacturer's potential to become more circular through remanufacturing. Remometer™ is developed to support the remanufacturization of a Swedish EEE manufacturer of consumer goods and can be applied at other developing remanufacturing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malware detection is in a coevolutionary arms race where the attackers and defenders are constantly seeking advantage. This arms race is asymmetric: detection is harder and more expensive than evasion. White hats must be conservative to avoid false positives when searching for malicious behaviour. We seek to redress this imbalance. Most of the time, black hats need only make incremental changes to evade them. On occasion, white hats make a disruptive move and find a new technique that forces black hats to work harder. Examples include system calls, signatures and machine learning. We present a method, called Hothouse, that combines simulation and search to accelerate the white hat’s ability to counter the black hat’s incremental moves, thereby forcing black hats to perform disruptive moves more often. To realise Hothouse, we evolve EEE, an entropy-based polymorphic packer for Windows executables. Playing the role of a black hat, EEE uses evolutionary computation to disrupt the creation of malware signatures. We enter EEE into the detection arms race with VirusTotal, the most prominent cloud service for running anti-virus tools on software. During our 6 month study, we continually improved EEE in response to VirusTotal, eventually learning a packer that produces packed malware whose evasiveness goes from an initial 51.8% median to 19.6%. We report both how well VirusTotal learns to detect EEE-packed binaries and how well VirusTotal forgets in order to reduce false positives. VirusTotal’s tools learn and forget fast, actually in about 3 days. We also show where VirusTotal focuses its detection efforts, by analysing EEE’s variants.

La encefalitis equina del oeste (EEO) --al igual que las encefalomielitis del este (EEE) y venezolana (EEV)-- es una infección viral zoonótica que se transmite por mosquitos vectores. Su notificación debe ser inmediata y obligatoria. A pesar del nombre que se le ha dado, el caballo es sólo un huésped incidental. La manifestación clínica de las tres encefalitis es muy similar, por lo que se requiere de una correcta toma y envío de muestras al laboratorio para lograr un diagnóstico diferencial. Los ciclos de infección se presentan de dos formas: enzoótica, en la que el virus permanece por largos períodos circulando entre los huéspedes reservorios y el vector transmisor; y epizoótica, que involucra a los huéspedes incidentales y a los vectores transmisores. Los principales signos en caballos son alteración del comportamiento, dificultad visual, deambulación, caminata en círculos, dificultad en la deglución, ataxia, paresia, parálisis y convulsiones. No existe tratamiento, por lo que su manejo se enfoca a la terapia de soporte, con un pronóstico desfavorable, ya que la tasa de mortalidad (dependiendo de la encefalitis de la que se trate) puede llegar al 90%. La EEV es endémica en México y es la que presenta más riesgo, ya que, a diferencia de las otras dos, los caballos afectados suelen desarrollar viremia, por lo que pueden transmitir la enfermedad a través del piquete de mosco a otros huéspedes animales o al ser humano. En cuanto a las EEE y EEO aún no se han reconocido oficialmente en el territorio mexicano. Sin embargo, en marzo del presente año, se detectaron 44 casos de EEO en equinos en Nayarit. Dado que la única vacuna disponible y autorizada en México es la utilizada para prevenir la EEV, las medidas para disminuir el riesgo de infección por la EEE y la EEO se centran en alojar a los caballos en caballerizas controladas, especialmente durante los horarios de elevada actividad de los mosquitos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper provides a methodology to identify the variables that affect the environmental performance of the life cycle of small electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). Different environmental indicators were contemplated as response variables, and five covariates were considered to potentially affect the life cycle of equipment: material weight, distribution, power, frequency of use and end-of-life. Different values per covariate were assumed. For material weight, power and frequency of use, three different levels were considered for each one: low, average and high. For distribution, three different distances were taken by simulating national, European and international distribution. For end-of-life, different scenarios were considered: using the equipment until the end of its life span, repairing it (assuming different repair types) or replacing it with a new one if it breaks before the end of its life span. The environmental impacts of each scenario obtained by combining these covariates were calculated by applying the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology using mid- and end-point impact assessment methods. The obtained environmental indicators were modelled by Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) to identify the variables that affect the environmental performance. The methodology was applied to a sample of 10 categories of small household EEE. The results revealed that one general pattern was associated with all these categories: the covariates that statistically more affected the environmental impact of their life cycle were, in this order, frequency of use and power, followed by end-of-life strategies and material weight. Highlights • A methodology for identifying variables affecting the life cycle of EEE is proposed. • Aspects related to the use of small EEE statistically influence the environmental performance. • Differences can be obtained for scenarios including repair and replace end of life strategies. • The methodology could be extended if new variables responses or covariates are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for metals from the entire periodic table is currently increasing due to the ongoing digitalization. However, their use within electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) poses problems as they cannot be recovered sufficiently in the end-of-life (EoL) phase. In this paper, we address the unleashed dissipation of metals caused by the design of EEE for which no globally established recycling technology exists. We describe the European Union’s (EU) plan to strive for a circular economy (CE) as a political response to tackle this challenge. However, there is a lack of feedback from a design perspective. It is still unknown what the implications for products would be if politics were to take the path of a CE at the level of metals. To provide clarification in this respect, a case study for indium is presented and linked to its corresponding recycling-metallurgy of zinc and lead. As a result, a first material-specific rule on the design of so-called “anti-dissipative” products is derived, which actually supports designing EEE with recycling in mind and represents an already achieved CE on the material level. In addition, the design of electrotechnical standardization is being introduced. As a promising tool, it addresses the multi-dimensional problems of recovering metals from urban ores and assists in the challenge of enhancing recycling rates. Extending the focus to other recycling-metallurgy besides zinc and lead in further research would enable the scope for material-specific rules to be widened.

Electronic waste or e-squander is one of the quickest developing issues of the world. E-squander involves a large number of parts, some containing poisonous substances that can adversely affect human wellbeing and the earth if not dealt with legitimately. In India, e-squander the board expect more noteworthy essentialness not just because of the age of its own e-squander, yet additionally as a result of the dumping of e-squander from created nations. This is combined with India's absence of proper foundation and methods for its transfer and reusing. The generation of electrical and electronic gear (EEE) is one of the quickest developing worldwide assembling exercises. Quick monetary development, combined with urbanization and developing an interest for customer merchandise, has expanded both the utilization and the creation of EEE. The Indian data innovation (IT) industry has been one of the real drivers of progress in the economy in the most recent decade and has contributed essentially to the advanced unrest being experienced by the world. New electronic contraptions and machines have invaded each part of our everyday lives, furnishing our general public with more solace, wellbeing, and security and with simple data procurement and trade. The information society anyway is making its own poisonous impressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research outlined in this paper is to demonstrate the implementation of a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) within the End of Life (EoL) processing of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE). The described system was created by reviewing related areas of research, capturing stakeholder's requirements, designing system components and then implementing within an actual EoL EEE processer. The research presented in this paper details user requirements, relevant to any EoL EEE processer, and provides information of the challenges and benefits of utilising CPSs systems within this domain. The system implemented allowed an EoL processer to attach passive Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to cores (i.e. mobile phones and other IT assets) upon entry to the facility allowing monitoring and control of the core's refurbishment. The CPS deployed supported the processing and monitoring requirements of PAS 141:2011, a standard for the correct refurbishment of both used and waste EEE for reuse. The implemented system controls how an operator can process a core, informing them which process or processes should be followed based upon the quality of the core, the recorded results of previous testing and any repair efforts. The system provides Human-Computer Interfaces (HCIs) to aid the user in recording core and process information which is then used to make decisions on the additional processes required. This research has contributed to the knowledge of the advantages and challenges of CPS development, specifically within the EoL domain, and documents future research goals to aid EoL processing through more advanced decision support on a core's processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western) to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western) according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV, and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western). The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Section 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in point (e) of Article 9(1). The assessment here performed on compliance with the criteria as in Section 4 of Annex IV referred to in point (d) of Article 9(1) is inconclusive. The animal species to be listed for equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western) according to Article 8(3) criteria are several species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians as susceptible species; rodents, lagomorphs and several bird species as reservoirs and at least four mosquito species (family Culicidae) as vectors.

The European legal framework for Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) (Directive 2012/19/EU) prioritises reuse strategies against other valorisation options. Along these lines, this paper examines the awareness and perceptions of reusing small household EEE from the viewpoint of the different stakeholders involved in its end-of-life: repair centres, second-hand shops and consumers. Direct interviews were conducted in which an intended survey, designed specifically for each stakeholder, was answered by a representative sample of each one. The results obtained from repair centres show that small household EEE are rarely repaired, except for minor repairs such as replacing cables, and that heaters, toasters and vacuum cleaners were those most frequently repaired. The difficulty of accessing cheap spare parts or difficulties during the disassembly process are the commonest problems observed by repair technicians. The results obtained from second-hand shops show that irons, vacuum cleaners and heaters are the small household EEE that are mainly received and sold. The results according to consumers indicate that 9.6% of them take their small household EEE to be repaired, while less than 1% has ever bought a second-hand small household EEE. The main arguments for this attitude are they thought that the repair cost would be similar to the price of a new one (for repairs), and hygiene and cleaning reasons (for second-hand sales). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) industry has increased its mass production; however, the EEE life span has similarly diminished. Owing to the rapid expansion of manufacturing, innovation and consumer demand, there has been a vast improvement in various electronic equipment, so the amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE, or e-waste) generated has also increased proportionally to production. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the remanufacturing concept which can be adopt by the electronic manufacturing industry. The article reveals differential steps debated by industry as well as academia in assets to reduce the amount of e-waste. The concept of e-waste remanufacturing is quite dissimilar from case studies among developing and developed countries and regions. The findings can assist the academic research and leads to industry regardless remanufacturing of used EEE or WEEE by exemplifying different methods and ideologies of remanufacturing implementation plus the main issues in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: en éducation, l'évaluation concerne les institutions de formation, les programmes, les enseignants ou les étudiants. Elle peut être prédictive, sommative ou formative. L'Evaluation d'un Enseignement par les Etudiants (EEE) est l'un des outils de ce dernier type. Objectif : évaluer l'enseignement de la première partie de la formation à aide à la rédaction de thèse. METHODES: c'est une étude transversale classée dans le cadre ' EEE ' qui a porté sur le module aide à la rédaction de thèse dispensée au CESPA au profit de 27 participants préparant leur projet de fin d'étude. RESULTATS: le taux de réponse des participants présents était de 100%. D'un sexe ratio F/M de 2 et de une moyenne d'âge de 25,5 ans +/- 2,7 ans, les questionnés étaient majoritairement des internes de médecine générale. Plus de 85% affirmait n'avoir bénéficié d'aucune formation au préalable dans les domaines traités. Les participants avaient des attentes qui rejoignaient sommairement les objectifs de la formation. A part le rythme jugé non adapté par plus de la moitié, 80% des participants ont été satisfaits des autres aspects évalués et 95,8 % parmi eux prévoyaient d'assister à la deuxième partie de la formation. Pour tout les participants, la formation a permis d'amélioré de façon significative leur connaissance et aurais certainement un impact positif sur leurs travaux de recherche. CONCLUSION: notre travail était un moyen d'installer une certaine complicité entre les étudiants et les enseignants pour atteindre un objectif commun: ' AMELIORER LA FORMATION''.

The Extreme Energy Events (EEE) 'telescope' is made by 3 Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC), each with an active area of 158x82 cm 2 in size. Each detector is part of a large network of about sixty telescopes spread over the Italian territory. Due to the good tracking capabilities (100 ps time resolution and cm 2 spatial resolution) the EEE telescope can be used also as test station for large area detectors. The link between the EEE track and signals from the detector under test can be obtained by implementing a streaming DAQ with a common time reference between the two systems given by the GPS signal. The installation and first results of the cosmic muon test facility with the EEE MRPC telescope based on the low-cost, streaming-compatible 12 channels, 250MHz, 14 bits digitizer (INFN-WaveBoard or WB) developed by the JLAB12 Collaboration, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Educational assessment focuses on training institutions, programs, teachers or students. It may be predictive, summative or formative. Assessment of teaching by students (ATS) is one of the assessment tools included in the last category. Objective : Assessing teaching of the first part of the "Help thesis writing" training course. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional study classified under the "ATS" agreement and focused on the "Help thesis writing" module provided to 27 participants preparing their end-of-study at CESPA. Results: Participant representativeness was 100%. F/M sex ratio was 2, the average age was 25.5 years +/- 2.7 years, the respondents were mainly students serving as interns in general medicine. Over 85% of students said he had received no prior training in the treated areas. The participants had expectations that roughly met the objectives of the training. Apart from teaching rhythm which was deemed unsuitable by more than half of participants, 80% of participants were satisfied with the other aspects evaluated and 95.8% of them were planning to attend the second part of training. All the participants judged the training as helpful to significantly improve their knowledge and were certain it might have a positive impact on their research projects. Conclusion: Our study aimed to develop teacher-student complicity in order to achieve a common goal: "IMPROVING THE FORMATION". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipments (WEEE) is the fastest growing waste stream in the world. In 2014, a total amount of 41.8 metric kilotonnes of WEEE was generated globally. There are two main parts of a WEEE – a) The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and b) The Casing i.e. the polymer and/or metal portion that covers the PCB. PCBs contain a lot of components like resistors, transistors, microcontrollers, integrated circuits etc. Once a Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) becomes obsolete; Electronic Components (EC) in the PCB remains unaltered. These ECs can be reused based on their status. In most of the cases, the PCBs end up in the informal sector that employs open burning, acid leaching etc to recover valuable metals from it and the residues end up in landfill which is a malpractice. In this work, two case has been considered – a) Small WEEE (mouse, speakers, headphones, mobile, radio, wires etc) and b) Large WEEE (Laptop, desktops, TV, printer etc). PCBs from these two types of WEEE have been examined. A solution is proposed that will help to enhance the reuse and recycling of the ECs obtained from the PCBs. The proper technique for de-soldering of ECs from the PCB and further testing methods has been discussed. Proper recycling routes of the unusable ECs have also been suggested. Finally, a novel framework has been proposed that will enhance the EC reusability and recycling. The findings will help the stakeholders in decision making, the researchers in considering future research direction and overall a sustainable future for both semiconductor and electronics industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the widespread of EEE, run-out of certain materials so-called critical metals have become a big anxiety. Functionalities of EEE required from consumers are becoming high year by year, and such critical metals are necessary to enhance functionalities. Thus, the key of product development is to reduce the metal consumption and achieve high functionalities. In other words, high resource efficiency is the key of sustainable production. This paper proposes an index to evaluate resource efficiency of small-sized EEE. The index has value of the product based on the functionality, product reusability, and component reusability, as the numerator. And it has the total amount of environmental impact due to material consumption measured by TMR (total material requirement) minus recoverable environmental impact as the denominator. Through the case studies on mobile phones, the paper concludes that the proposed index will be useful in evaluating resource efficiency of EEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sistemas & Telemática is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sistemas & Telemática is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Two methods for the determination of phosphate-based flame retardants (PFRs) and similar organophosphates (OPs) were developed. Two gas chromatographic systems were applied, one equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC/MS), the other with a specific phosphorus–nitrogen detector (GC/PND). A procedure of ultrasonic supported extraction and precipitation (USSE) was applied and verified using in-house produced reference materials. Twelve polymer parts of electrical and electronic devices, and eight polymer references were analysed for their PFR contents. The results show that the methods are capable of identifying PFRs in concentration ranges from 3μgL−1 (tricresyl phosphate, TCP) to 12μgL−1 (cresyl diphenyl phosphate, CDP) on GC/PND and from 110μgL−1 (triphenyl phosphine oxide, TPPO) to 3250μgL−1 (tris(ethylhexyl) phosphate, TEHP) on GC/MS in reference solutions. LODs in polymer extracts range from 180μgg−1 (triphenyl phosphate, TPP) to 670μgg−1 (bisphenol-A-bis(diphenyl phosphate), BDP) on GC/PND and from 75μgg−1 (TPPO) to 780μgg−1 (BDP) on GC/MS. The overall procedure time for one sample was less than 45min (GC/MS) and less than 65min (GC/PND). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Scalar measures of research performance (Energy, Exergy, and Entropy or EEE) are based on what can be called the bibliometrics-thermodynamics consilience. Here, their application to the percentile ranking normalization scheme is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a cost estimating framework for electrical, electronic and electromechanical (EEE) components obsolescence, which represents the main source of obsolescence issues, owing to the increasingly short life cycle of these types of component. The framework comprises several areas: component complexity levels, obsolescence management levels, obsolescence resolution profiles and obsolescence cost metrics. Several studies, based on the literature and on interaction with numerous obsolescence management experts from industry, have been employed in this research, following a systematic approach. The framework is able to estimate the non-recurring cost of obsolescence during the contracted period within the in-service phase. This is based on the information available at the bidding stage concerning the product breakdown structure (PBS) and the obsolescence management strategy deployed. This framework has been validated at four different UK organizations in the defence and aerospace sectors using seven case studies, one of which is presented in this paper in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a study assessing the probability of selecting a resolution approach to tackle an obsolescence issue. First, the Delphi method was applied across an industry expert panel to derive a set of 15 obsolescence resolution profiles (ORPs). The ORPs represent the probability of using each obsolescence resolution approach to tackle an obsolescence issue. Each ORP is characterized by the complexity level of the obsolete component and the level of proactiveness for obsolescence management, which have been identified as the two major factors that influence the probability of using each resolution approach. Second, the results were enhanced by means of a definitions refinement workshop. Finally, the ORPs were refined and validated by means of a workshop with experts based on the theoretical trends expected for each resolution probability. More than 40 experts in obsolescence from across the UK from the defence, aerospace, railway and nuclear sectors have participated in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article reviews the pathology and pathogenesis of alphavirus encephalitis in animal models. Alphaviruses are comprised of arthropod-transmitted ribose nucleic acid viruses that are pathogens of animals and humans. The alphaviruses are divided under old-world and new-world categories. The virology, epidemiology and pathology of Venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalitis viruses in humans and animal models involving encephalitic alphaviruses is discussed.

An analytical model is developed for the recently proposed Dual‐Mode Energy Efficient Ethernet – an extension to EEE with two modes of low‐power operation. The model can be used for predicting energy savings for different loads and other traffic parameters. The results from the analytical model closely match the results obtained by simulation for synthetic and real traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the rapid development in electronic industries and high consumer demand, electrical and electronic equipment have a shorter lifetime in developed and developing countries markets, leading to tons of electronic waste. The waste Printed circuit board (PCBs) contain many valuable metals like gold and copper and hazardous materials like lead. Therefore, recycling the metallic and non-metallic fractions from waste PCBs using environmentally friendly and suitable sustainable resource utilization techniques is in high demand. In this direction, nanotechnology has also been recently used to recover base metals, toxic metals, and precious metals in different sizes and morphologies. This study provides an up-to-date review of research on recovering high added value (HAV) materials from various electronic waste components. These include high purity metals, nanoparticles, nanostructured alloys, nanocomposites, high purity ultrafine particles, and microfibers. It also includes the properties investigated and the potential applications of the obtained HAV products in fields such as wastewater treatment, detection of incessant pollutants, biomedicine, and catalysis. Current challenges faced in scaling up the e-waste derived nanoproducts manufacturing are also discussed in the concluding remarks. • Various electronic waste devices have different compositions. • Wastes can be used as primary materials for fabrication of value-added products such as nanoparticles. • Nanomaterials have been recovered from electronic waste. • High added value products find commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus is a significant public health concern due to the high mortality rates observed in infected humans, equines and game birds. The EEE genomic sequences available prior to this report are based on laboratory strains with unknown passage histories that may contain an array of cell culture adaptations. Here we report the complete genomic sequences of two recently isolated EEE pathogenic strains with low passage histories. FL91-4697 was isolated in Florida from Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and GA97 was derived from brain tissue of a human fatality that occurred in 1997. Sequence alignment of these new genomes with the documented EEE's permitted us to generate a North American consensus sequence and identify regions of significant diversity. Sequence analysis of the FL91-4679 genome was essential to the production of an EEE infectious clone that is being used to create live attenuated vaccine candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method to calculate economic and ecological indicators to evaluate waste regarding material recycling. As material recycling is still a preferred option for closing the loop of electric and electronic equipment (EEE), it is important to have an indicator that offers the feasibility to evaluate the benefits and burdens of different recycling routes according to the contained materials and elements. Depending on the description of the economic and ecological potential of waste, the requirements and calculation method will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

En este ensayo se discuten las condiciones necesarias para establecer un contrato entre el principal y el agente en un contexto de interacción evolutiva, y como se impone un tipo de tecnología. Al usar juegos evolutivos, se encuentran las condiciones de estabilidad del juego a través del concepto de Estrategias Evolutivas Estables, EEE, de Maynard Smith. Cuando la productividad es mayor que uno surge una EEE en una tecnología, y cuando es inferior a uno, la única explicación plausible en torno a como escogen los jugadores un tipo de tecnología, radica en que éstos siguen una convención.

Circular Economy in the Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) supply chain has a significant (and still unexploited) potential. This paper aims to systematically review the knowledge emerging from the literature at the intersection between Circular Economy and the EEE supply chain, with a special focus on enablers, levers, and their potential environmental, economic and social benefits. An original framework is developed to categorise Circular Economy enablers, levers and potential benefits. Companies in the EEE industry aiming to implement Circular Economy can exploit several enablers (grouped into digitalization, government intervention, and users' active role) and levers (grouped into circular product design, servitised business models, and supply chain management) to generate economic, environmental and social benefits. Based on the framework, 115 articles were scrutinised. The analysis led to the definition of a research agenda, with policy and industry implications. To advance Circular Economy research in the EEE supply chain, future studies should address: (i) the enabling role of digitalization, particularly within blockchain, 3D Printing, augmented and virtual reality; (ii) design strategies focused on 'reduce'; (iii) servitised business models based on result-oriented offerings; (iv) collaboration in the EEE supply chain; (v) the assessment of social and economic benefits to users. Future research should also investigate the systemic interrelations between enablers, levers and benefits. • Circular Economy literature in the Electronics supply chain is reviewed. • Circular Economy enablers, levers and benefits are systematized and framed. • Eight research directions are formulated, including policy and managerial implications. • The enabling role of digitalization has been under-investigated so far. • Literature overlooked 'reduce' design strategies, sharing and result-oriented business models, supply chain collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]