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FSO is the best communication medium for data transmission because of its high bandwidth, effective deployability and maximum transmission data rates with very high security. In this research paper an optical network model has been designed in the optisystem for different modulation schemes with WDM to enhance the capacity of the system. Attenuations for different weather conditions in Dehradun have been calculated and the performance has been evaluated accordingly. The performance is analysed in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), maximum Q-factor, and eye height for each of the modulation schemes at different transmission distances and different weather attenuations. Analysis comprehends that the polarization shift keying is the best modulation technique for the WDM-FSO communication network among all. Thus, we suggest a model for an optical communication network using WDM and PolSK modulation scheme for Dehradun (Uttarakhand), where internet service is not very easy due to its extreme weather variations and got the excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungal system holds morphological plasticity and metabolic versatility which makes it unique. Fungal habitat ranges from the Arctic region to the fertile mainland, including tropical rainforests, and temperate deserts. They possess a wide range of lifestyles behaving as saprophytic, parasitic, opportunistic, and obligate symbionts. These eukaryotic microbes can survive any living condition and adapt to behave as extremophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, or even psychrophile organisms. This behaviour has been exploited to yield microbial enzymes which can survive in extreme environments. The cost-effective production, stable catalytic behaviour and ease of genetic manipulation make them prominent sources of several industrially important enzymes. Pectinases are a class of pectin-degrading enzymes that show different mechanisms and substrate specificities to release end products. The pectinase family of enzymes is produced by microbial sources such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, plants, and animals. Fungal pectinases having high specificity for natural sources and higher stabilities and catalytic activities make them promising green catalysts for industrial applications. Pectinases from different microbial sources have been investigated for their industrial applications. However, their relevance in the food and textile industries is remarkable and has been extensively studied. The focus of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the current findings on fungal pectinases targeting diverse sources of fungal strains, their production by fermentation techniques, and a summary of purification strategies. Studies on pectinases regarding innovations comprising bioreactor-based production, immobilization of pectinases, in silico and expression studies, directed evolution, and omics-driven approaches specifically by fungal microbiota have been summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper and pulp industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors and has exhibited fast growth in recent years. This is linked to the increased environmental pressure due to the use of virgin fibre from wood as raw material followed by its chemical mediated processing. This prompted the development of technologies that can replace conventional industrial processing. The tree based fibres can be replaced with secondary fibres and enzyme mediated processing can serve as a sustainable alternative to conventional procedures. Cellulase, amylase, pectinase, protease, and xylanase enzymes, as well as a consortium of these enzymes, are commercially available that can efficiently be used for bioretting, biopulping, biobleaching, biodeinking, and biorefining. The eco-friendly bio-based processing has resulted in reduced environmental load as evidenced by the reduction in the BOD and COD values to permissible levels. Enzymes offer significant potential in the production of paper owing to their high efficacy, bio renewability, mildness, non-polluting nature, high selectivity, low cost, and enhanced paper quality. This review intends to draw attention to the effective usage of enzymes for processing in the paper and pulp-based sectors. Biobased processing, alone or in combination with chemicals can prove to be an environment-friendly approach promoting environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background- Anatomical variations in the hepatobiliary system are usually asymptomatic. However, it is very important to know the anatomy to avoid unwanted complications during surgery and in the postoperative period Materials and methods:- 80 patients with cholecystitis who presented to the department of surgery, KIMS, Narketpally, who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were included in this prospective study. Results: - Out of the 80 patients, variable anatomy of the biliary system and vascular system was found in 20 patients, of whom, 15 had variations in the biliary system and 5 patients had variations in the vascular system. 3 patients with variable anatomy developed complications. 6 patients had to be re-explored by conversion into open cholecystectomy due to frozen Calot's triangle. Conclusion:- Variations in biliary anatomy and vascular system are diverse. Few such variations were confirmed with this study, thereby implying the need for in-depth knowledge about congenital anomalies of the biliary system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]