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This article provides a commentary on the paper by Pitelis and Piteli on Hymer as the pioneer of the theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE). I suggest that Stephen Hymer and his contemporary, John Dunning, also laid the foundation for an analysis of an international business (IB) system, which reaches well beyond the theory of the MNE and its strategy. I argue firstly that early IB theories, including Hymer's, which emerged from the late 1950s onwards, mostly had a holistic view of the IB system, of which the MNE was just one element. Secondly, I contend that both Hymer and Dunning developed from the outset some seminal ideas on the interrelationships that exist between the MNE and its strategy, on the one hand, and the wider economic and social environment in which firms are embedded, on the other. I suggest that Dunning's eclectic paradigm was intended as a framework for the study of the IB system in its entirety as a complex, relational system. Thirdly, while Hymer's ideas on cross‐border geographic hierarchy, uneven development and IB were highly original and remain relevant today, they need to be substantially updated and revised in the current IB context, as opposed to the context which prevailed in the IB system of the 1950s through to the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the initial settlement across metro Chicago, residents relegated cemeteries to the edge of municipalities, but the edge soon became the middle. As population increased and spread outward, burial grounds were moved farther from the city center. Lincoln Park cemetery's (1836–1859) partial removal is perhaps the best-known example. In the 1860s, public-health official Dr. John Rauch led the movement to end burials within the city limits. He was especially critical of burials at Lincoln Park, which risked contaminating Lake Michigan, Chicago's water supply. Most of, but by no means all, the bodies were moved to Graceland, Rosehill, Oakwood, and other recently established cemeteries outside the city limits, making way for the expansion of Lincoln Park to the south. Today, many once outlying cemeteries comprise prime real estate. Infrastructure projects as well as new housing and shopping-mall developments impinge on forgotten family cemeteries, "vacated" cemeteries, "inconveniently" situated cemeteries, and poor-farm cemeteries. The following examples, taken from cultural resource management (CRM) projects conducted by Midwest Archaeological Research Services (MARS), Inc., over a 30-year period, provide an overview of the impact of development on cemeteries (Figure 1). Archaeological surveys identified undisturbed and previously disturbed graves. Excavation and analysis of these burial remains provide information about early settlement, family life, religious institutions, and social structure. Most of the human remains recovered have been reinterred in another final resting place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economía is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we study overconfidence and goal-setting in academic performance, with and without monetary incentives. Students enrolled in a microeconomics course were offered the possibility of setting their own target grade before taking part in the final exam. They were also asked to guess their grade immediately after they had taken the exam ("post-diction"). In general, students overestimated their performance, both at the goal-setting and at the post-diction stages. Controlling for several sources of this bias (cognitive abilities, academic record and self-reported academic confidence), we find that the use of monetary rewards mitigates the overestimation of potential achievements and eliminates overestimation of actual achievements through the improvement of actual performance. Our results suggest that monetary incentives do not cause subjects to put more effort into correct guesses but make them put more effort into academic performance. Using students' academic records to measure overall skill, we find a strong Dunning–Kruger bias which is intensified in the presence of monetary rewards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Iatrogenic aorto-coronary dissections following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) represent a rare but potentially life threatening complication. This restrospective and observational study aims to describe our in-house experience for timely diagnostics and therapy including cardiovascular imaging to follow-up securely high-risk patients with Dunning dissections. Methods Dunning dissections (DD) occurred during clinical routine PCIs, which were indicated according to current ESC guidelines. Diagnostic assessment, treatment and follow-up were based on coronary angiography with PCI or conservative treatment and cardiac computed tomography (cCTA) imaging. Results A total of eight patients with iatrogenic DD were included. Median age was 69 years (IQR 65.8–74.5). Patients revealed a coronary multi-vessel-disease in 75% with a median SYNTAX-II-score of 35.3 (IQR 30.2–41.2). The most common type of DD was type III (50%), followed by type I (38%) and type II (13%). In most patients (88%) the DD involved the right coronary arterial ostium. 63% were treated by PCI, the remaining patients were treated conservatively. 88% of patients received at least one cCTA within 2 days, 50% were additionally followed-up by cCTA within a median of 6 months (range: 4–8 months) without any residual. Conclusion Independently of the type of DD (I-III) it was demonstrated that cCTA represents a valuable imaging modality for detection and follow-up of patients with DDs.

Background: Iatrogenic aorto-coronary dissections following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) represent a rare but potentially life threatening complication. This restrospective and observational study aims to describe our in-house experience for timely diagnostics and therapy including cardiovascular imaging to follow-up securely high-risk patients with Dunning dissections. Methods: Dunning dissections (DD) occurred during clinical routine PCIs, which were indicated according to current ESC guidelines. Diagnostic assessment, treatment and follow-up were based on coronary angiography with PCI or conservative treatment and cardiac computed tomography (cCTA) imaging. Results: A total of eight patients with iatrogenic DD were included. Median age was 69 years (IQR 65.8-74.5). Patients revealed a coronary multi-vessel-disease in 75% with a median SYNTAX-II-score of 35.3 (IQR 30.2-41.2). The most common type of DD was type III (50%), followed by type I (38%) and type II (13%). In most patients (88%) the DD involved the right coronary arterial ostium. 63% were treated by PCI, the remaining patients were treated conservatively. 88% of patients received at least one cCTA within 2 days, 50% were additionally followed-up by cCTA within a median of 6 months (range: 4-8 months) without any residual. Conclusion: Independently of the type of DD (I-III) it was demonstrated that cCTA represents a valuable imaging modality for detection and follow-up of patients with DDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMOEste artigo analisa a aplicabilidade das principais teorias de internacionalização de empresas multinacionais no Brasil, por meio de cinco fases da economia brasileira que vão de 1850 até a atualidade, buscando determinar o poder de explicação de cada teoria diante dos fluxos de investimento direto estrangeiro (IED) no país. Conclui-se que existe uma relação de contingência entre as teorias e as fases da economia, e estabelece esta relação através de uma tabela; conclui ainda que a teoria com maior capacidade explicativa no período considerado é o paradigma eclético de Dunning, em particular devido à consideração da Localização. Proposições teóricas são erguidas e têm como corolários contribuições para a pesquisa futura.ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the applicability of the main enterprise internationalization theories to the entry of the multinational corporations into Brazil, throughout five phases of Brazilian economy, from 1850 to nowadays. It seeks to verify the explanation power of each theory over the FDI flows in Brazil. It concludes that there is a contingency relation between the theories and the phases of the economy, and it shows such relationship in a table. In addition, it concludes that the most powerful theory along the researched period was Dunning’s eclectic paradigm, mainly due to the Localization considerations. Theoretical propositions are put forward as a contribution to future research.RESUMENEste artículo analiza la aplicabilidad de las principales teorías de internacionalización de empresas multinacionales en Brasil, a través de cinco ciclos de la economía brasileña, desde 1850 hasta la actualidad y, busca determinar el poder de explicación de cada teoría ante los flujos de inversión directa extranjera (IED) en el país. Se concluye que existe una relación de contingencia entre las teorías y los ciclos de la economía, y esta relación se establece mediante una tabla; se concluye también que la teoría con mayor capacidad explicativa en el período considerado es el paradigma ecléctico de Dunning, en particular debido a la consideración de la Localización. Postulados teóricos se erigen y tienen como corolarios contribuciones para la investigación futura.

The most fatal outcomes of prostate carcinoma (PCa) result from hormone-refractory variants of the tumor, especially from metastatic spread rather than from primary tumor burden. The goal of the study was to establish and apply rat MAT-Lu prostate cancer tumor models for improved non-invasive live follow up of tumor growth and metastasis by in vivo bioluminescence. We established luciferase transduced MAT-Lu rat PCa cells and studied tumor growth and metastatic processes in an ectopic as well as orthotopic setting. An intravenous bolus treatment with doxorubicin was used to demonstrate the basic applicability of in vivo imaging to follow up therapeutic intervention in these models. In vitro analysis of tissue homogenates confirmed major metastatic spread of subcutaneous tumors into the lung. Our sensitive method, however, for the first time detects metastasis also in lymph node (11/24), spleen (3/24), kidney (4/24), liver (5/24), and bone tissue (femur or spinal cord -5/20 and 12/20, respectively). Preliminary data of orthotopic implantation (three animals) showed metastatic invasion to investigated organs in all animals but with varying preference (e.g., to lymph nodes). Intravenous bolus treatment of MAT-Lu PCa with doxorubicin reduced subcutaneous tumor growth by about 50% and the number of animals affected by metastatic lesions in lymph nodes (0/4), lung (3/6) or lumbar spine (0/2), as determined by in vivo imaging and in vitro analysis. Additionally, the possible applicability of the luciferase transduced MAT-Lu model(s) to study basic principles of metronomic therapies via jugular vein catheter, using newly established active microport pumping systems, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using alternative splicing reporters we have previously observed mesenchymal epithelial transitions in Dunning AT3 rat prostate tumors. We demonstrate here that the Dunning DT and AT3 cells, which express epithelial and mesenchymal markers, respectively, represent an excellent model to study epithelial transitions since these cells recapitulate gene expression profiles observed during human prostate cancer progression. In this manuscript we also present the development of two new tools to study the epithelial transitions by imaging alternative splicing decisions: a bichromatic fluorescence reporter to evaluate epithelial transitions in culture and in vivo, and a luciferase reporter to visualize the distribution of mesenchymal epithelial transitions in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Administração e Inovação (RAI) is the property of Revista de Administracao e Inovacao- RAI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An alternative approach to immunization with native GnRH for the inhibition of gonadotropin secretion and gonadal function is the use of peptidomimetics such as peptides of GnRH that could serve as vaccines when these are joined to more immunogenic molecules. The GnRH sequence of many species is well-known. Reported consensual aminoacid sequence of mammals is: Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly. Most of the known GnRH sequences, including birds, fish and reptiles, have the Glycin amino acid residue at position 6. Glycin is the smallest amino acid, and confers flexibility to the polypeptide chain. Glycin substitution by Prolin, to confer rigidity, and the coupling to a Tetanic Toxoid T helper epitope (GnRHm1-TT), increases considerably the immune response towards the autolog GnRH when it is administered using an oily adjuvant. In the present study we also investigate the capacity of GnRHm1-TT (active component of a GnRH based vaccine) to bind the natural GnRH receptor in Dunning R3327-G cell line and vesicles of different tissues when administered without an adjuvant. Results showed that GnRHm1-TT do not lose the binding ability to natural GnRH receptor in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrated that this molecule behaves as a GnRH agonist analog when administered intraperitoneally to Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage-gated K+ currents expressed in two rat prostate cancer ('Dunning') cell lines of markedly different metastatic ability were characterised using electrophysiological, pharmacological and molecular approaches. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that both strongly metastatic MAT-LyLu and weakly metastatic AT-2 cell lines possessed outward (delayed-rectifier type) K+ currents, which activated at around -40 mV. From the parameters measured, several characteristics of the two cell lines were similar. However, a number of statistically significant differences were noted for MAT-LyLu versus the AT-2 cells as follows: (1) current densities were smaller; (2) the slope factor for channel activation was smaller; (3) the voltage at which current was half-inactivated, and the slope factor for channel inactivation were greater; (4) the time constants for current decay at -20 and 0 mV were smaller; and (5) the residual peak current was larger following 60 s of repetitive voltage pulses for stimulation frequencies in the range 0.05–0.2 Hz. On the other hand, the K+ currents in both cell lines showed similar pharmacological profiles. Thus, the currents were blocked by 4-aminopyridine, tetraethylammonium, verapamil, margatoxin, and charybdotoxin, with highly similar IC50s for given blockers. The electrophysiological and pharmacological data taken together suggested expression of voltage-gated K+ channels of the Kv1 family, expression of the Kv1.3 subunit being predominant. Western blot and RT-PCR tests both confirmed that the cells indeed expressed Kv1.3 and to a lesser extent Kv1.4 and Kv1.6 channel α-subunits. In view of the similarity of channel expression in the two cell lines, voltage-gated K+ channel activity may not be a primary determinant of metastatic potential in the rat model of prostate cancer, but the possible contribution of K+ channel activity to the metastatic process is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]