Search

Cardiorespiratory or aerobic endurance is the ability of the whole body to sustain physical activity for an extended period of time, involving relatively large groups of muscles. The attitudes on the possible impact of training on cardiorespiratory endurance in preadolescents are contradictory. Our study enrolled 195 boys aged 11 to 12 years. Experimental group (n=92) consisted of the children who had been involved with planned and programmed water polo training for at least two years. Control group (n=103) consisted of schoolchildren who only had had regular physical education in schools. Our investigation protocol included standardized anthropometric measurements and tests, performed respecting the appropriate protocols. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that there were no significant differences in age and relative values of oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Body height and mass, as well as the skinfold thickness, were significantly higher in experimental group subjects. The values of absolute VO2peak, FVC and FEV1.0 were also significantly higher in the examinees involved with water polo training. These findings stress the importance of a systematic training process even in this early period of growth and development in order for the trainees to acquire important functional advantages. We believe that a properly planned and programmed physical training can significantly contribute to the development of cardiorespiratory endurance even as early as preadolescent age.

Higher demands which characterize modern judo and analysis of many new things in the area of periodizations have the aim to enable better training effects and to overcome empiric and elemental work of coaches by varying different methodical training parameters and characteristic situational judo training. Strength training is a form of physical activity used for increasing abilities of surmounting or resisting the power. The increasing in muscular strength results in increased success in performing some motoric tasks. In our research, estimation of selected judo athlete muscular strength is done by combination of laboratory and field tests. The research was conducted in two phases during the 10-week preparation period. The obtained results showed statistically significant high values of muscular strength in most tests. That is why we concluded that the applied preparation strength training resulted in increasing muscular strength in judo athletes. We think that the right periodizations of training enable adequate functional adaptation of judo athletes. Strength training applied in preparation period will lead to adequate increasing in muscular strength of judo athletes which make basis for faster performing of movements and efficient performing of techniques during a match.

The present investigation aimed to determine the physiological profile of the best female water polo players in Serbia, with the purpose to use the obtained results as aguideline in the process of selection and planning of the sports form development. The parameters which should show physiological adaptation to specific kind and type of training were followed during preparatory period before the 2006 European Championship.Twelve water polo players (mean+/-SD: age 23.8+/-3.1 years, height 173.2+/-3.9 cm,body mass 65.7+/-7.4 kg, fat mass 17.8+/-5.3) of the Serbian women’s national waterpolo team participated in the investigation. The results of our investigation show great anaerobic capacity and muscular strength of upper body (mean+/-SD: peak power 8.05+/-0.8 W.kg-1, mean power 6.5+/-0.4 W.kg-1, very high aerobic endurance (mean+/-SD:VO2(max) 46.52+/-7.0 mL O2 (min-1kg-1) on arm ergometer, VO2 (max) 61.8+/-11.9 mL O2(min-1kg-1 on leg ergometer)) and high values of lung function parameters. The great strength of the upper body and pronounced aerobic endurance of the whole organism aredominant characteristics of elite female water polo players. Along with a relative lypronounced body height, and a low percentage of the fat tissue, these female athletes arevery well predisposed for adaptation on great physical demands over the whole match.

Strength training, or resistance training, is a form of physical conditioning used to increase the ability to resist force. Since muscular strength is required for success in many sports, it is logical to assume that stronger and more powerful young athletes will achieve better results. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of strength training on young athletes. An eight-week strength training program for developing muscle strength was performed in this study. Training protocol was designed specifically for young adolescent’s athletes. The program consisted of exercises for lower and upper body, abdominal and lower back muscles. The programs did not involve the maximal (1-3 repetitions maximum) and other very hard intensity exercises that may had negative effect on young athletes. The results showed that strength training program had positive effects on maximal isometric muscle force (Fmax) and motor skill. The increase presents the combined influence of strength training and growth.

We have examined histological and histochemical changes in the liver of rats treated by Gentamicin and Enalapril.Using the experimental group of animals (10 rats) treated by Gentamicin in the dosage of 100 mg/kg BW/24h and Enalapril in the dosage 1 mg/kg/BW/24h during the period of 8 days, it was found that in all lobuluses of the liver, changes were concentrated around periportal and intermediary zones. In the cytoplasm of these hepatocytes small fatty drops were found, so that they suppressed the nucleus and the borders of cytoplasm towards the cell membrane. Simultaneously, rare acidophilic hepatocyte regeneration was present. Glycogen reduction (+) in the experimental group of rats was proportional to the distribution of the changes characterized by fatty micro-drops. In the intact perivenular zone of acinus, larger quantities of glycogen were found (++).In the control group of animals (10 rats) treated by physiological solution (1ml/kg/BW/24) a clear lobular composition of the liver was present. All hepatocytes were polygonal in shape, their cytoplasm was pink and the localization of their nucleus was central or paracentral. There was no noticeable difference in the form of perivenular, intermediary and periportal zones. Control group hepatocytes were organized trabecularly with sinusoidal capillaries in between, covered with smooth endothelial and Kupfer's cells, characterized by ovoid nuclei and distinctively light nucleoplasm. Glycogen was deposited in the entire cytoplasm in substantial amounts (+++), in the shape of purple-red granules. Glycogen distribution was uniform in all zones.The histological or micro-morphological changes in hepatocytes caused numerous liver dysfunctions, which primarily included the liver's role in metabolic and detoxication processes. The effects of drugs applied either directly or indirectly (via metabolites created) resulted in degenerative and reactive burn changes. The results of a comparative study of histological, histochemical and biochemical changes point to the conclusion that there is a significant correlation between the application of Gentamicin and Enalapril and the changes mentioned above.

The aim of this study was to compare knee extensor and flexor strength recovery following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction between bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and hamstring tendon (HT) grafts in international male soccer players undergoing comparable 6-month rehabilitation programmes. Seventeen players underwent ACL reconstruction with either an autogenous BPTB graft or HT graft. Knee extensor and flexor peak torques were measured at 3 months and 6 months in the injured and contralateral legs following surgery using isokinetic dynamometry. The moderate –large asymmetries in knee extensor peak torque between legs at 3 months across graft types (BPTB: p = 0.002, g = -0.94; HT: p = 0.02, g = -0.55) were reduced to trivial asymmetries at 6 months (BPTB: p = 0.30, g = -0.19; HT: p = 0.40, g = -0.16), with a non-significant difference in limb symmetry index (LSI) between grafts at 6 months (p = 0.62, g = -0.24). Similarly, moderate–large asymmetries in knee flexor peak torque between legs at 3 months across graft types (BPTB: p = 0.13, g = -0.50; HT: p = 0.01, g = -0.97) were reduced to trivial-small asymmetries at 6 months (BPTB: p = 0.25, g = 0.18; HT: p = 0.01, g = -0.47); however, a superior LSI was evident with BPTB compared to HT grafts at 6 months (p = 0.007, g = 1.43, large ). Strength and conditioning professionals working with soccer players who are rehabilitating from ACL reconstruction after receiving a HT graft should give adequate attention to delivering suitable hamstring exercises that ensure optimal strength restoration.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare QT dispersion (QTd) and echocardiographic parameters in male athletes competing across different sports (long-distance running, volleyball, football, powerlifting, and bodybuilding) and a control population. Significant moderate-strong differences (p

Childhood obesity has become a worldwide epidemic in the 21st century. Its treatment is challenging and often ineffective, among others due to complex, often not obvious causes. Awareness of the existence and meaning of psychosocial and environmental risk factors seems to be an essential element in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its complications, especially arterial hypertension. In this review, we will discuss the role of that risk factors linking obesity and increased cardiovascular disorders including the role of nutritional factors (including the role of unhealthy diet, inadequate hydration), unhealthy behaviors (e.g. smoking, alcohol and drugs, sedentary behavior, low physical activity, disrupted circadian rhythms, sleep disorders, screen exposure), unfavorable social factors (such as dysfunctional family, bullying, chronic stress, mood disorders, depression, urbanization, noise, and environmental pollution), and finally differences in cardiovascular risk in girls and boys.

Obesity due to increased body fatness has been recognized internationally as one of the leading factors affecting individual and public health. The aim of this study was to determine age-related differences in body fatness in a representative sample of women in Serbia. The study included 1937 Serbian females aged 20 to 69.9 years from all regions of the Republic of Serbia. The obesity and body fatness were analyzed using body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), percent of body fat (PBF), body fat mass index (BFMI), and visceral fat area (VFA). Multivariate analysis of variance with post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed the largest differences between the age categories in VFA followed by BFMI, PBF, and BMI. The prevalence of overweight, obese, and extremely obese subjects in the overall sample by BMI was 30.77, 1.32, and 1.40%, respectively. The prevalence was higher when calculated by PBF, with 37.84 and 20.11% for overweight and obese subjects. The prevalence of overweight and obesity, as calculated by BMI and PBF, was higher in older age groups of Serbian women. The prevalence of overweight women in the oldest group was 4.32 times higher, while the rate of obesity was 8.67 times higher than in the youngest group. Our results are a good basis for planning and implementing preventive health activities and monitoring changes in morphological parameters in Serbian women of different ages.

The development of climate indices and their application can influence the preferences of tourists and the time frame for visiting the locality. This study develops a new Heritage Climate Index (HERCI) that finds its application in assessing climate comfort for visiting geoheritage and cultural heritage objects. The study analyzed the geoheritage site in Western Serbia (Stopića Cave) and the cultural heritage site in Eastern Serbia (Golubac Fortress). The index was developed to represent climatic comfort on a monthly basis and consisted of five climatic elements. The values of the HERCI index were obtained based on the multi-criteria decision-making model—the Best–Worst method (BWM). The results were classified into five classes, depending on the degree of conformity. After a comparative analysis of the index results for four localities and their attendance for the period 2012–2021 and 2019–2022, it was determined that there is a very high level of correlation (>0.9). This is the first study to use the BWM to develop and analyze a climate index. From the aspect of tourism policy, this study significantly contributes to tourism organizations and tourists in better understanding climate comfort and making decisions about the organization’s time frame and realization of the travel.

Blood pressure changes during exercise are part of the physiological response to physical activity. Exercise stress testing can detect an exaggerated blood pressure response in children and adolescent. It is applied for certain clinical conditions, but is also commonly used as part of the assessment of athletes. The interpretation of blood pressure values in response to exercise during childhood and adolescence requires appropriate reference data. We discuss the available reference values and their limitations with regard to device, exercise protocol and normalization. While the link between an exaggerated blood pressure response and cardiovascular events and mortality has been demonstrated for adults, the situation is less clear for children and adolescents. We discuss the existing evidence and propose that under certain circumstances it might be reasonable to have children and adolescents undergo exercise stress testing as a rather non-invasive procedure to add additional information with regard to their cardiovascular risk profile. Based on the existing data future studies are needed to extend our current knowledge on possible links between the presence of certain clinical conditions, the detectability of an exaggerated blood pressure response during childhood and adolescence and the risk of developing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in later life.

Using the existing knowledge about the social and cultural characteristics of the Roma in Serbia, possible connection between Roma population and preserving of natural resources was established. This analysis acquired in social and other related studies, as well as the data obtained through the GIS (geographical information system) methodology, was used for determining the spatial distribution of Roma settlements and activities of the Roma community in the space. The Toplica District has one of the high percentages of Roma population and their daily migrations. This article investigates the possibility to raise the level of their economic activity and social integration, while simultaneously preserving natural resources and improving environmental safety. With the specific GIS, and numerical and sociology analysis, we try to address main problems in the District, hoping to find a connection between inner migration of Roma and better preservation of nature.

Using resistance training with the aim of developing muscle strength among youth is still a matter of debate and often receives severe criticism. Previous research, which has not noted an increase in muscle strength, led to the conclusion that resistance training is ineffective among youth. However, the results of numerous more recent studies which have closely followed the published statements and recommendations obtained by leading global professional and health organizations, indicate that if carried out properly, resistance training among youth can have very positive results. In addition to its positive influence on muscle strength and endurance, as well as the potential increase in the success rate of motor performance, regular resistance training can result in the improvement of body composition, increased bone mineral density, an improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as its influence on one’s psychological well-being. The most commonly used types of load for resistance training include free weights and weight machines, which can have standard dimensions, but are also specially designed for younger people. It is also often the case that these training programs consist of body weight exercises, exercises with a medicine ball, expanders and elastic bands. Current findings from well-organized and monitored studies involving samples of youth indicated a very small possibility of injury during resistance training, provided that all the training recommendations for the given age group are adhered to.

Réunion (French: La Réunion, formerly: Īle Bourbon) is beside the Mauritius the largest and the youngest island on the Mascarene Plateau in the Indian Ocean. The island is of volcanic origin, formed through volcanic activity initiated by deeply settled “hot spot” inside the Earth’s mantle. It was formed within the last 2 million years from lava effusions whose volume is up to now nearly 75,000 km3. Only 3% of its volume is emergent and the total height from the sea floor is 6,500 m. The island is about 40 km in width with about 800,000 inhabitants. The capital city is St Denis. The nature of the island is impressive: active volcano, mountains above 3,000 m in height and deep canyon, frequently exceeding 2,000 m in depth. Since 2010, about 40% of its area is announced a National park and a UNESCO World Heritage site.

The cells continuously produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species as a part of metabolic processes. Increased aerobic metabolism during exercise is a potential source of oxidative stress. Also, anaerobic physical activity and oxidative stress are interrelated because the intense anaerobic activity leads to damage proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in muscle cells and blood. Complex system of antioxidant defense, which has the enzymatic and non-enzymatic part, has a role in protecting tissues from excessive oxidative damage. Most of the research conducted so far about the impact of various forms of physical activity on levels of oxidative stress is confirmed by changes in biomarkers that indicate lipid peroxidation and proteins modification. Untrained persons, as opposed to trained, are more susceptible to major changes in the body caused by oxidative stress during physical activity. The results of researches have shown that there are no significant differences between the genders in the level of oxidative stress during physical activity and response to antioxidant supplementation possibly applied. It is interesting that, despite of numerous studies, the exact location of oxidative stress origin during physical activity has not been reliably established. In addition, research results provide insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of using antioxidant supplementation to increase the defense against oxidative stress. It is necessary further investigation about the redox status and oxidative stress during physical activity in adolescent athletes.

Ćelije stalno proizvode slobodne radikale i reaktivne vrste kiseonika kao dio metaboličkih procesa. Povećani aerobni metabolizam tokom fizičke aktivnosti potencijalni je izvor oksidativnog stresa. Takođe, anaerobna fizička aktivnost i oksidativni stres međusobno su povezani jer intenzivna anaerobna aktivnost vodi ka oštećenjima proteina, lipida i nukleinskih kiselina u mišićnim ćelijama i krvi. Složeni sistem antioksidantne odbrane, koji ima enzimski i neenzimski dio, ima ulogu u zaštiti tkiva od prevelikih oksidativnih oštećenja. Većina do sada sprovedenih istraživanja o uticaju različitih oblika fizičke aktivnosti na nivo oksidativnog stresa potvrđuje promjene u biomarkerima koji ukazuju na lipidnu peroksidaciju i modifikacije na proteinima. Osobe koje ne treniraju, za razliku od onih koji treniraju, podložnije su većim promjenama u organizmu uzrokovanim oksidativnim stresom pri fizičkoj aktivnosti. Rezultati ciljanih istraživanja su pokazali da nema bitnih razlika između polova u nivou oksidativnog stresa pri fizičkoj aktivnosti i odgovoru organizma na eventualno primjenjenu antioksidantnu suplementaciju. Interesantno je da i pored brojnih studija, tačna lokacija nastanka oksidativnog stresa pri fizičkoj aktivnosti još uvijek nije pouzdano utvrđena. Uz navedeno, rezultati sprovedenih istraživanja pružaju nedovoljno dokaza o efektivnosti upotrebe antioksidantne suplementacije u cilju povećanja odbrane od oksidativnog stresa. Neophodno je detaljnije istražiti redoks status i oksidativni stres pri fizičkoj aktivnosti i kod sportista adolescenata.

This research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes toward sport advertising among the question how often consumers participate in sports activities The sample included 433 respondents, divided into six subsample groups: consumers who do not participate in sport activities at all, then consumers who participate in sport activities less than ones a month, next 1–4 a month, 5–10 a month, 11–20 a month, as well as consumers participate in sport activities more than 20 times a months. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modeled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analyzed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Based on the results it was concluded that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.05. It is interesting to highlight that it was found that the significant differences showed up between the consumers who participate in sports activities less than four times a months with negative attitudes and consumers who participate in sports activities more than five times a months with positive attitudes toward sport advertising

This paper aims to obtain new and relevant insights into the significant differences in morphological status between high school sportsmen and non-sportsmen. The sample of respondents will include approximately 90 male high school students divided into two subsamples. The first subsample will comprise 45 respondents who, besides being actively involved in curricular activities in Physical Education classes, regularly take part in a sports activity outside school, whereas the second sample will consist of 45 students whose active participation in sports is restricted to Physical Education classes. The sample of variables will contain a list of 20 anthropometrical measurements used to determine longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensionality, body mass and volume, as well as sub-skin fatty tissue: body height and weight, diameters of elbow, wrist, knee and ankle, minimum and maximum diameters of forearm, upper arm, thigh and lower leg and skinfold thickness on forearm, upper arm, thigh, lower leg, chest and stomach. The anthropometrical research will be conducted according to the standards of the International Biological Program (IBP) and the basic principles and rules concerning parameter selection, standard measurement conditions and techniques as well as standard measuring instruments, properly calibrated prior to measurement. The raw measurement data collected in this research will be subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the purpose of acquiring scientific knowledge on the important differences in morphological status between high school sportsmen and non-sportsmen

The aim of this study is to explain in the best way possible the nature and significance of basic hand strokes in modern karate and the importance of their sensible application in combat as a means of achieving greater effectiveness. The object of the study is a theoretical demonstration of elementary techniques of performing basic hand strokes fit for use in combat with special attention to their practical application. The subject matter itself requires the use of a descriptive method. The paper will give a brief summary of the development of karate in our country and abroad, as well as a concise overview of the key principles of practicing karate techniques upon which the philosophy of karate as a martial art and sports discipline is based. The paper will also provide a systematization of hand techniques which are based on elementary hand strokes used most commonly owing to their effectiveness and practicability in karate combat, just one of the disciplines of modern karate.

Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma (PAS) is a rare mesenchymal tumor mostly diagnosed in middle-aged women. In a 63-year-old female, the radiological findings showed cavitation in the left upper lobe of the lung and infiltrative tumor mass around the left pulmonary artery. PAS consisted of small, round tumor cells with about 80% of mitotic activity and with myxoid background and specific immunoprofile and diagnosed as undifferentiated sarcoma with round cell features type. The final diagnosis of PAS was established according to the pathohistological, chest computed tomography scan, and surgery finding.

The change of the enzyme SDH activity in the liver as well as the change of the biochemical parameters (sGOT, sGPT and bilirubins) in the blood of the rats treated with gentamicin. In the experimental group of animals treated with gentamicin (100 mg/kg TT/24 h) for eight days it was found that the highest SDH activity was in the peri venular zone of the acinus (+++), that the enzyme's reduced activity was in the intermediary zone (+) and that the SDH activity in the per portal zone of the acinus was just in traces (+). In the control group of animals treated with the physiological solution (1 ml/kg TT/24 h), the enzyme SDH activity was the most prominent in the perivenular zone of the acinus (+++), while in the intermediary and the periportal zone the enzyme's activity was preserved but somewhat weaker (++). The results of the comparative study of enzymohistochemical and biochemical changes confirm the existence of an important correlation between the gentamicin application and the observed changes.

Exercise appears to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in damage to cells. Potential sources of ROS in skeletal muscle fibers during exercise include the mitochondrial respiratory chain, xantine oxidase production of superoxide, enzymatic arachidonic acid oxygenation, nitric oxide synthesis, catecholamine oxidation, and neutrophil-induced oxidative burts. Stress proteins (SPs) represent one of the general molecular protective mechanisms that enable cell and whole organisms to survive stress. The exact relationship between exercise, ROS and SPs remains unclear. Antioxidant supplements have been touted by manufacturers as a means for athletes to perform better, recover more quickly and fully from endurance exercise, or allow them to train more strenuously. At present, data are insufficient to recommend antioxidant supplements for athletes or other persons who exercise regularly. However, no one questions the importance of ingesting a diet rich in antioxidants for all who exercise and train regularly.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are obligated nephrotoxins and inevitably cause renal failure during prolonged use. Experimental models of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity have shown histopathological, ultrastructural and functional alteration with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine increase leading to acute renal insufficiency (ARI). The aim of our study was to emphasize effects of verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, on gentamicin-induced ARI in rats. Experiments were done on 50 male Wistar rats (250-300 g) divided in three experimental groups. G-group animals (20 rats) were treated daily with gentamicin in dose of 100 mg/kg during 8 days. GV-group animals (20 rats) were treated daily with verapamil in dose of 3 mg/kg and the same dose of gentamicin as in G-group during 8 days. The control group (10 rats) received 1 ml/day saline intraperitoneally. Histological examinations were done using hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff and methenamine silver staining methods. Morphometric parameters included measurement of glomerular area, major and minor axis, perimeter, diameter, roundness, and mean optical density. Biochemical analyses were used to determine concentrations of blood urea, serum creatinine, sodium and potassium. In G-group rats’ glomerular basement membrane was diffusely and unequally thickened with polymorphonuclear neutrophils infiltration, while coagulation-type necrosis and vacuolization of cytoplasm of proximal tubules epithelial cells were observed. In GV-group rats’ glomeruli were slightly enlarged with thickened basement membrane in some segments but without coagulation-type necrosis. Morphometric analyses showed statistically significant differences between the G-group and control group of animals in glomerular size, mean optical density and average roundness (p

The most common location of the leiomyoma is uterus, small bowel and the esophagus, however they can occur in any organ. Intraparenchimal leiomyomas of the breast are very rare and only 30 cases were reported in the literature. These histologically benign tumors, may mimic malignancies and therefore may present a diagnostic challenge. Here, we present two new cases. The first case was a 50-year-old woman presented with a 4 cm firm mass in her right breast with discrete localized skin thickening/retraction. The second case was a 35-year-old woman presented with a painless palpable lump in the lower outer quadrant of her right breast. Physical examination, mammography and ultrasound as well as surgical excision were performed in both cases. According to histologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis, a diagnosis of smooth muscle tumor of the breast was made. These tumors clinically and radiologically mimic other breast lesions. Neither imaging studies nor palpation allow distinction between benign and malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]