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Objetivo. Estimar la brecha de mortalidad por violencia interpersonal (VI) en adolescentes y jóvenes en territorios sociales conformados por 17 países de América Latina (AL), según edad y sexo para los años 1990 y 2019, a partir de las estimaciones del Estudio de la carga global de enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo (GBD, por su sigla en inglés) 2019. Métodos. Estudio epidemiológico ecológico de la mortalidad por VI. Los países se distribuyeron en tres estratos según el índice de desarrollo social. Para estimar las brechas se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Poisson, se calcularon los odds ratio y su respectivo intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados. La carga global de mortalidad por VI presentó un aumento significativo en los hombres de los estratos 1 y 2, y un descenso en el 3. Entre las mujeres del estrato 2, se observó un descenso significativo. Por grupo de edad, la carga de VI aumentó tanto en hombres como en mujeres a partir de los 20 años. Conclusiones. La VI es todavía un problema de salud pública importante en AL, que afecta sobre todo a los adolescentes y jóvenes de los países con menor desarrollo socioeconómico. Es urgente evaluar las políticas públicas implementadas para conocer las causas que impiden la reducción de las brechas actuales, y aplicar planes que actúen sobre los determinantes sociales de la VI y propongan una transformación positiva con equidad. El informe del GBD puede ser un insumo importante para el diseño, la implementación y el seguimiento de políticas públicas para la prevención de la violencia interpersonal en la Región.

Objective: to identify health inequalities associated with perinatal mortality during the Ten-Year Public Health Plan 2012-2021 in the 42 municipalities of the Department of Cauca, Colombia. Methods: ecological study that addressed the period 2012 - 2021 based on data from secondary sources from the National Administrative Department of Statistics. The study population was women between 12 and 49 years of age residing in Cauca. Rank inequalities and regression models were calculated according to the Slope Inequality Index, the Relative Inequality Index and the Concentration Index. Results: 42 municipalities reported 3 110 perinatal deaths. The mean age of the affected women was 25,3 years with a predominance of the 20-24 years age group. The Pacific region reported the highest mortality rate. Ethnicity, illiteracy and the Multidimensional Poverty Index were statistically associated with mortality. There was greater inequality in perinatal mortality in municipalities with worse socioeconomic status. Conclusions: despite the operationalization of the Ten-Year Public Health Plan, perinatal mortality in Cauca continues to be a challenge in the health/disease process. There is disparity in perinatal mortality in relation to socioeconomic level, and although a decrease in inequality has been observed over the years, significant gaps still persist. The findings underscore the need to monitor and account for health inequalities in the design, implementation and evaluation of public policies to prevent perinatal mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective. To estimate the mortality gap due to interpersonal violence in adolescents and young people in 'social territories' made up of 17 Latin American countries, by age and sex for the years 1990 and 2019, based on estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors (GBD) Study, 2019. Methods. Ecological epidemiological study of mortality due to interpersonal violence. Countries were divided into three strata according to the social development index (SDI). To estimate the gaps, the Poisson regression model was used, and the odds ratio and its respective 95% confidence interval were calculated. Results. The global burden of mortality due to interpersonal violence showed a significant increase in men in strata 1 and 2, and a decrease in stratum 3; a significant decrease was observed in women in stratum 2. By age group, the burden of interpersonal violence increased in both men and women aged 20 years and older. Conclusions. Interpersonal violence continues to be an important public health problem in Latin America, affecting mainly adolescents and young people in countries with lower socioeconomic development. It is urgent to evaluate the public policies that have been implemented in order to determine the causes that prevent the reduction of current gaps, and to implement plans that act on the social determinants of interpersonal violence and that promote a positive transformation with equity. The GBD report can serve as an important tool in the design, implementation, and monitoring of public policies aimed at preventing interpersonal violence in the Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo. Describir las desigualdades sanitarias y sociales en indicadores de salud materna y del niño definidos en las metas del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 3.1 y ODS 3.2 a partir de datos administrativos, entre los departamentos de Paraguay en 2017. Métodos. Diseño ecológico de carácter descriptivo cuantitativo. Se utilizaron medidas simples de brechas y medidas complejas de gradiente basadas en el ajuste de modelos de regresión binomial negativo y logístico. Resultados. Cincuenta por ciento de los departamentos de Paraguay tienen valores estimados de razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) mayores que el valor nacional. El porcentaje de partos atendidos por profesional calificado en el país alcanza 98,1% con valores que fluctúan entre 82,4% y 99,9%. Hay 13 de 18 departamentos con valores de la tasa de mortalidad en menores de 5 años (TMM5) mayores que el promedio nacional, con un rango entre 4,2 y 49,2 muertes por cada 1 000 nacidos vivos. Los valores de la tasa de mortalidad neonatal (TMN) en los departamentos varían entre 2,6 y 45,1 muertes por cada 1 000 nacidos vivos. Existen grandes desigualdades sanitarias y sociales en la RMM, la TMM5 y la TMN entre los departamentos. No se detectan desigualdades elevadas en el porcentaje de partos atendidos por profesional calificado entre los departamentos. Conclusiones. Paraguay debe hacer esfuerzos importantes para disminuir las desigualdades sanitarias y sociales que existen en la RMM, la TMM5 y la TNN entre los departamentos. Se deben establecer metas numéricas de mejoría de los valores nacionales y reducción de las desigualdades en estos indicadores, lo cual permitirá rendir cuentas sobre el compromiso de “no dejar a nadie atrás” establecido en los ODS, y ayudará a generar estrategias que permitan mejorar la salud de la mujer y el niño en Paraguay.

La medición de las desigualdades en salud al interior de los países de ingresos bajos y medios es necesaria para la planificación, monitoreo y evaluación de intervenciones de salud pública, especialmente para problemas que contribuyen altamente a la carga de enfermedad, como las enfermedades cardiometabólicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los patrones de desigualdad de las tasas de mortalidad para las principales causas cardiometabólicas en Guatemala. Se usó datos del Censo Nacional de Población, y estadísticas oficiales de defunción de 2018 para calcular tasas crudas de mortalidad para diabetes (DM), infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), y accidente cerebrovascular (ACV). Se calcularon indicadores simples y complejos de desigualdad absoluta y relativa (diferencia, razón, índice de pendiente, índice de concentración, distancia de la media, índice de Theil, riesgo atribuible poblacional, y porcentaje de riesgo atribuible poblacional) para seis dimensiones de desigualdad: sexo, pueblo de pertenencia, nivel educativo, tipo de ocupación, departamento y municipio. Se documentaron 6,445 muertes por DM, 5,761 IAM, y 3,218 por ACV. Los indicadores mostraron marcadas desigualdades para las seis dimensiones estudiadas. El patrón de desigualdad predominante para sexo, pueblo de pertenencia y departamento fue de privación masiva. Para nivel educativo y ocupación predominó un patrón de incrementos escalonados. Se identificó exclusión marginal superpuesta en nivel educativo, ocupación y municipio. Se concluye que los patrones de desigualdad de las tasas de mortalidad para estas tres enfermedades sugieren la superposición de patrones de privación masiva, incrementos escalonados, y exclusión marginal.

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: la pobreza es un determinante sensible del estado de salud de una población y directamente relacionado con la presencia de algunas condiciones patológicas. Objetivo: estudiar las desigualdades departamentales y regionales de la tasa de mortalidad infantil en Colombia en 1993 y 2005. Materiales y métodos: se realizó estudio ecológico que mide las desigualdades regionales de la tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI) en Colombia, para los años de los censos de población de 1993 y 2005. Para esto se utilizaron indicadores como: razón y diferencia de tasas (RT y DT), índice de efecto y riesgo atribuible poblacional (RAP). Resultados: en 1993 la diferencia absoluta entre los departamentos con mayor y menor pobreza (Chocó: 80.4%; Bogotá, D.C.:17.3%) fue 63.1%. Para 2005, esta diferencia pasó a ser del 70.4%. Para los mismos años, entre estos departamentos la RT de mortalidad infantil fue de 2.9 y 4.2 y las DT fue de 56.4 y 59.2 respectivamente. La pobreza (NBI) explicó en mayor medida la mortalidad infantil en el 2005, comparado con el año censal de 1993 (R22005: 63.8% versus R21993: 34.2%). El coeficiente β de la regresión lineal para 1993 fue 0.3393 (IC95%:0.1669-0.5518), por cada punto porcentual que disminuyó el NBI en los departamentos, se observó reducción en la TMI de 0.3393 muertes por cada mil nacidos vivos. Para 2005 esta reducción fue de 0.6456 por cada mil nacidos vivos (IC95%:0,4679-0.8234). Conclusiones: aunque Colombia mantiene una tendencia de permanente reducción de la TMI, persisten grandes desigualdades entre departamentos y regiones las cuales se incrementaron en el periodo intercensal analizado. Rev.cienc.biomed. 2015;6(1):29-37

Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre el embarazo en adolescentes y los factores socioeconómicos, así como calcular las desigualdades sociales presentes en las adolescentes de México durante 2015. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio a partir de registros de nacimientos del año 2015 en mujeres de 15 a 19 años. Se determinó la tasa de fecundidad y se desagregó en quintiles por cada variable socioeconómica. Se calcularon medidas absolutas y relativas de desigualdad, regresión binomial negativa para razón de riesgo e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados. La tasa de fecundidad fue 73,21 nacimientos por 1 000 mujeres de 15 a 19 años en México. Coahuila fue el estado con la mayor tasa de nacimientos (99,3 por 1 000 adolescentes). Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la tasa de fecundidad y el rezago al acceso a servicios de salud, en especial en el quintil 5 (riesgo relativo [RR] = 45,68), mientras que para el rezago educativo fue mayor en el quintil 4 (RR = 27,36). No existieron diferencias significativas respecto al rezago en el acceso a la seguridad social. Conclusiones. Las condiciones de marginación y pobreza tienen una asociación importante con el embarazo y la tasa de fecundidad en las adolescentes. Sin embargo, existen grandes brechas de desigualdad entre los grupos sociales, por lo que resulta necesario implementar acciones enfocadas la promoción de la mejora de los entornos sociales, políticos y económicos.

Introducción: El suicidio es causa frecuente de muerte en el mundo, su expresión en los pueblos indígenas es un problema de salud pública debido a que las tasas de suicidio son más altas en ellos que en población general afectando preferentemente a hombres jóvenes, de bajo nivel socioeconómico, desempleados, y consumidores de sustancias. La magnitud del problema y el impacto sobre pueblos originarios incluso en peligro de extinción, permitió ampliar las comprensiones sobre el tema y plantear investigaciones e intervenciones apropiadas que orienten posibles soluciones. Objetivo: Analizar el suicidio consumado por población indígena, desde la determinación social de la salud. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión del estado del arte sobre suicidio en pueblos indígenas entre 1993 – 2013; 57 artículos fueron seleccionados por su calidad y pertinencia, y analizados a la luz de la determinación social en salud. Resultados: Se delinearon las matrices de procesos críticos que describen procesos protectores y destructivos alrededor del suicidio en pueblos indígenas. Conclusión: El enfoque empleado permitió identificar condiciones estructurales de violencia que impactan el bienestar de los indígenas, partícipes principales en el fenómeno del suicidio consumado en estos pueblos.

Objetivo. Estimar la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) de las distintas regiones subestatales del país, para identificar aquellas con mayores índices, así como el grado de desigualdad interregional. Material y métodos. De bases de datos oficiales y públicamente disponibles, se tomaron los datosde muerte materna y de recién nacidos registrados, de 2005 a 2014. Se realizó una regionalización a partir de divisiones político-administrativas de cada estado y se calculó la RMM para las mismas, así como los coeficientes Gini. Resultados. La RMM por región subestatal varía de 16 (en Nuevo Leónno metropolitano) a 160 (en Sola de Vega, Oaxaca); asimismo, se identificaron 13 regiones de muy alta o extremadamente alta mortalidad materna. El coeficiente Gini nacional es de 0.175; destacan Chihuahua, Nayarit, Oaxaca y Guerrero como estados con una distribución muy desigual de la mortalidad materna. Conclusiones. Los promedios estatales de mortalidad materna ocultan importantes desigualdades al interior de los estados, reflejo de múltiples inequidades subyacentes.

This article analyzes the social health insurance system in China, its reforms and the principal social inequalities uncovered. Based in the work of a number of authors of reference, it is possible to observe that rural and urban reforms follow the same pattern: large systems that were gradually reduced and then again expanded relatively quickly. Improvements notwithstanding, some of China’s historical problems persist, especially the rural-urban gap and regional disparities. The lack of integration of workers that migrate from the country to the city is reproduced in the current Chinese public health system, constituting one of the primary challenges to be faced at present.

Objetivos: Detectar si hay diferencias en prevalencia, distribución de factores de riesgo y riesgo cardiovascular según las funciones REGICOR y Score, entre poblaciones pertenecientes a diferentes clases sociales ocupacionales y población en riesgo de exclusión. Diseño: Descriptivo transversal. Emplazamiento: Ayuntamiento de Córdoba. Unidad de salud laboral. Participantes: Muestra disponible de 628 personas. El grupo de trabajadores municipales fue obtenido por aleatorización, mientras que se tomó la totalidad de las contratadas por riesgo de exclusión. Intervención: No se aplicaron acciones preventivas ni terapéuticas que modificaran el curso de la situación previa de los trabajadores. Mediciones principales: Tabaco, glucosa, lípidos, presión arterial e IMC como principales variables. Se emplearon la t de Student para comparar medias y Chi2 para porcentajes. La significación estadística fijada para error alfa fue

Objetivo. Analizar la tendencia entre 2000 y 2012 en des­igualdades socioeconómicas para indicadores de diabetes e hipertensión en México, así como el gradiente de desigualdad, por sexo, ámbito de residencia y condición indígena. Ma­terial y métodos. Análisis de las encuestas nacionales de salud de 2000, 2006 y 2012, estimando para los tres momentos la brecha absoluta y relativa entre quintiles, en indicadores de diabetes e hipertensión, así como el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente. Resultados. En México, entre 2000 y 2012 se ha reducido la brecha en la prevalencia de diabetes e hipertensión por diagnóstico previo. Asimismo, se han reducido de forma importante las brechas relacionadas con la atención de diabetes e hipertensión, persistiendo diferencias por gradiente de desigualdad, en particular en lo que se refiere a la presencia de complicaciones de diabetes. Conclusión. Los resultados identifican avances importantes en la disminución de la desigualdad para la atención adecuada de diabetes e hipertensión, si bien persisten diferencias de consideración. Si se toma en cuenta la relevancia de estas condiciones de salud en México es necesario fortalecer la calidad de la atención en los servicios públicos para avanzar hacia el acceso efectivo.

Objective. To determine the association between teenage pregnancy and socioeconomic factors and to estimate social inequalities among adolescents in Mexico in 2015. Methods. A study involving women from 15 to 19 years of age was conducted using data from birth records for 2015. The fertility rate was determined and disaggregated by quintiles for each socioeconomic variable. Absolute and relative measures of inequality were estimated; negative binomial regression analysis was used to obtain risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results. The fertility rate was 73.21 births per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 19 years in Mexico. Coahuila was the state with the highest birth rate (99.3 per 1000 adolescents). A statistically significant association was found between fertility rate and the gap in access to health services, especially in quintile 5 (risk ratio [RR] = 45.68), whereas a greater association with the gap in education was found in quintile 4 (RR = 27.36). No significant differences were found in terms of the gap in access to social security. Conclusions. Marginalization and poverty are significantly associated with teenage pregnancy and fertility rate. However, wide inequalities exist among the different social groups, making it necessary to implement actions geared towards promoting measures to improve the social, political, and economic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socioeconomic inequality, or the socioeconomic status (SES) gradient, is arguably one of the most-studied phenomena in health. The gradient in health is apparent in objective and subjective measures, across virtually all countries, and is evident at individual and population levels. There is no longer much debate over the relationship between SES and health. However, exact causal pathways remain elusive. Advocating for strong policy to reduce or eliminate the SES-health gradient necessitates understanding the causal pathways, from intervention to outcome. While economists are not convinced that there is a clear enough understanding of the causal pathways of the SEShealth gradient, they have produced a substantial body of work from which to move forward. The article briefly discusses the theoretical underpinnings used by economists as a basis for the study of the causal pathways for the health gradient. That presentation is followed by a concise overview of some of the evidence that economists have produced. The paper concludes with a discussion of how current economic evidence may be used to help policymakers advocate for interventions to limit the SES gradient in noncommunicable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: analizar las capacidades de investigación sobre determinantes sociales y determinación social de los procesos salud-enfermedad (dss) en Brasil, Colombia y México con base en los sistemas nacionales de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (sncti) y la producción científica sobre dss (2005- 2012) de cada país. Metodología: se realiza un estudio exploratorio a partir de revisión de literatura, consulta de plataformas nacionales de cada sncti, entrevistas y foros de consulta, contemplando las siguientes categorías de estudio para de analizar las capacidades de: 1. Producción científica, formación de investigadores y políticas relativas a capacidades de investigación; 2. Redes de colaboración; 3. Infraestructura para la investigación y 4. Producción y apropiación social del conocimiento. Resultados y discusión: La investigación sobre dss se divulga principalmente en revistas científicas de circulación nacional, en Brasil y Colombia, mientras que en México se publica principalmente en revistas extranjeras. Los tres países cuentan con sncti consolidados, sin embargo, son escasos los montos de financiamiento para investigación sobre dss. Conclusiones: es necesario articular acciones de fortalecimiento de capacidades de investigación, fortaleciendo redes y posicionando los dss en agendas estratégicas.

En este texto se aborda la distinción entre la sociología en la medicina (colaboradora de las instituciones de salud) y la sociología de la medicina (independiente de las instituciones de salud). Se argumenta que, si es consecuente, la sociología en la medicina deviene sociología de la medicina. Como ejemplo, se discute el caso de los determinantes sociales de la salud que, inicialmente, asumen como no problemática la realidad ontológica de la salud-enfermedad y luego problematizan el concepto de salud-enfermedad y muestran que estudiar los determinantes exige estudiar también los determinantes de los procesos de construcción social de la enfermedad. Se muestra la ineludible necesidad de objetivar la propia salud colectiva, es decir, de aplicar las herramientas de la sociología de manera que podamos poner bajo examen los llamados factores objetivos de la determinación de la salud-enfermedad, el carácter socialmente construido de las categorías de conocimiento, y las luchas y relaciones de poder que determinan la viabilidad o no de tales categorías.

Resumen Objetivos: calcular índices de desigualdad con base en siete variables relacionadas con la pobreza monetaria, que son consideradas de interés para la nutrición pública en Colombia. Métodos: estudio ecológico con base en datos de pobreza monetaria-2011 y los obtenidos en la encuesta ENSIN-2010 utilizados para calcular índices de desigualdad basados. Los grupos de análisis son menores entre 5 y 17 años y mujeres postparto durante las primeras 48 horas. Resultados: la pobreza monetaria fue de 41,5% (IC 95%; 35,7 a 47,4). El 82,4% de la anemia y el 68,2% del déficit de B12 se evitarían si no hubiese pobreza. En todas las variables estudiadas es evidente la desigualdad, excepto en el exceso de televisión, Gini para el déficit de peso 0,20, para la anemia, 0,38. La pobreza explica el 78% de la inseguridad alimentaria del hogar. Conclusiones: las desigualdades en nutrición pueden considerarse como dinámicas y complementan las desigualdades estructurales. Se evidencio que existe desigualdad en todas las variables estudiadas, excepto en el exceso de ver televisión o jugar videojuegos. La política pública para las mujeres pobres, acentúa la desigualdad por género. La distribución de la malnutrición no es homogénea en Colombia y ello evidencia la existencia de desigualdades injustas que afectan a los más vulnerables.

Abstract An urban health index (UHI) was used to quantify health inequalities within Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the years 2002-2010. Eight main health indicators were generated at the ward level using mortality data. The indicators were combined to form the index. The distribution of the rank ordered UHI-values provides information on inequality among wards, using the ratio of the extremes and the gradient of the middle values. Over the decade the ratio of extremes in 2010 declined relative to 2002 (1.57 vs. 1.32) as did the slope of the middle values (0.23 vs. 0.16). A spatial division between the affluent south and the deprived north and east is still visible. The UHI correlated on an ecological ward-level with socioeconomic and urban environment indicators like square meter price of apartments (0.54, p < 0.01), low education of mother (-0.61, p < 0.01), low income (-0.62, p < 0.01) and proportion of black ethnicity (-0.55, p < 0.01). The results suggest that population health and equity have improved in Rio de Janeiro in the last decade though some familiar patterns of spatial inequality remain.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a prevalência de saúde autoavaliada como ruim, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e presença de doença crônica, em populações do Brasil e de Portugal. Foram estudados 13.894 indivíduos (≥ 30 anos) das capitais do Nordeste do Brasil (VIGITEL 2011) e 20.579 de Portugal (4o INS 2005/2006). Utilizou-se a Regressão de Poisson para as análises de associação ajustadas por covariáveis. As prevalências brutas de saúde percebida como ruim, para o Nordeste do Brasil e para Portugal, em homens, foram de 4,3% e de 15,5%. A razão de prevalência (RP) foi de 2,72 (IC95%: 2,70-2,74) após a padronização por faixa etária. Para mulheres, as prevalências foram 8,1%, para o Brasil, e 25,1%, para Portugal (RP: 2,40; IC95%: 2,39-2,42). A variável que revelou desigualdades na saúde autoavaliada como ruim, em maior intensidade, foi a escolaridade, em ambas as populações. A presença de doença teve efeito maior nos brasileiros do que nos portugueses, em ambos os sexos. As prevalências de saúde autoavaliada como ruim foram significativamente mais elevadas para Portugal, em todos os agrupamentos estudados.

Abstract This paper reviews the potential utility of using the concepts and tools of systems to understand and act on health in cities. The basic elements of systems approaches and the links between cities as systems and population health as emerging from the functioning of a system are reviewed. The paper also discusses implications of systems thinking for urban health including the development of dynamic conceptual models, the use of new tools, the integration of data in new ways and the identification of data gaps, and the formulation of different kinds of questions and identification of new policies. The paper concludes with a review of caveats and challenges.

O objetivo foi analisar a associação entre o risco de morte por agressões em jovens do sexo masculino e características sociodemográficas dos municípios brasileiros. Estudo ecológico tendo como unidades de análise os 1.651 municípios com mais de 20.000 habitantes. Foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e indicadores obtidos do Censo Demográfico 2010 e do Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. Razões de taxas de mortalidade foram estimadas por modelo de regressão binomial negativa. No período de 2010-2014, foram registrados 127.137 óbitos por agressão a jovens de 15-29 anos de idade do sexo masculino. A taxa corrigida de mortalidade foi 133,3/100 mil habitantes no conjunto dos municípios (mediana 71,5/100 mil habitantes). A taxa foi maior à medida que aumentou o porte populacional dos municípios. Razões de taxas mais elevadas no modelo ajustado foram observadas nos municípios mais urbanizados (1,95; IC95%: 1,70-2,23), em categorias intermediárias de desigualdade de renda (1,10; IC95%: 1,01-1,20) e proporção de pobreza (1,69; IC95%: 1,51-1,89), com menor proporção de jovens frequentando o Ensino Médio (2,05; IC95% 1,83-2,30), maior proporção de jovens de 18-24 anos desocupados (1,27; IC95%: 1,16-1,40) e maior número de mulheres em relação ao de homens (1,28; IC95% 1,05-1,58). A mortalidade de jovens do sexo masculino por agressão foi elevada, especialmente nos municípios maiores, mais urbanizados e com maior proporção de jovens buscando emprego e fora do ensino médio. Evidencia-se a relevância das políticas sociais para o enfrentamento da violência entre jovens.

O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a evolução dos gastos com cigarro das famílias brasileiras e seu peso sobre a renda dessas no período de 2002-2009. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2002/2003 e 2008/2009. Foi realizada correção dos valores mediante o Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA). A proporção de famílias que tiveram gastos com cigarro reduziu de 23,5% para 18,2%, no período estudado, mas o valor do gasto aumentou de R$ 55,36 para R$ 59,45. O gasto foi maior à medida que aumentavam a renda e a escolaridade do chefe das famílias. As famílias com maior renda concentram a maior parte desses gastos, apesar da redução de sua contribuição no gasto total com cigarro. O comprometimento da renda na aquisição de cigarros foi de 5,2% no primeiro e de 1,2% no último quinto de renda. A política antitabagismo logrou êxitos na redução da prevalência do tabagismo no Brasil. Porém, medidas econômicas ainda são importantes no contexto nacional, tendo em vista que a parcela da renda e da despesa das famílias comprometida com cigarro apresentou redução.

Os objetivos do estudo foram descrever o trabalho de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros e comparar o perfil socioeconômico e de saúde dos que trabalhavam ou buscavam emprego com os não trabalhadores. A partir da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/2008), selecionamos crianças e adolescentes de 5 a 17 anos divididos em duas categorias de análise: “trabalhadores” (trabalhavam ou buscavam emprego) e “não trabalhadores”. Calculamos prevalências das características do trabalho principal, bem como das variáveis socioeconômicas e de saúde entre as categorias de análise. Razões de prevalência ajustadas das características de saúde foram estimadas utilizando-se a regressão de Poisson, sendo “não trabalhadores” a categoria de referência. Comparados aos “não trabalhadores”, os “trabalhadores” tiveram maior proporção de meninos; idade entre 14 e 17 anos; pretos e pardos; menor frequência escolar e piores condições de moradia. O trabalho infantil esteve associado à pior saúde referida; doença de coluna ou costas; artrite ou reumatismo e depressão. Políticas eficazes de apoio às famílias devem ser fortalecidas para o efetivo combate ao trabalho infantil.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the spatial distribution of reported cases of pregnant women infected by the human immunodeficiency virus and to identify the urban areas with greater social vulnerability to the infection among pregnant women.METHOD: ecological study, developed by means of spatial analysis techniques of area data. Secondary data were used from the Brazilian National Disease Notification System for the city of Recife, Pernambuco. Birth data were obtained from the Brazilian Information System on Live Births and socioeconomic data from the 2010 Demographic Census.RESULTS: the presence of spatial self-correlation was verified. Moran's Index was significant for the distribution. Clusters were identified, considered as high-risk areas, located in grouped neighborhoods, with equally high infection rates among pregnant women. A neighborhood located in the Northwest of the city was distinguished, considered in an epidemiological transition phase.CONCLUSION: precarious living conditions, as evidenced by the indicators illiteracy, absence of prenatal care and poverty, were relevant for the risk of vertical HIV transmission, converging to the grouping of cases among disadvantaged regions.

Comprender el significado del capital social de la diabetes tipo 2 según género, dentro un contexto urbano colombiano. Investigación cualitativa del interaccionismo simbólico. 25 mujeres y 16 hombres, diabéticos, familiares, vecinos y personal asistencial participaron en seis grupos focales. Emergieron 850 códigos que se integraron en un set de 142 códigos de códigos para el ego, el alter y alter ego. Tres categorías y veinte subcategorías fueron identificadas para el diseño del "paradigma de la codificación". El significado no es igual para hombres y mujeres. Los vínculos sociales de las redes sociales, creados cotidianamente por la confianza y la solidaridad para el cuidado, son valorados de manera diferente, debido a experiencias y hechos sociales resultantes de la autoconfianza, la autoeficacia para el apoyo social principalmente y, la autoestima frente al manejo y control de la enfermedad. Los recursos sociales de un individuo son reificados para el manejo y cuidado de la enfermedad como estrategia para disminuir las inequidades en salud

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores associados à utilização dos serviços odontológicos, públicos (básicos e especializados) e privados. Foi realizado inquérito populacional de base domiciliar em dois municípios da Bahia, Brasil. Informantes-chave forneceram dados socioeconômicos e de utilização dos serviços odontológicos (desfecho). A organização do serviço público odontológico local foi classificada em pior/melhor. Realizou-se regressão logística politômica uni e múltipla. Do total de 1.290 indivíduos, 38,76% usaram o serviço privado, 33,80% atenção básica e 17,29% atenção básica e o Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas (CEO). Um perfil de vulnerabilidade social foi associado ao uso do serviço público, quando comparado ao privado. Menor escolaridade (OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,03-2,10) e pior organização do serviço (OR = 1,74; IC95%: 1,22-2,48) foram associados ao menor uso da rede de serviços atenção básica e CEO em comparação ao uso exclusivo da atenção básica. A desigualdade na utilização dos serviços odontológicos foi observada mesmo quando comparados grupos mais homogêneos, como os usuários dos serviços públicos.

OBJECTIVE Identify spatial distribution patterns of the proportion of nonadherence to tuberculosis treatment and its associated factors.METHODS We conducted an ecological study based on secondary and primary data from municipalities of the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exploratory analysis of the characteristics of the area and the distributions of the cases included in the sample (proportion of nonadherence) was also carried out along with a multifactor analysis by linear regression. The variables related to the characteristics of the population, residences and families were analyzed.RESULTS Areas with higher proportion of the population without social security benefits (p = 0.007) and of households with unsatisfied basic needs had a higher risk of nonadherence (p = 0.032). In addition, the proportion of nonadherence was higher in areas with the highest proportion of households with no public transportation within 300 meters (p = 0.070).CONCLUSIONS We found a risk area for the nonadherence to treatment characterized by a population living in poverty, with precarious jobs and difficult access to public transportation.

Objetivo: Describir los cambios percibidos por la población y los profesionales en relación con la salud y el uso de servicios tras la intervención RIU con agentes comunitarios en un barrio vulnerable. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo cualitativo con entrevistas individuales y grupales y observación participante de octubre de 2008 a julio de 2009. Emplazamiento: Barrio Raval (Algemesí-Valencia). Participantes: Selección por muestreo opinático de 7 mujeres agentes de salud, todas las que finalizaron la intervención, y 10 profesionales implicados en la misma. Método: Con las mujeres se mantuvo una entrevista grupal a los 6 meses, y una entrevista grupal y 7 individuales a los 9 meses de intervención. Se realizó un análisis temático de tipo descriptivo desde el modelo de promoción de salud. Con los profesionales se utilizó observación participante en una reunión a los 9 meses, analizándose las notas de campo según: valoración del proyecto, cambios detectados, dificultades y recomendaciones. Resultados: Las mujeres adquirieron información sobre salud, anticoncepción, embarazo y servicios sanitarios; señalaron cambios en autocuidados y habilidades sociales y liderazgo; interiorizaron el rol de agente de salud difundiendo lo aprendido y manifestando mejor autoestima y reconocimiento social. Provocaron cambios en su entorno relativos al cuidado de la salud y el acceso a los servicios. Los profesionales no incorporaron a su trabajo la perspectiva comunitaria; valoraron el proyecto, coincidieron con las mujeres en la mejora del acceso y uso de servicios y en el acercamiento población-profesionales. Conclusiones: RIU aumenta las capacidades de las personas participantes, su reconocimiento social y mejora el acceso y uso de servicios sanitarios.

Introduction: Low birth weight is one of the main health predictors for childhood and adulthood. It is highly prevalent in developing countries and in children from poorer social classes. Objective: To analyze the geographical distribution and the trends of full-term low birth weight in the 125 municipalities of the department of Antioquia and their association with the socioeconomic conditions of the municipalities between 2000 and 2014. Materials and methods: We conducted a longitudinal ecological study. The dependent variable was the prevalence of full-term low birth weight in 125 municipalities. The socioeconomic conditions of the municipalities were evaluated using the Human Development Index and the unsatisfied basic needs index. Results: Between 2000 and 2014, the prevalence of full-term low birth weight in Antioquia was 2.7 per 100 live births; this prevalence decreased steadily over time. This trend was also observed between regions, with the exception of the Occidente and Urabá regions, which showed increases of approximately 20.0%. The results also showed a reduction in geographical differences between the 125 municipalities, with the coefficient of variation decreasing from 20.6% to 13.72% over the 14-year period. Finally, we found a positive social gradient between the full-term low birth weight prevalence and the level of development in the municipalities. Conclusion: Full-term low birth weight prevalence decreased between 2000 and 2014, with some regions showing greater reductions than others. Paradoxically, less developed and poorer areas had a lower prevalence, which may be a result of underreporting of birth weight information in these municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To contribute to the theoretical-methodological discussions on intersectionality, analyzing the health inequalities of the population aged 18 and over, resident in urban areas of Argentina. Materials and Methods: Logistic regressions were used to analyze the effect of gender, age, social class and region of residence on the self-perception of health status and the existence of limitations in everyday life, associated with a diagnosed chronic disease. Information was obtained from the Survey of Utilization and Expenses of Health Services carried out in 2010 in Argentina. Results: Both the self-perception of health status and the limitations in everyday life, resulting from a diagnosed chronic disease, are statistically related to social class position, age, gender and the region of residence. Logistic regressions separately for men and women show that class inequalities tend to be higher among women and lower among men, for both health indicators analyzed here. Conclusions: The worst health status of women in relation to men is not evenly distributed among the different social groups, indicating an interaction between socially stratifying factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Nursing UFPE / Revista de Enfermagem UFPE is the property of Revista de Enfermagem UFPE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Suicide is a common cause of death in the world. Its expression in indigenous populations is a public health problem due to the fact that suicide rates are higher among them than in the general population, preferably affecting low income, unemployed young men who are involved in substance abuse. The magnitude of the problem and its impact on the original populations, even in danger of extinction, allowed the study to expand its comprehension regarding the subject matter, and propose research studies and suitable interventions that can lead to possible solutions. Objective: Annalise completed suicide in indigenous populations based on a social health determination. Methodology: The study conducted a review of the state-of-the-art regarding suicide in indigenous populations from 1993 to 2013; 57 articles were selected because of their quality and pertinence, and they were analyzed in the light of social health determinations. Results: Critical process matrixes where outlined which describe protective destructive processes surrounding suicide in indigenous populations. Conclusion: The approach used in this study allowed the identification of structural conditions of violence that affect indigenous people's well-being, who are the main participators in completed suicide in these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. This study set out to describe the association between the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) estimates and a set of socioeconomic indicators and compute the MMR inequalities among the provinces of Ecuador. Methods. A cross-sectional ecological study was conducted, using data for 2014 from the country's 24 provinces. The MMR estimate was calculated for each province, as well as the association and its strength between MMR and specific socioeconomic indicators. For the indicators that were found to be significantly associated with MMR, inequality measurements were computed. Results. Despite a relatively low MMR for Ecuador overall, ratios differed substantially among the provinces. Five socioeconomic indicators proved to be statistically significantly associated with MMR: total fertility rate, the percentage of indigenous population, the percentage of households with children who do not attend school, gross domestic product, and the percentage of houses with electrical service. Of these five, only three had MMR inequalities that were significant: total fertility rate, gross domestic product, and the percentage of households with electricity. Conclusions. This study supports research arguing that national averages can be misleading, as they often hide differences among subgroups at the local level. The findings also suggest that MMR is significantly associated with some socioeconomic indicators, including ones linked with significant health outcome inequalities. In order to reduce health inequities, it is crucial that countries look beyond national averages and identify the subgroups being left behind, explore the particular social determinants that generate these health inequalities, and examine the specific barriers and other factors affecting the subgroups most vulnerable to maternal health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Describe health inequalities with regard to coverage indicators stratified by socioeconomic factors and place of residence. Methods. An ecological study was conducted with data from the 2003 and 2008 Demographic and Health Surveys and the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey, with analysis of 15 variables for socioeconomic and place-of-residence stratifiers. Results. Calculation of the composite coverage index showed that the poorest groups have moved closer to the richest groups, bridging the inequality gap; change in the richest quintiles has not been as rapid as in the poorest quintiles. Several of the indicators have seen more rapid progress in the poorest group, such as that for deliveries attended by health personnel; other indicators showed reduced growth in reduction of inequality. Chronic malnutrition in children under 5 has decreased; however, anemia in this age group has increased. Conclusions. The indicators showed advances in reduction of inequality and reduction in the gap between the poorest and richest groups. Expected growth in the use of family planning methods may not have been reached because of the existence of conditional cash transfers. Strategies should be evaluated, such as iron supplementation in children under 5, where provision of the supplement has increased, but it has not had an impact on anemia reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate maternal mortality ratios (MMR) for the different sub-state regions in Mexico in order to identify those with highest maternal mortality, as well as the degree of inter-regional inequality. Materials and methods. Maternal mortality and registered live births data was taken from publicly available official data for the years 2005 to 2014. We regionalized the states based on political-administrative divisions within them and calculated MMR for these regions, and calculated Gini coefficients. Results. MMR for substate regions ranges from 16 (Non-Metropolitan Nuevo León State) to 160 (Sola de Vega, Oaxaca). We identified 13 regions of Very High or Extremely High maternal mortality. The national Gini coefficient is 0.175, with the states of Chihuahua, Nayarit, Oaxaca and Guerrero standing out for their unequal distribution of maternal mortality within their territory. Conclusions. Even state level averages of maternal mortality rates tend to hide important inequalities within states, which reflect multiple subjacent inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Con el fin de conocer la prevalencia de la asistencia a la consulta dental de las gestantes atendidas en Cali-Colombia, e identificar factores socioeconómicos y de los servicios de salud asociados con la accesibilidad a la atención odontológica durante el embarazo, se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, en el que se entrevistaron 993 madres en puerperio inmediato que habían sido atendidas en clínicas pública y privadas durante el año 2012. El análisis multivariado de las variables relacionadas con las asistencia a odontología encontró asociación con los recursos económicos (86,6% suficiencia versus 72,5% insuficiencia, OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-2,8), nivel de instrucción (88% secundaria completa versus 74% incompleta, OR = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,7), información dada en el control prenatal sobre salud oral y la visita dental (86,4% si versus 42,9% no, OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,1-10,0). Se evidencia un acceso diferencial entre las gestantes con bajo nivel socioeconómico, quienes asistieron en menor proporción que las gestantes con mejores condiciones de vida.

This article describes tendencies in research on social determinants of health (SDH) and health inequities in Brazil (2005-2012) and maps research system structures to analyze capacities for research on health and its social determinants. Brazil has a strong national research system and counts on a wealth of research in the field of SDH drawing on a long tradition of research and political commitment in this area. While innovative strategies seeking to strengthen the links between research, policy and practice have been developed, the impact of SDH research continues to be largely restricted to the academic community with notable but still insufficient repercussions on public policy and the social determinants of health inequities. SDH research in Brazil will therefore need to become even more responsive to social urgencies and better attuned to political processes, enhancing its capacity to influence strategic policy decisions affecting health inequities and mobilize strategic agendas for health equity.

Las desigualdades socioeconómicas son una causa de mortalidad y morbilidad superior a la mayoría de factores de riesgo, especialmente en el entorno urbano. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la evidencia científica, en la que se incluyó artículos en inglés, castellano, portugués e italiano y se excluyeron estudios de baja evidencia, y en los que no se analizaba la relación entre mortalidad y nivel socioeconómico en un entorno urbano. La selección de artículos se llevó a cabo por dos revisores independientes y la extracción de datos se realizó con tablas de evidencia. Se obtuvieron 1.509 registros y se incluyeron 24. En todos los trabajos se observó mayor mortalidad en las áreas con peores indicadores de privación. Se observó asociación con patologías cardiovasculares en seis estudios, en cuatro con patologías pulmonares y en tres con SIDA, infecciones y parasitosis y cirrosis. Los estudios incluidos presentan resultados poco consistentes y limitaciones metodológicas importantes que impiden la comparación entre estudios y la extracción de conclusiones relevantes.

This study analyzed racial inequalities in health in 18,684 elderly Brazilians 65 years or older, interviewed in the National Household Sample Survey in 2008 (PNAD 2008), and who reported their color/race as white, brown, or black. Associations were estimated between self-rated health status, functional incapacity, and number of chronic conditions according to crude and adjusted regression analyses (α = 0.01). The majority of the elderly were white (56.2%). In the adjusted analysis, brown color/races was associated with worse self-rated health status (OR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.03-1.18) and black color/race was associated with more chronic diseases (PR = 1.07; 95%CI: 1.02-1.13). Brown color/race appeared as a protective factor against functional incapacity. When brown and black elderly were combined in one category (“black”), “black” elderly continued to show worse self-rated health status (OR = 1.09; 95%CI: 1.02-1.16) and lower odds of functional incapacity (OR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76-0.92). “Black” color/race lost the association with number of chronic diseases. Color/race explained part of the health inequalities in elderly Brazilians, but other socioeconomic variables had a more striking effect.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of the Chilean System of Childhood Welfare in transferring benefits to socially vulnerable families. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample of 132 families from the Metropolitan Region, Chile, stratified according to degree of social vulnerability, between September 2011 and January 2012. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of the studied families in public health facilities or their households. The variables studied were family structure, psychosocial risk in the family context and integrated benefits from the welfare system in families that fulfill the necessary requirements for transfer of benefits. Descriptive statistics to measure location and dispersion were calculated. A binary logistic regression, which accounts for the sample size of the study, was carried out. RESULTS The groups were homogenous regarding family size, the presence of biological father in the household, the number of relatives living in the same dwelling, income generation capacity and the rate of dependency and psychosocial risk (p ≥ 0.05). The transfer of benefits was low in all three groups of the sample (≤ 23.0%). The benefit with the best coverage in the system was the Single Family Subsidy, whose transfer was associated with the size of the family, the presence of relatives in the dwelling, the absence of the father in the household, a high rate of dependency and a high income generation capacity (p ≤ 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of benefit transfer was poor, especially in families that were extremely socially vulnerable. Further explanatory studies of benefit transfers to the vulnerable population, of differing intensity and duration, are required in order to reduce health disparities and inequalities.

Considering pregnancy and motherhood as periods of increased vulnerability in migrant women, to characterize the healthcare provided to this collective, we sought to identify and understand patterns of satisfaction and demand of maternal and child healthcare, assessing women’s perceptions about its quality. The study followed a qualitative methodology (semi-structured interviews) for collecting and analysing data (content analysis) and was conducted in Porto, the second largest city of Portugal. Participants were 25 recent immigrant mothers from Eastern European countries, Brazil, Portuguese-speaking African countries and six native Portuguese recent mothers (for comparison), contacted through social associations and institutions. Data suggests that healthcare depends not only on accessibility but especially on social opportunities. Equitable public health action must provide individuals and groups the equal opportunity to meet their needs, which may not be achieved by providing the same standard if care to all.