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The aim of this work was to study the phytochemical and antifungal activity of anthraquinones and root and leaf extracts of Coccoloba mollis on phytopathogens. The chemical analysis of ethanolic extracts showed a mixture of long-chain hydrocarbons, carboxyl esters and 3-taraxerone in the leaf extract. Two anthraquinones (emodin and physcion) were isolated and identified from the root extract. Phytochemical screening using the pharmacognostic methods revealed the presence of flavonoids and tannins in the leaves and roots. Anthraquinones were only found in the root extract, no alkaloids, coumarins, saponins and simple phenolics were present. The antifungal activity of C. mollis extracts and anthraquinones isolated from the root of this plant against Botryospheria ribis, B. rhodina, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium sp showed promising results for their use as fungicides, where emodin was the most active compound, which inhibited the microorganisms tested up to 44%.

Coccoloba mollis is a plant that is used in medicine in Londrina, Brazil. The root extract showed stronger activity against A. salina (68.5 μg/mL) than did the leaf extract (1342 μg mL), and demonstrated good activity when compared with the positive control (16.24 μg /mL). The antioxidant potential (Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl – DPPH) of root and leaf extracts was comparable to that of commonly used BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). In the chemical characterization the compounds identified were a mixture of long chain hydrocarbons, carboxyl esters and 3-taraxerone from leaf ethanolic extract and two anthraquinones (emodin and physcion) from the root one. Phytochemical screening using pharmacognostic methodology revealed the presence of flavonoids and tannins in leaves and roots. Anthraquinones only in the roots. While this analysis resulted negative for alkaloids, coumarins, saponins and simple phenolics. We conclude that the identified emodin and physcion in roots extract, corroborate with the anti-stress action and the use for memory loss attributed by popular use of this medicinal plant in the Londrina region.

The common everyday use of medicinal plants is an ancient, and still very widespread practice, whereby the need for studies on their possible toxicity and mutagenic properties. The species Coccoloba mollis has been much used in phytotherapy, mainly in cases involving loss of memory and stress. In order to investigate its genotoxic and mutagenic potential, ethanolic extracts from the leaves and roots underwent Salmonella/microsome assaying (TA98 and TA100 strains, with and without exogenous metabolism - S9), besides comet and micronucleus tests in vivo.There was no significant increase in the number of revertants/plate of Salmonella strains in any of the analyzed root-extract concentrations, although the extract itself was extremely toxic to the Salmonella TA98 strain in the tests carried out with S9 (doses varying from 0.005 to 0.5 µg/plate). On the other hand, the leaf-extract induced mutations in the TA98 strain in the absence of S9 in the highest concentration evaluated, although at very low mutagenic potency (0.004 rev/µg). Furthermore, there was no statistically significant increase in the number of comets and micronuclei, in treatments involving Swiss mice. It was obvious that extracts of Coccoloba mollis, under the described experimental conditions, are not mutagenic.

The chemical study of Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) roots peels afforded an iridoid glucoside (ajugol) and two phenolic derivatives (p-hydroxy-benzoic acid and methyl p-hydroxy-benzoate). The compounds were characterized upon spectral data interpretation. Bioactivities of the constituents were evaluated against fungus Cladosporium herbarum.O estudo químico das cascas das raízes de Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) conduziu ao isolamento de um irióide glicosilado (ajugol) e dois derivados fenólicos (ácido p-hidroxi-benzóico e p-hidroxi-benzoato de metila). Os compostos foram identificados com base na interpretação dos seus dados espectrais. A atividade biológica destes constituintes foi avaliada contra o fungo Cladosporium herbarum.

Opiate and opioid analgesics are important drugs in the treatment of pain. They are associated with addiction and respiratory depression, side effects which limit their clinical usefulness. This paper describes the main classes of agonists and antagonists to opioid receptors (D, G, N). The main drugs will be shown emphasizing the structure-activity relationship, as well as biotransformation reactions.

In vitro bioassays with leave extracts of Erythrina speciosa showed promising activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. From the flowers of E. speciosa two alkaloids were isolated: erysotrine and erythartine. The leaves furnished one alkaloid, nororientaline. The structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. This is the first report about the investigation of alkaloids in flowers and leaves of this species, as well the first report of nororientaline occurrence in this plant.

The antimicrobial activity of three different extracts (hexanic, ethyl acetate, methanol) obtained from Brazilian Drosera species (D. communis, D. montana var. montana, D. brevifolia, D. villosa var. graomogolensis, D. villosa var. villosa, Drosera sp. 1, and Drosera sp. 2 ) were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecium (ATCC23212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC11229), Salmonella choleraesuis (ATCC10708), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC13883), and Candida albicans (a human isolate). Better antimicrobial activity was observed with D. communis and D. montana var. montana ethyl acetate extracts. Phytochemical analyses from D. communis, D. montana var. montana and D. brevifolia yielded 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (plumbagin); long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons were isolated from D. communis and from D. villosa var. villosa, a mixture of long chain aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids, was isolated from D. communis and 3b-O-acetylaleuritolic acid from D. villosa var. villosa.

Coccoloba mollis é uma planta medicinal utilizada em Londrina, Paraná Brasil. O extrato das raízes apresentou maior atividade contra a Artemia salina (CL50 68.5 microg/mL) do que o extrato das folhas (CL50 1342 microg mL) e demonstrou boa atividade quando comparada com o controle positivo [K2CrO4 (16.24 microg /mL)]. A avaliação do potencial antioxidante pelo método do radical livre difenilpicrilidrazil-DPPH dos extratos das raízes e das folhas exibiu resultado semelhante ao obtido com o BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene = 2,6-Di-terc-butil-metil fenol). Na caracterização química as substâncias identificadas no extrato das folhas foram uma mistura de hidrocarbonetos de cadeias longas, ácidos carboxílicos e a 3-taraxerona. Do extrato das raízes foram identificadas duas antraquinonas (emodina e fisciona). A quimioprospecção farmacognóstica revelou a presença de flavonóides e taninos nas folhas e nas raízes e de antraquinonas somente nas raízes. Os resultados da análise foram negativos para as classes de alcalóides, cumarinas, saponinas e fenóis simples. Concluímos que a identificação da emodina e fisciona nos extratos das raízes corroboram com o uso popular atribuído a este fitoterápico na região de Londrina.

Opiáceos e opióides são importantes fármacos utilizados no tratamento da dor. Eles estão relacionados à adicção e a depressão respiratória, efeitos colaterais que limitam o seu uso. Este trabalho descreve as principais classes de fármacos agonistas e antagonistas aos receptores (D, G, N). Os principais fármacos são apresentados enfatizando-se relação versus atividade e reações de biotransformações. Biotransformações.Opiáceos e opióides são importantes fármacos utilizados no tratamento da dor. Eles estão relacionados à adicção e a depressão respiratória, efeitos colaterais que limitam o seu uso. Este trabalho descreve as principais classes de fármacos agonistas e antagonistas aos receptores (D, G, N). Os principais fármacos são apresentados enfatizando-se relação versus atividade e reações de biotransformações. Palavras-chave: Opiáceos. Opióides de ação analgésica. Relação estrutura. Atividade. Biotransformações.

O extrato em acetato de etila da madeira de Tabebuia impetiginosa forneceu lapachou, desidro -a- lapachona, lapa-chenol, ácido vanílico e sitosterol.