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Aedes albopictus is a widely recognized carrier of various pathogens. Its resilient characteristics enable it to easily spread across diverse climates. The microbiota in the midgut of mosquitoes plays a crucial role in the interactions between the host and pathogens and can either enhance or reduce the ability of the insect to transmit diseases. Hence, determining the microorganisms present in the mosquito's digestive system could be a promising approach to developing an effective method of controlling them. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the microbial compositions in the midguts of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes collected from the fields of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The midguts of 60 female mosquitoes were dissected, and their related bacteria were determined using the culture-dependent method. Different colonies were differentiated using the biochemical tests followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolated bacteria were identified as belonging to the Asaia , Delftia , Serratia , Aeromonas , Paracoccus , and Planomicrobium genera based on biochemical and molecular analysis. The findings obtained in this study were largely consistent with earlier studies conducted on mosquitoes gathered from different regions throughout the world. Overall, the findings could enhance our understanding of the microbial diversity in Ae. albopictus and aid in the identification of a potent and widespread bacterium for the development of a paratransgenesis tool to combat Aedes -borne infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventing local transmission of malaria from imported cases is crucial for achieving and maintaining malaria elimination. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases and assess the distribution of malaria vectors in Qatar. Data from January 2016 to December 2022 on imported malaria, including demographic and epidemiological characteristics, travel-related information, and diagnostic results, were collected and analysed using descriptive statistics. Field surveys conducted in 2021–22 collected mosquitoes using various traps across Qatar. The collected samples underwent morphological and molecular characterization at Qatar University. A total of 2693 cases were reported, with a mean incidence of 13.5/100 000 population, decreasing from 18.8/100 000 in 2016 to 5.5/100 000 in 2020. Most cases were Plasmodium vivax (57.4%) followed by P. falciparum (40.4%). The median age was 32.9 ± 12.5 years, primarily males (86.7%), expatriates (99.6%) and notified during the hot months (July to September). Cases were mainly imported from the Eastern Mediterranean Region followed by the African and South-East Asia Region with no deaths and indigenous cases. Anopheles stephensi was identified as a widely distributed species, but none carried the Plasmodium pathogen. Despite no reports of local transmission, the presence of An. stephensi and favourable environmental conditions pose a risk in Qatar. Strengthening surveillance for imported malaria and reviewing epidemic protocols are necessary. Conventional field studies are imperative to address knowledge gaps in Anopheles mosquito ecology and biting habits in Qatar, accurately assessing the risk of local malaria transmission to support Qatar's malaria-free status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito guts host a variety of microbes, yet fungi are often overlooked. Smittium (Harpellales, Zoopagomycota) comprises numerous species that are obligate symbionts residing in the hindgut of mosquito larvae. Despite their association with pathogen-bearing vectors, these fungal symbionts remain understudied, largely due to the lack of high-quality genome resources. This limitation has impeded a deeper understanding of their genome biology and adaptive strategies in relation to their mosquito hosts, which may hold significant epidemiological implications. To address this gap, we generated the first reference-quality genome assembly for this group of fungi, using PacBio HiFi long-reads for an axenic culture of Smittium minutisporum , originally isolated from the eastern treehole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus. The genome assembly consists of 53 contigs, spanning a total length of 32.5 Mb, and is predicted to encode 8,254 protein-coding genes, with repetitive regions constituting 25.22% of the genome. Notably, despite being highly contiguous and gap free, the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog analysis suggests a completeness score of 71.8%, implying unusual genome features, possibly shaped by adaptation and specialization within the mosquito gut. This high-quality genome resource will be invaluable for advancing our understanding of mosquito gut-dwelling fungi, their natural history, and their cryptic symbiosis with insect hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to evaluate mosquito species diversity and seasonality, and to determine relationships between investigated parameters of mosquito breeding environment and the presence and abundance of mosquito larvae of different species in water bodies. For that, large-scale mosquito larval collections were made in different water bodies in Lithuania using a standard dipper. In 2021 and 2022, samples were collected from the end of March to October and from April to July, respectively and were done once or twice a month. Physical and chemical parameters (water temperature, pH, amounts of nitrites and nitrates, the water body size, bottom coverage, exposure to the sunlight, and temporality of each water body) were evaluated. A total of 5,392 mosquito larvae were collected from 134 water bodies (606 samples as each water body was investigated several times during the season). 25 mosquito species have been identified. Results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the abundance of larvae of some mosquito species is related to the collection time, temporality of the water body, the amount of nitrates in water, pH level and bottom coverage. Redundancy analysis showed that mosquito species abundance and diversity are significantly influenced by water temperature, pH values, and amount of nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo stumps serve as important phytotelmata in which mosquitoes breed. The physiochemical parameters of water in the bamboo stumps influence the species composition and larval abundance of mosquito species. Bamboo stumps were scanned in monsoon season of 2022 by adopting a larval survey method in mid-western Nepal. Supplementary data such as water volume, temperature and pH were also recorded. The linear relationship between different physiochemical parameters with mosquito larval population and larval abundance of different mosquito species was analysed in RStudio-1.0.44 and Past software version 4.07. Altogether, 120 larval mosquitoes belonging to 7 species and 3 genera were recorded from 26 bamboo stumps. The larval abundance of immature mosquito shows positive correlation with water temperature, pH and volume of the water. The coexistence of larvae of dengue vectors (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) and vector of Lymphatic Filariasis (Culex quinquefasciatus) as well the coexistence of different larval mosquito species were recorded. This established bamboo stumps as important mosquito breeding habitats including vector species in mid-western Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to improve the identification of Culicidae species from the Vale Ribeira region, São Paulo state, Brazil. Adults were collected in the municipalities of Cananeia and Pariquera-Açu and morphologically identified. Molecular analyses were performed on sequences of COI barcode and a fragment of the D2 expansion of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene generated from field collected mosquitoes. The analyses included species delimitation, phylogeny, and interspecific genetic distances using the Kimura 2-parameter model. Species included in the analyses were Aedes perventor, Aedes scapularis, Aedes serratus/Aedes nubilus, Aedes serratus s.s., Aedes terrens, Haemagogus capricornii, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Haemagogus janthinomys, Kerteszia bellatrix, Kerteszia cruzii, Psorophora ferox, Psorophora forceps, Sabethes conditus, and Wyeomyia confusa. COI sequences from specimens collected at other localities were included in the analysis for comparison. Results of barcode RESL analysis showed that specimens of Ps. ferox and Hg. janthinomys split into three clusters for each species. Similarly, sequences of Ke. bellatrix and Ke. cruzii were recovered in two groups for each species. Distinct from other species included in analyses, Ps. ferox and Ps. forceps shared 100% similarity in the D2 fragment sequenced. Overall, the analysis of COI barcode sequences revealed the following key findings: (1) the presence of subclades within Hg. janthinomys, with its division into three groups suggests that this species may represent a species complex; (2) Ke. bellatrix from the Atlantic tropical rainforest shares 95.59% sequence similarity with a specimen from the type locality, indicating that specimens from Southeastern Brazil may belong to an unidentified species within the Ke. bellatrix complex; (3) Ke. cruzii also represents a species complex; and (4) D2 sequences successfully identified most species studied, apart from Ps. forceps and Ps. ferox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this study is to improve the identification of Culicidae species from the Vale Ribeira region, São Paulo state, Brazil. Adults were collected in the municipalities of Cananeia and Pariquera-Açu and morphologically identified. Molecular analyses were performed on sequences of COI barcode and a fragment of the D2 expansion of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene generated from field collected mosquitoes. The analyses included species delimitation, phylogeny, and interspecific genetic distances using the Kimura 2-parameter model. Species included in the analyses were Aedes perventor, Aedes scapularis, Aedes serratus/Aedes nubilus, Aedes serratus s.s., Aedes terrens, Haemagogus capricornii, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Haemagogus janthinomys, Kerteszia bellatrix, Kerteszia cruzii, Psorophora ferox, Psorophora forceps, Sabethes conditus, and Wyeomyia confusa. COI sequences from specimens collected at other localities were included in the analysis for comparison. Results of barcode RESL analysis showed that specimens of Ps. ferox and Hg. janthinomys split into three clusters for each species. Similarly, sequences of Ke. bellatrix and Ke. cruzii were recovered in two groups for each species. Distinct from other species included in analyses, Ps. ferox and Ps. forceps shared 100% similarity in the D2 fragment sequenced. Overall, the analysis of COI barcode sequences revealed the following key findings: (1) the presence of subclades within Hg. janthinomys, with its division into three groups suggests that this species may represent a species complex; (2) Ke. bellatrix from the Atlantic tropical rainforest shares 95.59% sequence similarity with a specimen from the type locality, indicating that specimens from Southeastern Brazil may belong to an unidentified species within the Ke. bellatrix complex; (3) Ke. cruzii also represents a species complex; and (4) D2 sequences successfully identified most species studied, apart from Ps. forceps and Ps. ferox.

Abstract Background Certain mosquitoes are known as dominant vectors worldwide, and transmit infectious diseases. The expansion of mosquito habitats due to climate change and increased human activities poses a significant health threat by facilitating the spread of various non-native infectious diseases. This study focused on the detection of the Southeast Asian mosquito species, Aedes (Mucidus) laniger (Wiedemann, 1820) on Jeju Island, the southernmost region of the Republic of Korea (ROK), highlighting the potential risks associated with the spread of vector-borne diseases, particularly emphasizing the elevated likelihood of invasion by Southeast Asian mosquitoes. Methods Field surveys were conducted in August 2023 on Jeju Island. Adult mosquitoes were collected using BG-sentinel traps and identified to the species level using taxonomic keys. Morphological and molecular analyses were employed to confirm species designations. Molecular data, including mitochondrial and nuclear genes, were used for phylogenetic analysis, which was performed to compare and identify among recorded subgenera in ROK. Species distribution modeling for Ae. laniger was performed to predict potential habitats using R package ‘BIOMOD2’. Results The two specimens of Ae. laniger were collected for the first time on Jeju Island. Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed the identity of this species within the subgenus Mucidus and validated the first record of this species in the ROK. We employed a simple multigene phylogenetic analysis to confirm a new mosquito record at the genus and subgenus levels, finally validating the consistency between morphological identification and molecular phylogenetic outcomes. Furthermore, we have updated the taxonomic keys for the genus Aedes in the ROK, and revised mosquito lists for Jeju Island, incorporating the inclusion of Ae. laniger. On the basis of species distribution modeling, the area of suitable habitat for Ae. laniger is expected to expand due to climate change, but this change did not appear to be meaningful in East Asia. Conclusions This case offers the first report of the Southeast Asian mosquito, Ae. laniger, in the ROK. The detection of this species on Jeju Island suggests the potential establishment of a breeding population their habitat and raises concerns about further expansion into the Korean Peninsula. Considering the annual occurrence of mosquito-borne disease cases in the Southeast Asia, it is essential to conduct monitoring not only in Jeju Island, where Ae. laniger has been identified, but also across the entire Korean Peninsula. Graphical Abstract

Culex species, such as Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex nigripalpus display a range of feeding habits and act as vectors for pathogens that can cause diseases in both humans and animals. Understanding their feeding habits is pivotal for enhancing disease prevention strategies. The present study introduces the application of two multiplex real‐time PCR (qPCR) followed by high‐resolution melting (HRM) as a cost‐effective and time‐efficient alternative. This investigation involved the development of two multiplex qPCR‐HRM: assay 1 detects human, dog and chicken, while assay 2 detects cat, cattle and horse in Culex sp. engorged female mosquitoes. The qPCR‐HRM reactions showed a detection limit of one copy of genomic DNA when performed as single and multiplex qPCR‐HRM. The reaction efficiencies were 97.96% for human, 100.60% for dog, 99.03% for chicken, 99.92% for feline, 99.18% for cattle and 97.68% for horse. The qPCR‐HRM method, employing multiplex 1 and 2, was applied to field‐collected mosquitoes and demonstrated the ability to detect DNA from multiple blood sources within a single sample. By analysing both multiplexes, it was possible to identify up to five distinct blood sources in Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. nigripalpus, and up to two sources in Culex coronatus. Sequencing corroborated the qPCR‐HRM results, confirming the presence of DNA from one to four different blood sources with 100% accuracy. The development of these molecular methods may contribute for identification of blood‐feeding patterns in mosquitoes. It contributes to studies on the dissemination and transmission of pathogens among various animals and humans, thereby bridging the gap between epidemiology and vector monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uptake, accumulation, and ontogenetic transfer of microplastics (MPs) in bloodsucking mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, vectors of helminth and protozoa parasites in humans and animals, were studied under laboratory conditions. In the experiment, 2‐μm‐diameter fluorescent polystyrene spheres were counted in mosquitoes of all stages, from larvae to adults. Larvae from a natural population readily ingested MPs with food, accumulating on average 3.9 × 106 particles per larva within 3 days. The concentration of MPs decreased significantly in mosquitoes during their transition from stage to stage. The average number of detected MPs attained 110 particles per pupa and 3.0 particles per adult. MP uptake by mosquitoes did not affect their survival, whereas the rate of metamorphosis in MP‐consuming mosquitoes was slightly higher. Our data confirmed that MPs can be transferred from feeding larvae to non‐feeding pupae and adult flying Anopheles mosquitoes from natural populations in aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise mosquito identification is integral to effective arbovirus surveillance. Nonetheless, the conventional morphological approach to identifying mosquito species is laborious, demands expertise and presents challenges when specimens are damaged. DNA barcoding offers a promising alternative, surmounting challenges inherent in morphological identification. To integrate DNA barcoding into arbovirus surveillance effectively, a robust dataset of mosquito barcode sequences is required. This study established a comprehensive repository of Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) barcodes, encompassing 177 samples representing 45 mosquito species from southern and northern Western Australia (WA), including 16 species which have not been previously barcoded. The average intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances were 1% and 6.8%, respectively. Anopheles annulipes sensu lato had the highest intraspecific distance at 9.1%, signifying a genetically diverse species. While validating the potential of COI barcodes to accurately differentiate mosquito species, we identified that some species pairs have low COI divergence. This includes Aedes clelandi and Ae. hesperonotius, Tripteroides atripes and Tp. punctolaeralis and Ae. turneri and Ae. stricklandi. In addition, we observed ambiguity in identification of the members of Culex sitiens subgroup (Cx. annulirostris, Cx. palpalis and Cx. sitiens) and three members of Cx. pipiens complex (Cx. australicus, Cx. globocoxitus, Cx. quinquefasciatus). In summary, despite presenting challenges in the identification of some mosquito species, the COI barcode accurately identified most of the species and generated a valuable resource that will support the WA arbovirus surveillance program and enhance public health intervention strategies for mosquito‐borne disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), comprising vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) and vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV), emerges from its focus of endemic transmission in Southern Mexico to cause sporadic livestock epizootics in the Western United States. A dearth of information on the role of potential arthropod vectors in the endemic region hampers efforts to identify factors that enable endemicity and predict outbreaks. In a two-year, longitudinal study at five cattle ranches in Chiapas, Mexico, insect taxa implicated as VSV vectors (blackflies, sandflies, biting midges, and mosquitoes) were collected and screened for VSV RNA, livestock vesicular stomatitis (VS) cases were monitored, and serum samples were screened for neutralizing antibodies. VS cases were reported during the rainy (n = 20) and post-rainy (n = 2) seasons. Seroprevalence against VSNJV in adult cattle was very high (75–100% per ranch) compared with VSIV (0.6%, all ranches). All four potential vector taxa were sampled, and VSNJV RNA was detected in each of them (11% VSNJV-positive of 874 total pools), while VSIV RNA was only detected in four pools of mosquitoes. Our findings indicate that VSNJV is the dominant serotype across our sampling sites with a variety of potential insect vectors involved in its transmission throughout the year. Although no livestock cases were reported in Chiapas during the dry season, VSNJV was detected in insects during this period, suggesting that mechanisms other than transmission from livestock support VSV endemicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review describes the morphology of the mosquito auditory organs – antennae and Johnston's organs. The spatial and frequency characteristics of auditory receptors in the Johnston's organs are considered. The principles of the functioning of mechanotransduction mechanisms in receptors are discussed. The review presents results from studyies of the specific characteristics of the perception of acoustic signals by mosquitos on exposure of their auditory system to vibrations from flapping wings. The role of acoustic communication in the reproductive behavior of mosquitoes is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly widespread in the environment, which raises questions about their potential effects at different biological levels. It is essential to assess the impacts on biodiversity, and it is also crucial to understand whether the presence of MPs can interfere with the biological traits of species of relevance in public health. Considering that the life-history traits of mosquitoes, such as size and the wingbeat frequency (WBF), are related to its vector competence, here, we study the effects of 106 particles L−1 (as expected concentration of MPs on the environment, using the polyethylene type) on WBF, as well as wing morphology, testing the Culicidae species found across all continents, Aedes aegypti, as an indicator. Results show that larvae survival and development were not affected by the tested concentration of MP. Geometric morphometrics showed some asymmetry in female mosquito wings, which were also smaller for individuals reared in MP suspension. As for WBF, results did not indicate any significant differences between females. Male mosquitoes, however, showed alterations in WBF and wing morphology, suggesting possible sex-specific reactions to microplastic exposure. Also, the combination of morphological parameters analyzed as covariates (wing centroid size and body weight) did not significantly affect WBF for both female and male mosquitoes. Overall, this study shows an inaugural investigation of the effects of MP on wing size and WBF on Ae. aegypti, shedding light on these parameters tested for a current pollution issue and its impact on a virus vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes aegypti is an important vector of arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya and Zika. The application of synthetic insecticides is a frequently used strategy to control this insect. Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide that was widely used in Brazil in the 1980s and 1990s to control the adult form of A. aegypti. In situations where resistance to currently used insecticides is detected, the use of malathion may be resumed as a control measure. Many studies have confirmed resistance to malathion, however, comparative studies of differential gene expression of the entire transcriptome of resistant and susceptible insects are scarce. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of resistance to this insecticide in this species is extremely important. In this paper, we present the first transcriptomic description of susceptible and resistant strains of A. aegypti challenged with malathion. Guided transcriptome assembly resulted in 39,904 transcripts, where 2133 differentially expressed transcripts were detected, and three were validated by RT-qPCR. Enrichment analysis for these identified transcripts resulted in 13 significant pathways (padj < 0.05), 8 associated with down-regulated and 5 with up-regulated transcripts in treated resistant insects. It was possible to divide the transcripts according to the mechanism of action into three main groups: (i) genes involved in detoxification metabolic pathways; (ii) genes of proteins located in the membrane/extracellular region; and (iii) genes related to DNA integration/function. These results are important in advancing knowledge of genes related to resistance mechanisms in this insect, enabling the development of effective technologies and strategies for managing insecticide resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notonecta species (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) are generalist true predators with a strong impact on the size, structure, and richness of the aquatic communities, particularly on mosquito populations. Juvenile and adult backswimmers not only prey on mosquito larvae (consumptive effect) but their presence can also deter the oviposition of gravid mosquito females (non‐consumptive effect). In this study, we selected a Western Palearctic backswimmer, Notonecta maculata Fabricius, as a predator and deterrent of the highly invasive and health‐threatening Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae). In central Italy, N. maculata is univoltine and overwinters in the adult stage. Females lay eggs from February to the end of May, and the first new adults will emerge in late June; the complete nymphal development requires 44.5 ± 3.1 days. The number of Ae. albopictus larvae preyed on by N. maculata during its growth increases while developing, going from 0.03 ± 0.02 larvae per day for first instar nymphs to 21.38 ± 2.90 for mature adults. Furthermore, the presence of a single N. maculata adult in a mosquito ovitrap is enough to discourage the Ae. albopictus oviposition for up to 5 days. Limiting mosquito populations and, consequently, the transmission of viruses and parasites should be our main goal. Therefore, the integrated management of Ae. albopictus by the use of insecticides and a predator (such as backswimmer juveniles and adults), even if only in specific situations, may be promising and feasible. A more in‐depth knowledge of the biological cycle of N. maculata could help, consequently, to optimize its mass rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Certain mosquitoes are known as dominant vectors worldwide, and transmit infectious diseases. The expansion of mosquito habitats due to climate change and increased human activities poses a significant health threat by facilitating the spread of various non-native infectious diseases. This study focused on the detection of the Southeast Asian mosquito species, Aedes (Mucidus) laniger (Wiedemann, 1820) on Jeju Island, the southernmost region of the Republic of Korea (ROK), highlighting the potential risks associated with the spread of vector-borne diseases, particularly emphasizing the elevated likelihood of invasion by Southeast Asian mosquitoes. Methods: Field surveys were conducted in August 2023 on Jeju Island. Adult mosquitoes were collected using BG-sentinel traps and identified to the species level using taxonomic keys. Morphological and molecular analyses were employed to confirm species designations. Molecular data, including mitochondrial and nuclear genes, were used for phylogenetic analysis, which was performed to compare and identify among recorded subgenera in ROK. Species distribution modeling for Ae. laniger was performed to predict potential habitats using R package 'BIOMOD2'. Results: The two specimens of Ae. laniger were collected for the first time on Jeju Island. Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed the identity of this species within the subgenus Mucidus and validated the first record of this species in the ROK. We employed a simple multigene phylogenetic analysis to confirm a new mosquito record at the genus and subgenus levels, finally validating the consistency between morphological identification and molecular phylogenetic outcomes. Furthermore, we have updated the taxonomic keys for the genus Aedes in the ROK, and revised mosquito lists for Jeju Island, incorporating the inclusion of Ae. laniger. On the basis of species distribution modeling, the area of suitable habitat for Ae. laniger is expected to expand due to climate change, but this change did not appear to be meaningful in East Asia. Conclusions: This case offers the first report of the Southeast Asian mosquito, Ae. laniger, in the ROK. The detection of this species on Jeju Island suggests the potential establishment of a breeding population their habitat and raises concerns about further expansion into the Korean Peninsula. Considering the annual occurrence of mosquito-borne disease cases in the Southeast Asia, it is essential to conduct monitoring not only in Jeju Island, where Ae. laniger has been identified, but also across the entire Korean Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides an in-depth profile of the mosquito species Psorophora ferox, commonly known as the white-footed woods mosquito. Native to North and South America, this mosquito is prevalent in woodland environments with intermittent pools. While it is not a major vector for human pathogens, it is known for its persistent and painful bites. The article details the mosquito’s life cycle, distribution, and medical significance, highlighting its role in transmitting certain viruses in laboratory settings. Management recommendations include avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito activity and using EPA-registered repellents.

Abstract Background Identifying mosquito vectors is crucial for controlling diseases. Automated identification studies using the convolutional neural network (CNN) have been conducted for some urban mosquito vectors but not yet for sylvatic mosquito vectors that transmit the yellow fever. We evaluated the ability of the AlexNet CNN to identify four mosquito species: Aedes serratus, Aedes scapularis, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Sabethes albiprivus and whether there is variation in AlexNet’s ability to classify mosquitoes based on pictures of four different body regions. Methods The specimens were photographed using a cell phone connected to a stereoscope. Photographs were taken of the full-body, pronotum and lateral view of the thorax, which were pre-processed to train the AlexNet algorithm. The evaluation was based on the confusion matrix, the accuracy (ten pseudo-replicates) and the confidence interval for each experiment. Results Our study found that the AlexNet can accurately identify mosquito pictures of the genus Aedes, Sabethes and Haemagogus with over 90% accuracy. Furthermore, the algorithm performance did not change according to the body regions submitted. It is worth noting that the state of preservation of the mosquitoes, which were often damaged, may have affected the network’s ability to differentiate between these species and thus accuracy rates could have been even higher. Conclusions Our results support the idea of applying CNNs for artificial intelligence (AI)-driven identification of mosquito vectors of tropical diseases. This approach can potentially be used in the surveillance of yellow fever vectors by health services and the population as well. Graphical abstract

Background and purpose: Culicidae plays a crucial role in the spread of diseases like Malaria and arboviral diseases such as Japanese Encephalitis, Zika virus, Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, and West Nile fever. Different mosquito species have different abundance and distribution due to a variety of factors, such as physicochemical factors, weather conditions, vegetation, and human activities. The characteristics of larval habitats are among the factors affecting the population, and diversity, and determining the preferred breeding places of the species. For this reason, a study was conducted to examine the species diversity of Culicidae and their larval habitats in Shushtar County. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Shushtar County from the central, Mian Ab and Shuaibiya districts, 2021. Larvae were collected from the breeding places in the sampling areas including Noormohammadi, Konarpir, Saheli, Abu Gerva, and Pirdalu by using the dipping technique in spring and summer and kept in lactophenol solution. Then, a microscopic slide was prepared from the samples using licidophor, which were identified with valid diagnostic keys. Characteristics of larval habitat such as habitat type, water condition, vegetation, substrate type, water quality, and light condition were also recorded. To analyze the data and determine the relationship between the frequency and characteristics of larval habitats, SPSS version 16 software and a chi-square statistical test were used. Qualitative variables were also reported as numbers (percentages). Abundance and distribution maps of samples were prepared using ArcGIS software version 10.5. Results: In this study, a total of 527 larvae were identified, including five species of Anopheles stephensi, Culex pusillus, and Cx. sinaiticus, Cx. theileri and, Cx. Perexiguus. Anopheles stephensi with the lowest frequency (8.48%) was reported only from the Saheli area. This species was collected from temporary, stationary, without vegetation, mud substrate, cloudy water, sunny, and natural habitats. Culex theileri, one of the important vectors of arboviral diseases, was observed in temporary and natural habitats, stagnant waters without vegetation, and cloudy and sunny waters habitates. Culex pusillus was the only species observed in Pirdalo and Abu Gerva. By examining the larval habitats of Culicidae in Shushtar County, Cx. pusillus was the most abundant collected species, from temporary habitat (82.7%), stagnant waters (73.6%), mud substrate (100%), turbid waters (78.6%), natural (95%), and sunny (82.7%). Also, the abundance of collected larvae in temporary habitats, stagnant waters, in areas with vegetation, and mud substrate was high. Besides, it was more abundant in turbid waters and sunny areas, and these differences were statistically significant (P

Abstract Urban areas, i.e. dense housing and reduced green spaces, can significantly impact avian health, through altering land use and increasing biotic and abiotic stress. This study assessed the association of urbanization on haemosporidian infections, vectors, immune response, and body condition in Parus major nestlings, across four classes of urbanization along an urban-to-rural gradient in Vienna, Austria. Contrary to our expectations, vector abundance remained consistent across the gradient, while an increase in leukocyte count is positively associated with total parasite intensity. We found that nestlings in more urbanized areas exhibited higher parasite intensity and altered immune response, as evidenced by variations in the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and leukocyte counts. Culicidae female vectors were associated with nestlings’ total parasites, scaled mass index, and industrial units. Nestlings in highly developed areas had higher infection rates than those in forests, suggesting increased exposure to infections. However, there was no clear relationship between total female vectors and total parasites. The level of urbanization negatively affected nestling body condition, with a decrease in fat deposits from forested to highly urbanized areas. Our findings highlight the complex interplay between urbanization, vector-borne parasite transmission, and host immune response, emphasizing the need for comprehensive urban planning to improve wildlife health and guarantee ecosystem functioning. Understanding how urbanization affects bird immunity and parasite infections is critical for adapting urban landscapes for wildlife health and ecosystem integrity.

Background and purpose: Culicidae plays a crucial role in the spread of diseases like Malaria and arboviral diseases such as Japanese Encephalitis, Zika virus, Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, and West Nile fever. Different mosquito species have different abundance and distribution due to a variety of factors, such as physicochemical factors, weather conditions, vegetation, and human activities. The characteristics of larval habitats are among the factors affecting the population, and diversity, and determining the preferred breeding places of the species. For this reason, a study was conducted to examine the species diversity of Culicidae and their larval habitats in Shushtar County. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Shushtar County from the central, Mian Ab and Shuaibiya districts, 2021. Larvae were collected from the breeding places in the sampling areas including Noormohammadi, Konarpir, Saheli, Abu Gerva, and Pirdalu by using the dipping technique in spring and summer and kept in lactophenol solution. Then, a microscopic slide was prepared from the samples using licidophor, which were identified with valid diagnostic keys. Characteristics of larval habitat such as habitat type, water condition, vegetation, substrate type, water quality, and light condition were also recorded. To analyze the data and determine the relationship between the frequency and characteristics of larval habitats, SPSS version 16 software and a chi-square statistical test were used. Qualitative variables were also reported as numbers (percentages). Abundance and distribution maps of samples were prepared using ArcGIS software version 10.5. Results: In this study, a total of 527 larvae were identified, including five species of Anopheles stephensi, Culex pusillus, and Cx. sinaiticus, Cx. theileri and, Cx. Perexiguus. Anopheles stephensi with the lowest frequency (8.48%) was reported only from the Saheli area. This species was collected from temporary, stationary, without vegetation, mud substrate, cloudy water, sunny, and natural habitats. Culex theileri, one of the important vectors of arboviral diseases, was observed in temporary and natural habitats, stagnant waters without vegetation, and cloudy and sunny waters habitates. Culex pusillus was the only species observed in Pirdalo and Abu Gerva. By examining the larval habitats of Culicidae in Shushtar County, Cx. pusillus was the most abundant collected species, from temporary habitat (82.7%), stagnant waters (73.6%), mud substrate (100%), turbid waters (78.6%), natural (95%), and sunny (82.7%). Also, the abundance of collected larvae in temporary habitats, stagnant waters, in areas with vegetation, and mud substrate was high. Besides, it was more abundant in turbid waters and sunny areas, and these differences were statistically significant (P<0.0001). Conclusion: In this study, Cx.pusillus was the most common species, while An. stephensi was the least common abundance among collected species. It was observed significant difference between this species and the type of habitat, water flow, vegetation, water quality, and light conditions. Conducting more comprehensive studies in this field, especially regarding the possible role of different species of Culicidae, helped to solve the health and medical problems of humans and veterinary medicine in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Over the last decade, optical sensors have demonstrated great potential to provide complementary data to monitor insect abundance. This article introduces a field-deployable and non-destructive optical instrument to monitor the abundance of flying insects, called an Entomological Bistatic Optical Sensor System, or eBoss. The study focuses on comparing abundance measurements made by the eBoss and physical traps over an 8-month field campaign. The eBoss made over 302,000 insect observations and evaluated the aerial density (#/m3) of all flying insects as well as specifically male and female mosquitoes with a 1 min resolution, allowing us to monitor both the abundance over the season and daily peak of activity. The study's objectives were to validate the optical sensor's data against physical trap collections, which confirmed the correlation between the two methods. However, the eBoss demonstrated superior temporal resolution (1 min versus approximately 3 days) and statistical power due to its larger sample size. These findings suggest that an eBoss can significantly enhance flying insect monitoring efforts, such as mosquitoes or pollinators, providing valuable insights for vector control strategies, agriculture and public health planning. Optical sensors have shown significant promise in offering additional data to track insect populations. This article presents a comparative study between abundance measurements obtained from a novel near-infrared optical sensor and physical traps. The optical instrument, named an Entomological Bistatic Optical Sensor System, or eBoss, is a non-destructive sensor operating in the near-infrared spectral range and designed to continuously monitor the population of flying insects. The research compares the mosquito aerial density (#/m3) obtained through the eBoss with trap counts from eight physical traps during an eight-month field study. The eBoss recorded over 302,000 insect sightings and assessed the aerial density of all airborne insects as well as male and female mosquitoes specifically with a resolution of one minute. This capability allows for monitoring population trends throughout the season as well as daily activity peaks. The results affirmed the correlation between the two methods. While optical instruments do not match traps in terms of taxonomic accuracy, the eBoss offered greater temporal resolution (one minute versus roughly three days) and statistical significance owing to its much larger sample size. These outcomes further indicate that entomological optical sensors can provide valuable complementary data to more common methods to monitor flying insect populations, such as mosquitoes or pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identifying mosquito vectors is crucial for controlling diseases. Automated identification studies using the convolutional neural network (CNN) have been conducted for some urban mosquito vectors but not yet for sylvatic mosquito vectors that transmit the yellow fever. We evaluated the ability of the AlexNet CNN to identify four mosquito species: Aedes serratus, Aedes scapularis, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Sabethes albiprivus and whether there is variation in AlexNet's ability to classify mosquitoes based on pictures of four different body regions. Methods: The specimens were photographed using a cell phone connected to a stereoscope. Photographs were taken of the full-body, pronotum and lateral view of the thorax, which were pre-processed to train the AlexNet algorithm. The evaluation was based on the confusion matrix, the accuracy (ten pseudo-replicates) and the confidence interval for each experiment. Results: Our study found that the AlexNet can accurately identify mosquito pictures of the genus Aedes, Sabethes and Haemagogus with over 90% accuracy. Furthermore, the algorithm performance did not change according to the body regions submitted. It is worth noting that the state of preservation of the mosquitoes, which were often damaged, may have affected the network's ability to differentiate between these species and thus accuracy rates could have been even higher. Conclusions: Our results support the idea of applying CNNs for artificial intelligence (AI)-driven identification of mosquito vectors of tropical diseases. This approach can potentially be used in the surveillance of yellow fever vectors by health services and the population as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants that are commonly ingested by organisms at different trophic levels. While the effects of MPs on aquatic organisms have been extensively studied, the impacts of MP ingestion on the host fitness of terrestrial organisms, mainly insects, have been relatively unexplored. This study investigates the effects of MP and NP ingestion on the survivorship and reproduction of 2 medically important mosquito species, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). Larval and pupal survivorship of Ae. albopictus were not significantly affected by particle size or concentration, but there was a reduction of Ae. aegypti pupal survivorship associated with the ingestion of 0.03 µm NPs. In addition, there was little observed impact of 0.03 µm NP and 1.0 µm MP ingestion on adult survivorship, fecundity, and longevity. To further investigate the effects of MP ingestion on mosquito fitness, we also examined the effects of MPs of varying shape, size, and plastic polymer type on Ae. aegypti immature and adult survivorship. The data suggest that the polymer type and shape did not impact Ae. aegypti immature or adult survivorship. These findings highlight that understanding the effects of microplastic ingestion by mosquitoes may be complicated by the size, composition, and amount ingested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes are closely associated with wetlands, as stagnant water in these ecosystems provides an ideal environment for the development of their immature stages. Human activities, such as artificial drainage for mosquito control, impact the ecological integrity of these ecosystems. Therefore, the objective was to compare the species composition of mosquitoes in two types of wetlands (swamp and herbaceous wetland) and a nearby human settlement, and determine the degree of risk, advocating for the conservation of these ecosystems. Collection of mosquito immature stages was conducted throughout on year in the municipality of Jamapa, in Veracruz state, Mexico. The richness and abundance of the collected species were determined, and the species composition of each site was compared through cluster and beta diversity analysis and analysis of similarity. The richness was higher in the two wetlands, and the abundance in human settlements. The species composition was different in all three sites. Mosquito species posing higher health risks were found in human settlements, and those posing lower risks in the swamp. As a result, it was possible to determine a disturbance gradient, with human settlements at the negative end of the gradient, the herbaceous wetland in the middle, and the swamp at the positive end, demonstrating that ecosystems preserving their original flora and fauna do not represent a significant risk for the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban areas, i.e. dense housing and reduced green spaces, can significantly impact avian health, through altering land use and increasing biotic and abiotic stress. This study assessed the association of urbanization on haemosporidian infections, vectors, immune response, and body condition in Parus major nestlings, across four classes of urbanization along an urban-to-rural gradient in Vienna, Austria. Contrary to our expectations, vector abundance remained consistent across the gradient, while an increase in leukocyte count is positively associated with total parasite intensity. We found that nestlings in more urbanized areas exhibited higher parasite intensity and altered immune response, as evidenced by variations in the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and leukocyte counts. Culicidae female vectors were associated with nestlings' total parasites, scaled mass index, and industrial units. Nestlings in highly developed areas had higher infection rates than those in forests, suggesting increased exposure to infections. However, there was no clear relationship between total female vectors and total parasites. The level of urbanization negatively affected nestling body condition, with a decrease in fat deposits from forested to highly urbanized areas. Our findings highlight the complex interplay between urbanization, vector-borne parasite transmission, and host immune response, emphasizing the need for comprehensive urban planning to improve wildlife health and guarantee ecosystem functioning. Understanding how urbanization affects bird immunity and parasite infections is critical for adapting urban landscapes for wildlife health and ecosystem integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some mosquitoes, including species of the genus Toxorhynchites, are known for actively preying on other mosquito larvae, making these predators valuable allies in the fight against vector-borne diseases. A comprehensive understanding of the anatomy and physiology of these potential biological control agents is helpful for the development of effective strategies for controlling vector populations. This includes the antennae, a crucial component in the search for hosts, mating, and selection of oviposition sites. This study utilized scanning electron microscopy to characterize the sensilla on the antennae of adult mosquitoes from two species that are exclusively phytophagous, including Toxorhynchites theobaldi and Toxorhynchites violaceus, as well as Lutzia bigoti, which females are allegedly hematophagous. The types of sensilla in each species were compared, and five basic types of antennal sensilla were identified: trichoid, chaetic, coeloconic, basiconic, and ampullacea. The analysis also found that they were morphologically similar across the three species, regardless of feeding habits or sex. The identification and characterization of basic types of antennal sensilla in T. theobaldi, T. violaceus, and L. bigoti suggest that these structures, which play a crucial role in the behavior and ecology, have common functions across different mosquito species, despite differences in feeding habits or sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Orthopodomyia Theobald, 1904 (Diptera: Culicidae) comprises 36 wild mosquito species, with distribution largely restricted to tropical and temperate areas, most of which are not recognized as vectors of epidemiological importance due to the lack of information related to their bionomy and involvement in the cycle transmission of infectious agents. Furthermore, their evolutionary relationships are not completely understood, reflecting the scarcity of genetic information about the genus. Therefore, in this study, we report the first complete description of the mitochondrial genome of a Neotropical species representing the genus, Orthopodomyia fascipes Coquillet, 1906, collected in the Brazilian Amazon region. Using High Throughput Sequencing, we obtained a mitochondrial sequence of 15,598 bp, with an average coverage of 418.5×, comprising 37 functional subunits and a final portion rich in A + T, corresponding to the control region. The phylogenetic analysis, using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference based on the 13 protein-coding genes, corroborated the monophyly of Culicidae and its two subfamilies, supporting the proximity between the tribes Orthopodomyiini and Mansoniini, partially disagreeing with previous studies based on the use of molecular and morphological markers. The information generated in this study contributes to a better understanding of the taxonomy and evolutionary history of the genus and other groups of Culicidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anopheles claviger (Meigen, 1804) (Diptera, Culicidae) is widespread in the western Palaearctic Region, but it was recorded in Karelia (Russia) for the first time. This record is one of the northernmost ones in the Palaearctic Region and Russia, updates the northern border of the An. claviger range. Mosquitoes were collected from July to September 2023 in the southern Karelia (the village of Gomselga, Kondopoga District, and Petrozavodsk) using Krishtal trap (from human) and Mosquito Magnet® trap (Pioneer design, Octenol as attractant). Seven females of An. claviger were collected in Gomselga; one specimen was sampled from Petrozavodsk City parks. Morphological identification of eight females was verified by COI and ITS2 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS2 and COI sequences confirmed the collected specimens to An. claviger s. s., clustering in both cases in a strongly supported clade clearly differentiated from the closely related species An. petragnani. The high diversity of An. claviger haplotypes from Karelia is in agreement with data from other geographical regions and shows that the records of this species in Gomselga and Petrozavodsk are not accidental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mayaro virus (MAYV; Alphavirus: Togaviridae) is an emerging pathogen in Latin America, causing fever and polyarthritis. Sporadic outbreaks of MAYV have occurred in the region, with reported human cases being imported to Europe and North America. Although primarily a risk for those residing in the Amazon basin's tropical forests, recent reports highlight that urbanization would increase the risk of MAYV transmission in Latin America. Urban emergence depends on human susceptibility and the ability of mosquitos like Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit MAYV. Despite the absence of active MAYV transmission in Argentine, the risk of introduction is substantial due to human movement and the presence of Ae. aegypti in the region. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of different Argentine Ae. aegypti populations to MAYV genotype L (MAYV‐L) using dose–response assays and determine barriers to virus infection, dissemination and transmission. Immature mosquito stages were collected in Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario cities. Female Ae. aegypti (F2) were orally infected by feeding on five concentrations of MAYV‐L, ranging from 1.0 to 6.0 log10 PFU/mL. Abdomens, legs and saliva were analysed using viral plaque assays. Results revealed that MAYV‐L between infection and dissemination were associated with viral doses rather than the population origin. Infection rates varied between 3% and 65%, with a 50% infectious dose >5.5 log10 PFU/mL. Dissemination occurred at 39%, with a 50% dissemination dose of ~6.0 log10 PFU/mL. Dissemination among infected mosquitoes ranged from 60% to 86%, and transmission from disseminated mosquitoes ranged from 11% to 20%. Argentine Ae. aegypti populations exhibited a need for higher viral doses of MAYV‐L than those typically found in humans to become infected. In addition, only a small proportion of infected mosquitoes were capable of transmitting the virus. Understanding MAYV transmission in urban areas is crucial for public health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amazonian savannas are among the most noteworthy landscape components of the coastal plain of French Guiana. Although they cover only 0.22% of the territory, they bring together a large part of the animal and plant diversity of this overseas region of France. This article outlines the results of the first study dedicated to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Amazonian savannas. Samplings were conducted in eight independent savannas evenly distributed along a transect of 170 km on the coastal plain of French Guiana. A total of 50 mosquito species were recorded, which is about 20% of the culicid fauna currently known in French Guiana. Among them, Culex (Melanoconion) organaboensis sp. nov. and Cx. (Mel.) zabanicus sp. nov. are newly described based on both morphological features of the male genitalia and a DNA barcode obtained from type specimens. Diagnostic characters to assist their identification are provided and their placement within the infrasubgeneric classification of the subgenus Melanoconion is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specimens utilized for this investigation comprise adult individuals of Culex pipiens and their immature forms. The Culex pipiens mosquitoes are captured using a net trap, while larvae are collected using conventional dipping techniques. The samples are selected at random from fourteen locations in the provinces of the Kurdistan area of Iraq, specifically Erbil, Duhok, Sulaimaniyah and Halabja. From September 15, 2020 to November 20, 2021, a total of 291 female Culex pipiens mosquitoes were collected from the four provinces stated above. The breakdown of the samples is as follows: 135 from one province, 82 from another province, 23 from a third province, and 51 from the fourth province. The diagnosis key is provided for adult individuals and fourth-stage larvae, which originate from a species of mosquito. To illustrate this study, a concise morphological description was utilized, and photos were included to provide a vivid depiction. The findings of the present investigation indicate that adult females had a greater wing length compared to males. The wing length of females ranged from 3.3 to 4 mm, with an average of 3.55 mm. When adult Culex pipiens were looked at, the costa and sub-costal intersections were found at or beyond the point where R2+3 splits in most of the samples. The siphons of fourth-instar larvae are elongated and taper gradually towards the end. On average, their length is 1.4 mm, with a range of 1.3 to 1.5 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication is intended for both the general public and mosquito control professionals. It outlines the use of the bacterium Wolbachia pipientis as a tool to control mosquito populations and reduce the spread of mosquito-borne disease. Biting mosquitoes transmit many pathogens that cause deadly diseases in people, our pets, and our livestock. Collectively, malaria, dengue, West Nile, filariasis, and other mosquito-borne diseases result in millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. Effective vaccines for most of these have not been developed or are not yet available to the general public, and disease management is focused on controlling mosquito populations. Insecticides have become less effective over the past fifty years as mosquito populations all over the world have developed resistance. This has driven scientists to explore new options for controlling mosquitoes, including using the bacterium Wolbachia pipientis.

Abstract Floodwater mosquitoes provoke nuisance due to their mass emergence. Citizen complaints about outstanding events of mosquitoes in urban areas are usually reflected in local media and could be potentially used as data. Our objective was to build a temperature dependent function to characterize the immature development time of the floodwater mosquito Ae. albifasciatus in Tandil (Argentina), and validate it using citizen complaints in local media and field collected mosquitoes. The development time obtained ranges from 5-47 days at 30-7°C, respectively. During 2000-2021, nine mosquito abundance peaks were identified through local journalistic records. For these events, the estimated hatching date was successfully associated with a previous precipitation, with a maximum difference of two days. The precipitation identified as the trigger for egg hatching ranged from 15 to 121 mm. Then, to associate mosquito news with the target species, female mosquitoes were captured by a battery-powered aspirator in green areas of the city during September 2019-June 2021. Six mosquito abundance peaks were detected in which Ae. albifasciatus accounted for 97.3% of the captures. Among them, journalistic records were able to detect the largest two; i.e. in our study above 15 mosquitoes in a five minute collection. Citizen complaints related to nuisance or vector species could be valuable retrospective data for researchers of different fields.

Abstract Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Orthoflavivirus that poses a significant public health risk in many temperate and tropical regions in Asia. Since the climate in some endemic countries is similar to temperate climates observed in Europe, understanding the role of specific mosquito species in the transmission of JEV is essential for predicting and effectively controlling the potential for the introduction and establishment of JEV in Europe. Methods This study aimed to investigate the vector competence of colonized Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes for JEV. The mosquitoes were initially collected from the field in southern Sweden. The mosquitoes were offered a blood meal containing the Nakayama strain of JEV (genotype III), and infection rates, dissemination rates, and transmission rates were evaluated at 14, 21, and 28 days post-feeding. Results The study revealed that colonized Swedish Cx. pipiens are susceptible to JEV infection, with a stable infection rate of around 10% at all timepoints. However, the virus was only detected in the legs of one mosquito at 21 days post-feeding, and no mosquito saliva contained JEV. Conclusions Overall, this research shows that Swedish Cx. pipiens can become infected with JEV, and emphasizes the importance of further understanding of the thresholds and barriers for JEV dissemination in mosquitoes. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Introduction Dermatobia hominis belongs to the Cuterebridae family, Diptera order; These flies inhabit tropical regions where they are called "fly of death" since the larvae are capable of causing lesions in domestic animals, wild animals including humans, the adult females of D. hominis capture other dipteran to oviposit their eggs on them (phoresis), when hematophagous mosquitoes land on an animal and / or human in order to feed on their blood, the eggs hatch and the larvae immediately penetrate the skin where they will develop to later abandon the host, then in the soil and / or other moist substrate the pupal stage develops, finally new adult flies will emerge from the pupae. Objective The primary goal of the present study was to determine as first record, the presence of Psorophora ferox infested with eggs of Dermatobia hominis, Peru. Methodology The present study was carried out in an area of the private reserve "El Vencedor", located within the city of Pucallpa, Ucayali Region-Perú. The area is characterized by being humid tropical, with an average temperature of 26ºC and humidity of 92%, while the annual precipitation is approximately 1570 mm3. The capture method was carried out with the help of a hand net type "butterfly" or also called Jama. Results A total of 668 mosquitoes of different species were collected, the most abundant being Psorophora albigenu and Psorophora ferox, which represented 88.72% and the least abundant was Culex coronator and Uranotaenia apicalis with 0.15% of the total sample collected. Conclusions Within these specimens it was captured a mosquito of the species Ps. ferox with the presence of 8 eggs of D. hominis, of which 3 would have hatched, while in the remaining 5, the larvae would remain inside the eggs.

Abstract Background Mosquitoes inhabiting urban green spaces and cemeteries in Europe represent a crucial facet of public health concern and contribute to the ecological balance. As urbanization intensifies, these areas increasingly serve as vital habitats for various mosquito species, fostering breeding grounds and increasing the risk of disease transmission. Methods A study was conducted in the three main cities (inland, coastal, and estuarine) of the Basque Country, northern Spain, to investigate the species composition, abundance, dynamic populations, larval habitats, and host preferences of mosquitoes in urban green spaces and cemeteries. CDC traps and dipping were used to collect mosquitoes for 2 years (2019–2020). Results A total of 21 mosquito species were identified, with Culex pipiens s.l. being the most abundant and widespread. The three ecological forms of Cx. pipiens were found, and Cx. pipiens pipiens was the most common in both green areas and cemeteries. Morphological identification together with molecular tools identified 65 COI sequences with high homology. The highest species richness was found in the inland city, followed by the coastal city and the estuarine city. Mosquito abundance was significantly higher in green areas compared to cemeteries and in the coastal and estuarine cities compared to the inland city. The investigation of larval breeding sites highlighted the dominance of Cx. pipiens s.l., particularly in semi-artificial ponds, diverse water-holding containers (tyres and buckets) and drainage systems in green areas; in cemeteries, most of the larvae were found in flowerpots and funerary urns. Seasonal activity exhibited variable peaks in mosquito abundance in the different cities, with a notable increase in July or August. Additionally, blood meal analysis revealed that Cx. pipiens s.l. fed on several common urban avian species. Conclusions Studies on mosquitoes are essential to understand their role in disease transmission and to design targeted and sustainable management strategies to mitigate the associated risks. Graphical Abstract

Records of 25 mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northeastern Palaearctic are reviewed and mapped. In our study, the northeastern Palaearctic includes Magadan Region, Chukotka Autonomous Region, northeastern Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Nizhnekolymskiy, Srednekolymskiy, and Verkhnekolymskiy districts), northern Kamchatka Region (Penzhinskiy and Olyutorskiy districts) of Russia. The collection records (coordinates and localities) are provided for each of 25 mosquito species: Aedes cinereus Meigen, 1818, A. rossicus Dolbeskin, Gorickaja et Mitrofanova, 1930, A. cataphylla Dyar, 1916, A. communis (De Geer, 1776), A. diantaeus Howard, Dyar et Knab, 1913, A. dorsalis (Meigen, 1830), A. euedes Howard, Dyar et Knab, 1913, A. excrucians (Walker, 1856), A. fitchii (Felt et Young, 1904), A. flavescens (Müller, 1764), A. hexodontus Dyar, 1916, A. impiger (Walker, 1848), A. implicatus Vockeroth, 1954, A. intrudens Dyar, 1919, A. leucomelas (Meigen, 1804), A. mercurator Dyar, 1920, A. nigripes (Zetterstedt, 1838), A. pionips Dyar, 1919, A. pullatus (Coquillett, 1904), A. punctor (Kirby, 1837), A. rempeli Vockeroth, 1954, A. riparius Dyar et Knab, 1907, A. vexans (Meigen, 1830), Culiseta alaskaensis (Ludlow, 1906), and C. bergrothi (Edwards, 1921). Our study is based on the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (562 specimens) and the available published data. Using the collection data, the range boundaries for Aedes communis, A. impiger, A. nigripes, A. pionips, A. pullatus, A. punctor, and Culiseta alaskaensis are specified, as well the distribution of Aedes punctor on Wrangel Island is indicated. Data on the regional fauna of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Chukotka Autonomous Region and Kamchatka are supplemented. For Aedes impiger and A. pionips, coordinates and localities in Nizhnekolymskiy District of Yakutia are given for the first time; for A. communis, A. excrucians, A. pullatus and A. punctor, coordinates and localities in Penzhinskiy and Olyutorskiy districts of Kamchatka Region and in Iultinskiy District of Chukotka Autonomous Region are given for the first time.

Background: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Orthoflavivirus that poses a significant public health risk in many temperate and tropical regions in Asia. Since the climate in some endemic countries is similar to temperate climates observed in Europe, understanding the role of specific mosquito species in the transmission of JEV is essential for predicting and effectively controlling the potential for the introduction and establishment of JEV in Europe. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the vector competence of colonized Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes for JEV. The mosquitoes were initially collected from the field in southern Sweden. The mosquitoes were offered a blood meal containing the Nakayama strain of JEV (genotype III), and infection rates, dissemination rates, and transmission rates were evaluated at 14, 21, and 28 days post-feeding. Results: The study revealed that colonized Swedish Cx. pipiens are susceptible to JEV infection, with a stable infection rate of around 10% at all timepoints. However, the virus was only detected in the legs of one mosquito at 21 days post-feeding, and no mosquito saliva contained JEV. Conclusions: Overall, this research shows that Swedish Cx. pipiens can become infected with JEV, and emphasizes the importance of further understanding of the thresholds and barriers for JEV dissemination in mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most widely used attractant to capture adult female mosquitoes is CO2. However, there are also baits available on the market that emit a scent resembling human skin. These baits were specifically designed to attract highly anthropophilic species such as Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of CDC traps baited either with CO2 or with a commercial blend simulating skin odor, BG-Sweetscent, for trapping female mosquitoes during daylight hours in an urban reserve in the City of Buenos Aires. We employed a hurdle generalized linear mixed model to analyze trap capture probability and the number of mosquitoes captured per hour, considering the effects of attractant, mosquito species, and their interaction. Traps baited with CO2 captured ten mosquito species, while those baited with BG-Sweetscent captured six in overall significantly lower abundance. The odds of capturing mosquitoes were 292% higher for the CO2-baited traps than for those baited with BG-Sweetscent. No evidence of a combined effect of attractant type and species on female mosquito captures per hour was found. Results indicated that CDC traps baited with CO2 were more effective than those baited with BG-Sweetscent in capturing more mosquito species and a higher number of mosquitoes within each species, even if the species captured with CO2 exhibited a certain level of anthropophilia. This result has practical implications for mosquito surveillance and control in urban natural reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This article presents the current state of knowledge of mosquito species occurring in Poland. The current work lists the presence of 51 species of mosquitoes from five genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culiseta, and Culex, compared to 47 species recorded in works published before 2000. Aspects of the ecology and biology of the Polish mosquito fauna, with particular emphasis on newly recorded species, are discussed. This article presents the current state of knowledge of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) occurring in Poland. In comparison to the most recently published checklists (1999 and 2007), which listed 47 mosquito species, four species (Aedes japonicus, Anopheles daciae, Anopheles hyrcanus, and Anopheles petragnani) are added to the Polish fauna. Our new checklist of Polish mosquito fauna includes 51 species of mosquitoes from five genera: Aedes (30), Anopheles (8), Coquillettidia (1), Culiseta (7), and Culex (5). Aspects of the ecology and biology of the Polish mosquito fauna, with particular emphasis on newly recorded species, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Dermatobia hominis belongs to the Cuterebridae family, Diptera order; These files inhabit tropical regions where they are called "fly of death" since the larvae are capable of causing lesions in domestic animals, wild animals including humans, the adult females of D. hominis capture other dipteran to oviposit their eggs on them (phoresis), when hematophagous mosquitoes land on an animal and / or human in order to feed on their blood, the eggs hatch and the larvae immediately penetrate the skin where they will develop to later abandon the host, then in the soil and / or other moist substrate the pupal stage develops, finally new adult files will emerge from the pupae. Objective The primary goal of the present study was to determine as first record, the presence of Psorophora ferox infested with eggs of Dermatobia hominis, Peru. Methodology The present study was carried out in an area of the private reserve "El Vencedor", located within the city of Pucallpa, Ucayali RegionPerú. The area is characterized by being humid tropical, with an average temperature of 26ºC and humidity of 92%, while the annual precipitation is approximately 1570 mm3. The capture method was carried out with the help of a hand net type "butterfly" or also called Jama. Results A total of 668 mosquitoes of different species were collected, the most abundant being Psorophora albigenu and Psorophora ferox, which represented 88.72% and the least abundant was Culex coronator and Uranotaenia apicalis with 0.15% of the total sample collected. Conclusions Within these specimens it was captured a mosquito of the species Ps. ferox with the presence of 8 eggs of D. hominis, of which 3 would have hatched, while in the remaining 5, the larvae would remain inside the eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mosquitoes inhabiting urban green spaces and cemeteries in Europe represent a crucial facet of public health concern and contribute to the ecological balance. As urbanization intensifies, these areas increasingly serve as vital habitats for various mosquito species, fostering breeding grounds and increasing the risk of disease transmission. Methods: A study was conducted in the three main cities (inland, coastal, and estuarine) of the Basque Country, northern Spain, to investigate the species composition, abundance, dynamic populations, larval habitats, and host preferences of mosquitoes in urban green spaces and cemeteries. CDC traps and dipping were used to collect mosquitoes for 2 years (2019–2020). Results: A total of 21 mosquito species were identified, with Culex pipiens s.l. being the most abundant and widespread. The three ecological forms of Cx. pipiens were found, and Cx. pipiens pipiens was the most common in both green areas and cemeteries. Morphological identification together with molecular tools identified 65 COI sequences with high homology. The highest species richness was found in the inland city, followed by the coastal city and the estuarine city. Mosquito abundance was significantly higher in green areas compared to cemeteries and in the coastal and estuarine cities compared to the inland city. The investigation of larval breeding sites highlighted the dominance of Cx. pipiens s.l., particularly in semi-artificial ponds, diverse water-holding containers (tyres and buckets) and drainage systems in green areas; in cemeteries, most of the larvae were found in flowerpots and funerary urns. Seasonal activity exhibited variable peaks in mosquito abundance in the different cities, with a notable increase in July or August. Additionally, blood meal analysis revealed that Cx. pipiens s.l. fed on several common urban avian species. Conclusions: Studies on mosquitoes are essential to understand their role in disease transmission and to design targeted and sustainable management strategies to mitigate the associated risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes are of great medical significance as vectors of many deadly diseases. Mitogenomes have been widely used in phylogenetic studies, but mitogenome knowledge within the family Culicidae is limited, and Culicidae phylogeny is far from resolved. In this study, we surveyed the mitogenomes of 149 Culicidae species, including 7 newly sequenced species. Comparative analysis of 149 mosquito mitogenomes shows gene composition and order to be identical to that of an ancestral insect, and the AT bias, length variation, and codon usage are all consistent with that of other reported Dipteran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the DNA sequences of the 13 protein‐coding genes from the 149 species robustly support the monophyly of the subfamily Anophelinae and the tribes Aedini, Culicini, Mansoniini, Sabethini, and Toxorhynchitini. To resolve ambiguous relationships between clades within the subfamily Culicinae, we performed topological tests and show that Aedini is a sister to Culicini and that Uranotaeniini is a sister to (Mansoniini + (Toxorhynchitini + Sabethini)). In addition, we estimated divergence times using a Bayesian relaxation clock based on the sequence data and 3 fossil calibration points. The results show mosquitoes diverged during the Early Jurassic with massive Culicinae radiations during the Cretaceous, coincident with the emergence of angiosperms and the burst of mammals and birds. Overall, this study, which uses the largest number of Culicidae mitogenomes sequenced to date, comprehensively reveals the mitogenome characteristics and mitogenome‐based phylogeny and divergence times of Culicidae, providing information for further studies on the mitogenome, phylogeny, evolution, and taxonomic revision of Culicidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]