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Changes in human societies have created various needs that, if not met, would cause distress and constriction. Islamic jurisprudence has therefore paid special attention to meeting the needs of people. Throughout history, this effort is seen in all religious schools, despite differences in their attitudes. However, Sunni jurists have paid more attention to it than Shi'ites, and subsequently, it is more apparent in their fatwas and judicial decrees. One area of focus in meeting needs (ḥᾱjᾱt) is the substantiation of claims in general and the substantiation of crimes in particular. Using the library and analytical-descriptive method, this research proves that since proof is something that makes the truth obvious, seemingly through accepting indications as proof and the legitimacy of inferring religious laws based on the availability of needs, which has been a common way between early jurists in different jurisprudential matters, the possibility of extending it to criminal cases is valid as well, especially if the most proofs or the only ones are based on people's needs. Therefore, relying on needs for permitting the use of new strategies and methods of proving a crime, such as image, voice, and so forth, not only does not contradict the purposes of Shari'a, but is also compatible with actualization of justice. Obviously, in addition to utilizing traditional evidence, new cases have a complementary role, and if they are not available, they have a substitute role as required; also, they can be cited as legal reasons when there is no doubt in the authenticity of describing them to people.

İnsan tabiatı gereği güzel olanı sever. İnsanoğlu tarih boyunca kendini güzelleştirecek aksesuarlara ve giysilere ilgi duymuş ve bunları fırsatları ölçüsünde kullanmıştır. İslam Devleti’nin sınırları genişleyip Müslümanların imkânları arttıkça süs ve ziynet türü kullanımlar da günlük hayatta daha fazla kendini göstermeye başlamıştır. Günlük hayatta kullanılan süs ve ziynetlerin başında altın ve ipek gelmektedir. Hz. Peygamber’in davet mektuplarına mühür olması için bir altın yüzük yaptırması ile ashab arasında altın yüzük kullanımı yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Aynı şekilde Tebük Seferi sonrası hediye edilen ipek kumaşlar, ipekli elbiselerin yaygınlık kazanmasına sebep olmuştur. Zaman içinde altın ve ipeğin Müslümanın günlük hayatındaki kullanım ölçüleri Hz. Peygamber tarafından belirlenerek bu konuda erkeklere sınırlamalar getirilmiştir. “Altın ve ipeği erkeklere yasaklayan” hadisi, tarihi veriler ışığında ve konuyla ilgili diğer rivayetleri göz önünde bulundurmak suretiyle rivayetin vurûd ortamını ve zamanını tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktayız. İctimaî hayatımızı etkileyen bu hadisi nakledildiği bağlam çerçevesinde anlamak, bu araştırmanın temel gayesini oluşturmaktadır

This article presents a proposal to produce didactic sequences from the perspective of the competency approach for education. That is a challenge for teachers who must change from a content-based planning approach to a basic competences-based planning approach. Teachers will plan based on significant problem situations, in order that all the students develop all the basic competences.

The purpose of this paper to introduce textography as a useful method for English for academic purposes (EAP) and learning development (LD) practitioners to fill gaps in subject-specific knowledge and understanding. Textography is a research method that may be new to many practitioners. Textography combines textual analysis, usually associated with EAP, and ethnographic methods, often associated with LD, to investigate contexts, texts and practices. EAP and LD practitioners can use textography with accessible texts as initial needs analysis before reviewing literature or as a more in-depth, long-term research tool.

This paper offers an interpretation approach which involves historical data as its important dimension, socio-cultural contexts, and psychological effect on the audience. It is an important thing, since the Qur’anic interpretation studies in the contemporary era demands an interpretation model which involves historical data, socio-cultural context and psychological effect on the society. Since, the holy Qur’an given to Prophet Muhammad SAW was revealed in order to respond certain social condition, so each verse given to the prophet was clearly interrelated actively to the space and time. Hereby, each verse of the holy Qur’an has its own historical context, meaning, and effect.

Alveolar stops following palatal glide in Brazilian Portuguese are investigated, with focus on constraints for the choice between occlusive or affricate variants. Data was collected in the community of practice of Praesidium Mãe da Divina Graça da Legião de Maria, from a sample belonging to the ‘Falares Sergipanos’ database, and submitted to GoldVarbX analysis. Seven hundred seventy-five variable contexts were identified, in which 550 occurrences corresponded to the occlusive variant. Results show that the phenomenon is constrained by linguistic, social and stylistic factors, and highlight the importance of a detailed control of the context in the analysis of variable phenomena at the phonetic-phonological level.

The aim of this study is to examine the semantic and combinatorial properties of the French expression en plein followed by a spatial locator (en pleine rue). We set to discuss some selection restrictions that this expression imposes on the noun that follows it (en pleine rue/ *en pleine route). We will demonstrate, through the study of a varied corpus, that some of the uses commonly held as implausible, (*en pleine gare) might turn out to be quite natural in some contexts. The study advocates that the (im)plausibility of these constructions is partly determined by the situation of the utterance and the linguistic co-text. In such a case, the spatial meaning of the locator gives way to another interpretation closely linked to the context.

As they are stable word combinations with formal unity, but, most of all, with semantic unity and peculiarities, phraseologisms often cause translation difficulties. Whether they refer to cultural aspects that are specific to a certain community or their meaning can no longer be constructed from the meanings of their components – as they refer to obsolete extralinguistic realities –, or their source is globally known or they are the reflection of an universal perception of reality, the phraseological units must be translated only according to their context, in both languages. From this perspective we will analyze the Romanian translation of a fragment of the novel Las inquietudes de Shanti Andía, by Pío Baroja.

Many natural stimuli have perceptual ambiguities that can be cognitively resolved by the surrounding context. In audition, preceding context can bias the perception of speech and non-speech stimuli. Here, we develop a neuronal network model that can account for how context affects the perception of pitch change between a pair of successive complex tones. We focus especially on an ambiguous comparison -- listeners experience opposite percepts (either ascending or descending) for an ambiguous tone pair depending on the spectral location of preceding context tones.We developed a recurrent, firing-rate network model, which detects frequency-change-direction of successively played stimuli and successfully accounts for the context-dependent perception demonstrated in behavioral experiments. The model consists of two tonotopically organized, excitatory populations, Eup and Edown, that respond preferentially to ascending or descending stimuli in pitch, respectively. These preferences are generated by an inhibitory population that provides inhibition asymmetric in frequency to the two populations; context dependence arises from slow facilitation of inhibition. We show that contextual influence depends on the spectral distribution of preceding tones and the tuning width of inhibitory neurons. Further, we demonstrate, using phase-space analysis, how the facilitated inhibition from previous stimuli and the waning inhibition from the just-preceding tone shape the competition between the Eup and Edown populations. In sum, our model accounts for contextual influences on the pitch change perception of an ambiguous tone pair by introducing a novel decoding strategy based on direction-selective units. The model’s network architecture and slow facilitating inhibition emerge as predictions of neuronal mechanisms for these perceptual dynamics. Since the model structure does not depend on the specific stimuli, we show that it generalizes to other contextual effects and stimulus types.

This article proposes a multifactor analysis of the Spanish subjunctive adjuncts. By examining the features that govern Spanish mood and their interaction, I present a complete overview of diverse accounts on the Spanish subjunctive. I outline the general principles of those explanations and comment on their advantages and disadvantages in formalizing an explanation concerning the interaction of mood with syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Next, from mood contribution to the flow in discourse, based on Quer’s (1998, 2001) approach, I provide a role for the subjunctive mood in the discourse, which can be established by a variety of factors. Instead of assigning rigid meanings to the subjunctive, this approach allows the speaker to relate the proposition to the actual world and provide an evaluation of it. In addition to this, I present a proposal to explain mood alternation in adjuncts considering the interaction of different components of the grammar in the process of interpretation. This contribution offers a dynamic view of meaning in which context and individuals are crucial for the interpretation of the Spanish subjunctive.

In current Internet, data owners can provide integrity and authentication when data is generated. However confidentiality is usually implemented by symmetric keys between two corresponding programs in an end-to-end manner. A symmetric key for confidentiality is not suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) environment where there are one producer of data and multiple consumers of data. Further the consumers differ in their qualification about what part of the data is allowed to access under which context. In the paper we describe our work in progress of confidentiality scheme in which the producer encrypts data along with context. We improve Key Policy Attribute Based Encryption (KP-ABE) and Ciphertext Policy Attribute Based Encryption (CP-ABE) to allow consumers to decrypt data as their contexts dictate. We describe briefly our scheme to implement the idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfectionism has been widely recognised in the clinical field but has received less attention in the coaching psychology literature. Referring to overly high and unforgiving personal standards of performance that are accompanied by harsh self-evaluation when self-imposed standards are not met, perfectionism has the potential to undermine the coachee's ability to achieve their goals as well as the coaching process itself. In consequence, it is important for practitioners to be able to identify and work effectively with those coachees whose perfectionistic tendencies represent an obstacle to progress. This paper discusses the current literature on perfectionism and provides recommendations on how to work effectively with coachees for whom unremittingly high personal standards are an impediment to personal growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to investigate how young adult men's and women's goals for interacting with peers changed as a function of the social situation (working with a same-sex or other-sex peer on a collaborative task). In a within-subjects design, 40 men and 40 women (Mean age = 19.5 years, SD = 2.10) worked with a man and a woman confederate to build a tower of blocks. Participants reported a greater proportion of mutual-participation goals (i.e., goals for working together with others) before the interaction than after the interaction. Men reported a higher proportion of mutual-participation goals in the other-sex context than in the same-sex context. Men and women reported a greater proportion of task-performance goals when working with a same-sex partner than with an other-sex partner. The contextual specificity of gender differences and similarities in goals is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the use of digital computers for instrumentation and control of safety-critical systems has increased, there has been a growing debateover the issue of whether probabilistic risk assessment techniques can be applied to these systems. This debate has centered on the issueof whether software failures can be modeled probabilistically. This paper describes a 'context-based' approach to software risk assessment that explicitly recognizes the fact that the behavior of software is not probabilistic. The source of the perceived uncertainty in its behavior results from both the input to the software as well as the application and environment in which the software is operating. Failures occur as the result of encountering some context for which the software was not properly designed, as opposed to the software simply failing 'randomly.' The paper elaborates on the concept of 'error-forcing context' as it applies to software. It also illustrates a methodology which utilizes event trees, fault trees, and the Dynamic FlowgraphMethodology (DFM) to identify 'error-forcing contexts for software in the form of fault tree prime implicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]