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Purpose. To evaluate a time out based discipline strategy designed to decrease treatment avoidance in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) who displayed non-compliant behaviour to their parents' treatment requests. Method. A single-subject reversal design was used to compare baseline compliance when a time out based discipline strategy was in effect. Outcome measures included observational assessments of compliance, parent ratings of child treatment-related behaviour problems and parent reported preference for the time out strategy. Results. Greater compliance was demonstrated when the time out strategy was in place. Parents reported fewer treatment-related behaviour problems and desired less professional help for these problems upon completion of the study and reported preferring the time out discipline strategy to their typical child management strategy. Conclusions. This discipline strategy represents a practical and appealing brief intervention that is shown to help parents maximise their children's participation in life-extending treatments. This intervention minimises the need for parent-therapist interaction, which may be of particular importance to families of patients with CF who already devote significant time to medical appointments and interventions. The preliminary nature of this data and lack of reversal for one of the participants emphasise the need for additional research to replicate the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topical anesthetic and distraction are effective pain management techniques, yet they have not been fully evaluated for infants. Eighty-four 1-year-olds undergoing immunizations were randomized to distraction, topical anesthetic, or control. The 42 infants who returned for their 18-month injections were evaluated for long-term treatment gains. An observational scale revealed that infants demonstrated lower distress with distraction than topical anesthetic or control during the recovery phase of the injection at 12 months, and parents and nurses rated infants as more distressed at 12 than 18 months. Distress measures were positively associated across time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the Measure of Adult and Infant Soothing and Distress (MAISD) for examining infant, parent, and nurse behavior during infants' immunizations. Videotapes of 62 infants, parents, and nurses during immunizations were coded. Concurrent validity and reliability for the MAISD were demonstrated. The scale revealed that infants displayed predominately distress, and adults exhibited primarily reassurance. Parents' and nurses' distractions were positively related to infants' engaging in distraction, and parents' and nurses' reassurance was positively associated with infants' distress. There appear to be avenues in which to intervene to teach parents and nurses how to best behave to help infants during their painful medical events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African American college students reported their experiences with everyday forms of racism at a predominantly European American university using a daily diary format. Their reported incidents represented verbal expressions of prejudice, bad service, staring or glaring, and difficulties in interpersonal exchanges (e.g., rudeness or awkward and nervous behavior). Both women's and men's experiences with interpersonal forms of prejudice were common, often occurred with friends and in intimate situations, and had significant emotional impact on them in terms of decreasing their comfort and increasing their feelings of threat during the interaction. Moreover, anger was the most frequently reported emotional reaction to these events. Participants were not passive targets, however, with many responding either directly or indirectly to the incidents. Findings from this study converged upon patterns of results found in in-depth interviews and surveys while also adding information to a growing body of literature on everyday experiences with racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates research on treating pain in children and provides recommendations for future studies. Implications of the findings of several studies for the design of empirically derived treatment protocols; Need for studies that would provide information on the development of treatment interventions; Need to investigate the efficacy of combining pharmacological and psychological interventions.