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Este artigo analisa a paradiplomacia como uma nova prática das relações internacionais em uma fase avançada da globalização caracterizada pela emergência de novos atores e agendas de associação e cooperação no quadro de blocos de integração, grupos de países ou relações bilaterais. Com uma abordagem baseada no conceito de ator, a pesquisa explora as especificidades da paradiplomacia, as possíveis articulações com a diplomacia clássica e as condições que explicam seu aparecimento no contexto de um sistema internacional em transição decorrente dos processos de mundialização e globalização, descentralização, crescente agência das unidades subnacionais e dinâmicas de escopo trasnacional. Os resultados da pesquisa realizada com metodologia qualitativa de análise de documentação primária estabelecem a diversidade das práticas paradiplomáticas nas dimensões de atores, escalas espaciais e articulações entre os níveis subnacional, estatal e internacional, a capacidade do estado para assimilar as práticas paradiplomáticas a serviço do interesse nacional e as potencialidades da paradiplomacia para a cooperação intra ou inter-regional

A atuação internacional de agentes subnacionais no que é entendido como paradiplomacia tem sido recorrente desde a década de 1990. Isso ressalta a projeção internacional de interesses até então contidos no âmbito das agendas nacionais e repercute na dinâmica dos processos de cooperação regional entre países. Essa realidade merece ser repensada em termos teóricos e conceituais. Tratam-se, neste artigo, das possíveis mudanças na dinâmica de integração regional em função das transformações que têm possibilitado a ascensão do exercício paradiplomático e a proeminência de agentes subnacionais no cenário internacional. Inicialmente, discutem-se os conceitos de integração regional e de paradiplomacia e levantam-se questões pertinentes à necessidade de contemplar o exercício paradiplomático na dinâmica integracionista de uma região. Em seguida, analisam-se as possibilidades de compreensão dos processos de integração incorporando exercício paradiplomático como uma de suas vias constitutivas

Toxocariasis is one of the most widespread and important zoonotic parasitic diseases, although neglected. Data regarding human Toxocara infection in Portugal are almost absent. This article gives an overview of the situation of toxocariasis in Portugal over the last decade based on casuistic data. A total of 846 serum samples from individuals suspected of toxocariasis, collected from 2010 to 2020, were analyzed at the Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Sera were tested for IgG antibodies to Toxocara canis excreted–secreted larval antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Positivity was detected in 18.8% (159/846) [CI 95%: 16.3–21.6], with positives detected throughout continental Portugal. Overall, 59.7% of the positives were diagnosed in younger than 20 years (35.2% aged 0–9 years and 24.5% aged 10–19 years). Eosinophilia was the most frequent feature reported (27.7%). Pediatrics (41.5%) and Infectiology (25.8%) were the specialties with the highest number of positives. An average of 77 samples/year were received, recording a maximum positivity in 2012 (41.5%, n = 27/65) and a minimum in 2020 (6.4%, n = 3/47). These numbers may reflect the effectiveness of current preventive measures, highlighting the need to maintain public awareness to control this helminthozoonosis and promote a higher public health standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman imaging spectroscopy is a nondestructive analytical method that can be a useful tool to obtain detailed information about the molecular composition and morphology of biological samples. Its high spatial resolution was used to collect spectra of Aspergillus ochraceus, a mold producer of ochratoxin A (OTA), in order to investigate the cell damage caused on it by the action of the antimicrobial benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC). The study was performed in both direct contact and vapor phase, in order to check the use of BITC as active agent in food packaging material. The results showed that there were morphologic alteration and a characteristic Raman spectrum on spore and hyphae exposed to BITC. BITC was accumulated in the mold cells where it caused an enormous amount of alterations in cellular components (lipids, proteins, saccharides, amino acids...) and cellular functions (cell cycle, respiration, metabolism, transcription of genes, fluidity of the cellular wall). All these structural, composition, and metabolic changes will affect the production of OTA. Pattern recognition with chemometrics using principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated an excellent separation between control and BITC treated samples, both in spores and hyphae. PCA results also showed two different affection levels when samples were exposed to BITC in the vapor phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inks and varnishes used in food packaging multilayer materials can contain different substances that are potential migrants when packaging is in contact with food. Although printing inks are applied on the external layer, they can migrate due to set-off phenomena. In order to assess food safety, migration tests were performed from two materials sets: set A based on paper and set B based on PET; both contained inks. Migration was performed to four food simulants (EtOH 50%, isooctane, EtOH 95% and Tenax®) and the volatile compounds profile was analysed by GC-MS. The effect of presence/absence of inks and varnishes and also their position in the material was studied. A total of 149 volatile compounds were found in migration from set A and 156 from set B materials, some of them came from inks. Quantitative analysis and a principal component analysis were performed in order to identify patterns among sample groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Malnutrition and intestinal parasites continue to have serious impacts on growth and cognitive development of children in Angola. A longitudinal four-arm randomized parallel trial was conducted to investigate if deworming with a single annual dose of albendazole (annual-ALB) or a four-monthly test-and-treat (4TT) intestinal parasites approach at individual or household levels improve nutritional outcomes of pre-school children in Bengo province. Children with intestinal parasites (n = 121) were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to arm A1: annual-ALB*individual level; A2: annual-ALB*household level; A3: 4TT*individual; and A4: 4TT*household level. At baseline, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 months of follow-up, growth was assessed by height, weight, height-for-age, weight-for-height, weight-for-age, and mid-upper arm circumference. Intention-to-treat analysis was done using non-parametric approach, mixed effect models, and generalized estimating equations (GEE). Initially, 57% and 26% of the children were infected by Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides, respectively. This study did not show that a 4TT intestinal parasites approach results on better growth outcomes of children (height, weight, HAZ, WAZ, WHZ and MUACZ) when compared with annual ALB, with exception of height and WHZ using GEE model at 5% level. Positive temporal effects on most nutrition outcomes were observed. Implementing a longitudinal study in a poor setting is challenging and larger sample sizes and 'pure and clean' data are difficult to obtain. Nevertheless, learned lessons from this intensive study may contribute to future scientific research and to tailor multidisciplinary approaches to minimize malnutrition and infections in resource-poor countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the thermostability of proteins is often crucial for their successful use as analytic, synthetic or therapeutic tools. Most rational thermostabilization strategies were developed on small two-state proteins and, unsurprisingly, they tend to fail when applied to the much more abundant, larger, non-fully cooperative proteins. We show that the key to stabilize the latter is to know the regions of lower stability. To prove it, we have engineered apoflavodoxin, a non-fully cooperative protein on which previous thermostabilizing attempts had failed. We use a step-wise combination of structure-based, rationally-designed, stabilizing mutations confined to the less stable structural region, and obtain variants that, according to their van't Hoff to calorimetric enthalpy ratios, exhibit fully-cooperative thermal unfolding with a melting temperature of 75°C, 32 degrees above the lower melting temperature of the non-cooperative wild type protein. The ideas introduced here may also be useful for the thermostabilization of complex proteins through formulation or using specific stabilizing ligands (e.g. pharmacological chaperones). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]