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Purpose: To investigate the usefulness and effectiveness of a dual beam‐current transformer (BCTs) design to monitor and record the beam dosimetry output and energy of pulsed electron FLASH (eFLASH) beams in real‐time, and to inform on the usefulness of this design for future eFLASH beam control. Methods: Two BCTs are integrated into the head of a FLASH Mobetron system, one located after the primary scattering foil and the other downstream of the secondary scattering foil. The response of the BCTs was evaluated individually to monitor beam output as a function of dose, scattering conditions, and ability to capture physical beam parameters such as pulse width (PW), pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and dose per pulse (DPP), and in combination to determine beam energy using the ratio of the lower‐to‐upper BCT signal. Results: A linear relationship was observed between the absorbed dose measured on Gafchromic film and the BCT signals for both the upper and lower BCT (R2 > 0.99). A linear relationship was also observed in the BCT signals as a function of the number of pulses delivered regardless of the PW, DPP, or PRF (R2 > 0.99). The lower‐to‐upper BCT ratio was found to correlate strongly with the energy of the eFLASH beam due to differential beam attenuation caused by the secondary scattering foil. The BCTs were also able to provide accurate information about the PW, PRF, energy, and DPP for each individual pulse delivered in real‐time. Conclusion: The dual BCT system integrated within the FLASH Mobetron was shown to be a reliable monitoring system able to quantify accelerator performance and capture all essential physical beam parameters on a pulse‐by‐pulse basis, and the ratio between the two BCTs was strongly correlated with beam energy. The fast signal readout and processing enables the BCTs to provide real‐time information on beam output and energy and is proposed as a system suitable for accurate beam monitoring and control of eFLASH beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper represents an improved Multiverse Optimizer Algorithm (MVO) modified with Parallel Mirror based global learning opposition method to solve Unit Commitment problem in a Microgrid network including wind and solar sources. Unit Commitment (UC) is one of mathematical optimization problems that deal with the schedule of a given combination of generating units to achieve a minimum-cost production plan usually to satisfy the load demand. The mean objective of Unit Commitment problem is to achieve the optimal generation planning of the committed units while the overall generation cost is reduced, when subject to varying constraints at each time period. Hence, each (substantial) variation in the demand side must be matched by a corresponding amount of generation output. In fact, the minimum power generation scheduling is very difficult as UC problem encompasses a mix of variables as time varying unit constraints. The found results as the generation cost in the case without renewable sources (563977.0172$) show that the proposed method is capable to provide very competitive results and outperforms recent algorithms available in the literature which is above this result. The comparison shows clearly the effectiveness of the used technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]