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The research is now an instructor in the department of animation in a college, discovering that students can not pay attention to their study and lack of motivation to learn. Therefore, the research motivation is how to restore students' learning motivation and have them plunge into course learning. The study aimed to develop "design strategy of peer learning" and to conduct observation in the classroom. The researcher took "observation survey" as a research method and utilize it to design teaching methods, hoping to improve class learning atmosphere and learning attitude.Finally, based on the survey data analysis, it is concluded that (1) students consider it is appropriate that the teacher leads the curriculum but peer tutor's help is also needed; (2) design strategy of peer learning reduces learning difficulties and enhance students' learning motivation; (3) design strategy of peer learning is more helpful on female students than male students.

Transient absorption in the Visible and in the deep-UV is performed on MAPbBr3 thin films with 3.1 eV pump excitation. The UV probe can access higher order transitions in the material exploring different high-symmetry points of the Brillouin zone. Uncorrelated electron-hole pairs are generated within the instrument response function of 150 fs. The photobleaching at 3.3 eV shows that electron cooling happens in ~ 1 ps.

Temperature‐programmed reaction/desorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, reflection‐absorption infrared spectroscopy, near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure and density functional theory calculations have been employed to investigate the adsorption, bonding structures, and reaction pathways of 1‐bromo‐4‐ethynylbenzene (BrC6H4C ≡ CH, 1Br4EB) on Cu(100). This molecule is chemically adsorbed, via the ethynyl group attaching to the surface, forming two C‐Cu bonds and a ~ 60° tilting aromatic plane with respect to the surface. At 370 K, dissociation of both the C‐Br and CC‐H bonds of 1‐bromo‐4‐ethynylbenzene generates adsorbed intermediates of C6H5C2, C6H4C2H2, and C6H4C2. The C‐Br breakage temperature is much higher than those (~ 240 K) observed in the cases of bromobenzene/Pt(111) and dibromopyridine/Cu(100), owing to the adsorption geometry of 1‐bromo‐4‐ethylnylbenzene, with the C‐Br pointing away from the surface. In the case of higher coverages, molecular desorption occurs near 370 K. The adsorption structures of the aromatic intermediates of C6H4CHCH, C6H4CCH2, C6H4CH2C, C6H4C2, and C6H5C2 are calculated and compared. They are stable up to ~520 K and decompose to form H2 at higher temperatures (~520–870 K). No hydrocarbon products, such as C2H2, C2H4, C6H6, C6H5CCH, or C6H5CHCH2, are measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of structurally simple and easily accessible hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) YZT1–YZT4 using porphyrin backbone is devised for high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with and without the aid of doping. The YZT‐series HTMs have either push–push or push–pull type planar linear molecular geometry with substitution of linear or branched alkylamine. UV–vis absorption, photoluminance (PL) quenching experiments, and theoretical studies all suggest a different pattern of molecular packing induced by molecular geometry and/or substituted chains. Nonetheless, both types of porphyrin HTMs perform well in TiO2‐based PSCs when doped YZT4 with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.95% and undoped YZT1 with a PCE of 13.10%. The results clearly reveal the potential for porphyrin‐based HTMs for use in dopant‐free PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community care centres (CCCs) are widespread across Taiwan and have provided health promotion and social activities for older people in communities since 1995. The purpose of this study was to describe the status of the delivery and management of CCCs for older people, and to explore the effects of individual factors and the organisational factors on the health‐related outcome of older people's participation in CCCs. The sample was taken from participants at CCCs in Taichung, Taiwan. Twenty‐five CCCs participated in the study. The managers and the elderly participants of CCCs underwent face‐to‐face interviews. In total, 417 elderly participants and 25 chiefs completed the face‐to‐face interviews. The participants reported that self‐reported health, sleep quality, memory, family relationships, care for health, and health literacy improved after they participated in the programme. There were no consistent organisational factors related to the outcomes. However, management style was related to sleep quality improvement and staffing getting paid was related to family relationship improvement. Policy recommendations are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although perovskite solar cells have achieved extremely high performance in just a few years, their device stability and fabrication cost are still of great concern. For inverted p–i–n perovskite solar cells, the commonly used electron-transporting layers are C60 and PCBM, which have stability issues and are very expensive. Here, we report a novel and highly stable perovskite solar cell using an inorganic electron-transporting layer made of microwave-assisted solution-processed indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO) nanoparticles. With NiO as the hole-transporting layer, the perovskite solar cells with all-inorganic selective contacts demonstrate a decent power conversion efficiency of over 16%. More importantly, the IZO-based perovskite solar cells demonstrate impressive long-term stability under air or light-soaking conditions. With encapsulation, our device retained 85% of the initial power conversion efficiency after 460 hours of light soaking. This result reveals that good device performance, low fabrication cost and impressive light-soaking stability can be realized simultaneously by employing facile microwave-synthesized oxides (IZO and NiO in this work) as inorganic selective contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, we fabricated thiocyanate-based perovskite solar cells with low-pressure vapor-assisted solution process (LP-VASP) method. Photovoltaic performances are evaluated with detailed materials characterizations. Scanning electron microscopy images show that SCN-based perovskite films fabricated using LP-VASP have long-range uniform morphology and large grain sizes up to 1 μm. The XRD and Raman spectra were employed to observe the characteristic peaks for both SCN-based and pure CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. We observed that the Pb(SCN)2 film transformed to PbI2 before the formation of perovskite film. X-ray photoemission spectra (XPS) show that only a small amount of S remained in the film. Using LP-VASP method, we fabricated SCN-based perovskite solar cells and achieved a power conversion efficiency of 12.72 %. It is worth noting that the price of Pb(SCN)2 is only 4 % of PbI2. These results demonstrate that pseudo-halide perovskites are promising materials for fabricating low-cost perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vapor-based deposition technique is considered as a promising approach for preparing a high-quality and uniform perovskite thin film. With evolution from coevaporation deposition to a low-pressure vapor-assisted solution process, both energy budget and reaction yield for perovskite film fabrications are improved. In this paper, a low-pressure hybrid chemical vapor deposition (LPHCVD) method is applied to fabricate CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films. The crucial dependence of working pressure on the perovskite formation is revealed. Moreover, the reaction time plays an important role in controlling the quality of the synthesized perovskite film. Efficient perovskite solar cells of 14.99% (mesoscopic), 15.37% (planar), and perovskite modules (active area of 8.4 cm2) of 6.22% are achieved by this LPHCVD method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents various hole transport layers (HTLs) employed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in pursuing high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and functional stability. The PSCs have achieved high PCE (over 23%, certified by NREL) and more efforts have been devoted into research for stability enhancement. Inorganic HTLs become a popular choice as selective contact materials because of their intrinsic chemical stability and low cost. HTLs and electron transport layers (ETLs) are critical components of PSCs due to the requirement to create charge collection selectivity. Herein the authors provide an overview on inorganic HTLs synthesis, properties, and their application in various PSCs for both mesoporous and planar architectures. Inorganic HTLs with appropriate properties, such as proper energy level and high carrier mobility, can not only assist with charge transport, but also improve the stability of PSCs under ambient conditions. The importance of interfacial chemistry and interfacial charge transport is further addressed to understand the underlying mechanism of related degradation and carrier dynamic. It is expected that the success of the inorganic HTL in PSCs can stimulate further research and bring real impact for future photovoltaic technologies. The perovskite solar cell (PSC) has boosted its power conversion efficiency along with the application of inorganic hole transport layer (HTL). The presence of inorganic HTL assist the carrier transport and improve the stability. Wide variety of inorganic HTLs are reviewed in this report along with their properties, synthesis technique and interfacial chemistry and carrier dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]