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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Most humeral nonunions can be successfully treated with a single procedure, but some are more difficult to heal. Humeral nonunions which have two or more surgical procedures were defined as refractory humeral nonunions, and this condition is a very challenging condition. The aim of the study is to show the results of atrophic refractory humeral nonunion treated with open reduction and internal fixation and autogenous block iliac crest graft and spongioplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS Refractory humeral nonunions treated with open reduction and internal fixation and autogenous block iliac crest graft and spongioplasty from January 2010 to March 2019 were included this study retrospectively. Patient baseline information, number of previous surgeries, comorbidities, follow-up time, fracture union time, and complications were recorded. The functional outcome was evaluated with the Constant scores and Mayo scores at the end of the first year. The primary outcome variable was mentioned as bony union. RESULTS A total of 13 refractory humeral nonunions included this study. The average age of the patients was 50.92±15.55 years (range, 26–78 years), and 8 of them were female. Preoperative and postoperative mean Mayo scores were; 56.54±17.84, and 85.38±7.49 respectively (p<0.001). Preoperative and postoperative mean Constant scores were; 45±11.71, and 80.62±5.38 respectively (p<0.001). DISCUSSION The strict application of basic nonunion principles can result in successful salvage of refractory humeral nonunions. But this concept may not provide sufficient solution for each situation. On the other hand, we also applied the basic nonunion principles. Compression plating and autogenous bone grafting and spongioplasty have been considered as the gold standard in the management of humeral shaft nonunion. CONCLUSIONS Open reduction and internal fixation and autogenous block iliac crest graft and spongioplasty should be considered as an alternative for the treatment of refractory atrophic humeral nonunions, whose treatment is a very challenging condition for surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Line × Tester analysis involving six lines (local populations viz., PV1, PV2, PV3, PV4, PV5 and PV6) and three testers (cultivars viz., Şehirali 90, Akman 98 and Yunus 90) of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was conducted to determine combining ability of seed yield and its related traits under highly calcareous soils. Significant differences of linextester interaction was observed for all characters under the study indicating the prevalence of non-additive variance. Similarly, less than one value of σ2gca / σ2sca ratio for all traits indicated predominance of non-additive gene effects. Significant general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) effects were also noted in all the traits. Among the parents, PV5 (Line) and Akman 98 (Tester) were found to be good general combiners for seed yield and yield components. The most promising specific combinations for yield and other traits were PV3 ×Akman 98, PV2xYunus 90, PV6xŞehirali 90 and PV5xYunus 90. These crosses had significant estimates of SCA effects suggesting predominance of non-additive gene action for these traits under highly-calcareous soils. The average heterosis was 53.61 % for seed yield. This study has shown that in order to improve seed yield and yield components in dry bean under highly calcareous soils, the selection of parents should be based on per se performance as well as combining ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although boron is essential for crop growth, the amount required differs among plant species. Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L .) requires greater quantities of boron to satisfy its metabolic needs than other cultivated species. The present work was undertaken to evaluate what effects five boron doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg B ha-1 (applied as a spray of boric acid, H3BO3) would have on micronutrient contents in leaves of four sunflower cultivars grown in B-deficient calcareous soils (0.19 B mg kg-1) during the 2001 growing season. Boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations were measured in sunflower leaves at the flowering stage. According to the results, the B concentration in the leaves was highly correlated with boron doses, that is, the leaf B content increased in accordance with increasing B doses applied to the soil. Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentrations in the leaves were not changed by the different B levels. However, leaf Mn, B and Cu concentrations varied with the cultivars. Among the cultivars, TR-4098 had the highest Mn (90.74 mg kg-1) and Cu contents (45.95 mg kg-1), while AS-615 had the highest B (83.52 mg kg-1) and Fe (202.55 mg kg-1) concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]