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Brazil is known as a center of diversity for several plant families. Among these, Acanthaceae are especially diverse in the Cerrado, which is home to ca. 150 species, many of which are endemic. Recent field and herbarium studies of Ruellia of the Cerrado in Goiás and Distrito Federal have led to the discovery of 9 species new to science, which we formally describe as R. altoparadisensis, R. cataractae, R. ceciliae, R. chapadensis, R. glandulifolia, R. hatschbachii, R. lucindae, R. mellosilvae, and R. pinguicula. In addition to botanical illustrations, we provide information about their geographical distributions, habitats, phenologies, and preliminary conservation status. Species are discussed in the context of the Cerrado physiognomies and sub-biomes, which are delimited. We additionally propose one new combination (R. rosmarinus), two lectotypifications (R. pohlii and R. adenostachya), and an identification key to Ruellia species that occur Brazilian Cerrado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During surveys conducted on Neotropical Vanilla, a new endemic species was found in the Brazilian campos rupestres of the Espinhaço Range. Here, this new remarkable Vanilla species, namely V. rupicola Pansarin & E.L.F. Menezes, is described and illustrated. A phylogeny for Vanilla is presented and the relationships between Neotropical species are discussed. The position of V. rupicola among Neotropical Vanilla is discussed within an evolutionary context. Vanilla rupicola is recognized by its rupicolous habit, its reptant stems, and its sessile and rounded leaves. This remarkable new taxon emerges in a clade that includes V. appendiculata Rolfe and V. hartii Rolfe. Vegetative and floral features support a close relationship between V. rupicola and sister taxa, mainly regarding the apical inflorescence (V. appendiculata), the type of appendages of the central crest of the labellum, and the labellar color pattern. Phylogenetic inference suggests that the circumscription of Neotropical Vanilla groups needs revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat fragmentation is considered an important threat to biodiversity, increasing species exposure to edge effects. The Brazilian Cerrado savanna is considered a biodiversity hotspot and has been converted to small, isolated fragments due to human activities. Ant communities and colony survivorship are known to be affected by edge effects in Cerrado, but to date there is no information on the genetic diversity of ant colonies at the edge of fragmented areas. Here, we investigate if colony genetic diversity and structure of Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille) ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are subject to edge effects in a Cerrado reserve in southeast Brazil. Using microsatellites, we evaluated the number of breeders (queens and males) and the genetic diversity in O. chelifer colonies located in the interior versus edge of a Cerrado fragment. All O. chelifer nests had multiple queens, which presented a low mating frequency. The number of breeders and most estimates of genetic diversity did not differ between colonies at the edge versus interior of the fragment. Genetic structure was not influenced by nest location as well. However, we detected a small and positive increase in the observed heterozygosity in colonies located at fragment edges. High heterozygosity is thought to be particularly important in fast-changing environments, such as edges, providing an advantage for genetic diversity. Further investigation is needed to assess in greater detail how habitat loss affects O. chelifer biology. Our study is a first step toward elucidating edge effects on genetic diversity of ant colonies, a topic still poorly explored in tropical environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cerrado biome occupies approximately 22% of the Brazilian territory and is present in the state of Paraná in seven municipalities, among them Campo Mourão. Currently the Cerrado remnants in the municipality are concentrated in the urban area, mainly in the Estação Ecológica do Cerrado Prof.ª Diva Aparecida Camargo - EEC (the smallest Cerrado ecological station in Brazil with 13,330 m2) and plot 7H (~22,000 m²). In this work, we interviewed 25 residents about their perception of the EEC’s surroundings through a map of social representation having as central core the elements ‘Good/Good’ and peripheral elements as ‘important, trees, taste, preservation, fresh and abandoned’. It was observed a predominantly positive evaluation of the residents, however, there is little understanding of the importance of the Cerrado vegetation and the EEC.

Fires have taken a central role in the discussions on environmental conservation in Brazil and worldwide. In this study, we investigated the temporal evolution of soil cover and the restoration of vegetation in a burned area (BA) and another unburned area (UBA) in a Cerrado stricto sensu, using aerial images and the ImageJ® software. Soil cover changed little over time and there was no difference between the areas regarding restoration of vegetation. Otherwise, the ImageJ® software proved useful in evaluating the evolution of soil cover and, due to its simplicity and free access, it can be used in the processing of individual images for the calculation of exposed soil area.

Fires have taken a central role in the discussions on environmental conservation in Brazil and worldwide. In this study, we investigated the temporal evolution of soil cover and the restoration of vegetation in a burned area (BA) and another unburned area (UBA) in a Cerrado stricto sensu, using aerial images and the ImageJ® software. Soil cover changed little over time and there was no difference between the areas regarding restoration of vegetation. Otherwise, the ImageJ® software proved useful in evaluating the evolution of soil cover and, due to its simplicity and free access, it can be used in the processing of individual images for the calculation of exposed soil area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Woody encroachment into grassy biomes is a global phenomenon, often resulting in a nearly complete turnover of species, with savanna specialists being replaced by forest-adapted species. Understanding the mechanisms involved in this change is important for devising strategies for managing savannas. 2. We examined how isolated trees favour woody encroachment and species turnover by overcoming dispersal limitation and environmental filtering. In a savanna released from fire in south-eastern Brazil (Cerrado), we sampled woody plants establishing under 40 tree canopies and in paired treeless plots. These trees comprised eight species selected for habitat preference (savanna or forest) and dispersal syndrome (bird dispersed or not). We recorded dimensions of each tree, dispersal syndrome and habitat preference of recruits, and quantified the physical environment within each plot, aiming at a mechanistic understanding of woody encroachment. 3. We found clear evidence that isolated trees cause nucleation and drive changes in functional composition of savanna. Effectiveness as nucleator differed among species, but was unrelated to their functional guilds (habitat preference or dispersal syndrome). The density of saplings in nuclei was partially explained by soil moisture (+), daily temperature amplitude (-) and sum of bases (-). 4. Our results indicate that isolated trees act first as perches, strongly favouring bird-dispersed species. They then act as nurse trees, considerably changing the environment in favour of forest-adapted recruits. In the long term, as the nuclei expand and merge, savanna specialists tend to disappear and the savanna turns into a low-diversity forest. 5. Synthesis and applications. Fire suppression has allowed the nucleation process and consequently the woody encroachment and fast replacement of savanna specialists by forest species in the Cerrado. By elucidating the mechanisms behind woody encroachment, we recommend using prescribed fires to burn forest seedlings and to reduce tree canopy size wherever the management goal is to maintain the typical savanna structure and composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lichen family Parmeliaceae is among the best studied groups of lichens. Canoparmelia amazonica, Myelochroa lindmanii, and Parmelinella salacinifera are species of Parmeliaceae that have yet to be studied in detail with molecular methods. This study used analyses of ITS sequences to examine the phylogenetic position of these three species. Canoparmelia amazonica and M. lindmanii were recovered within Parmelinella rather than the genera to which they are currently assigned. While for the P. salacinifera we confirmed its phylogenetic position within the genus. Chemical and morphological descriptions of species are provided, generic placement is discussed, and new combinations are proposed as needed. These results highlight the need for morphological revision of the delimitation of Parmelinella, a small genus of Parmeliaceae that has been considered well-defined morphologically and is phylogenetically closely related to Bulbothrix s.l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal (RBSPA) is the property of Revista Brasileira de Saude e Producao Animal (RBSPA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Although a recent revision of the genus Glyphidops Enderlein covered most its known, some of the Brazilian forms were not surveyed. Here we take advantage of the excellent morphological work available in the literature and redescribe Glyphidops (Glyphidops) filosus, based on 91 specimens (43 males and 48 females) from the States of Amazonas and Goiás, including Brasília, Brazil. We also provide a study of male genitalia using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and female genitalia and spermathecae, using light microscopy (LM). We present descriptions of the following structures in male genitalia: epandrium, hypandrium, surstyli, cerci and sections of aedeagus, and in female genitalia: oviscape, bursa copulatrix, ‘S’ bend and spermatheca. An update list of Brazilian species of Glyphidops Enderlein is also presented.

Key message: Styrax camporum, an Al-accumulating species from the Cerrado, seems to rely on the exudation of citric and oxalic acids to avoid excessive Al. Organic acid (OA) exudation by the roots of plants to chelate aluminum (Al) and forming non-toxic complexes is a known mechanism of Al exclusion in some plants, including some Al-accumulating species. The Cerrado vegetation in South America is composed of Al non-accumulating species and some Al-accumulating species from few families, all growing healthy on acidic soils with high Al saturation but never tested for OA exudation. We elected Styrax camporum (Styracaceae), a Cerrado woody species that accumulates in their leaves approximately 1500 mg Al kg−1 dry mass, to examine whether plantlets of this species exude OAs in response to changes in Al concentrations in a nutrient solution, for 30 days. Citric, malic and oxalic acids exuded by the roots of this species were cumulatively measured in nutrient solutions containing 0, 740 and 1480 μM Al. Also, we measured the Al concentration of whole plantlets at 0 and 30 days. Malic acid was not exuded by the plantlets, but it was detected inside root tips of plantlets exposed to Al. Plantlets exposed to 740 μM Al released more oxalic and citric acid in the nutrient solution than those exposed to 0 and 1480 μM Al after 30 days. On the other hand, between 0 and 30 days, plantlets exposed to 740 μM Al increased the Al concentration (in whole plantlet) by three times while those exposed to 1480 μM Al, by seven times. This higher OA exudation associated with lower Al uptake at 740 μM Al suggests an Al exclusion mechanism that is impaired at higher Al concentrations. This is the first report showing that an Al-accumulating species from the Cerrado exudes OAs in response to the Al concentration in the root environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Philornis larvae and pupae were collected in nestlings of Neothraupis fasciata (Lichtenstein), the White-banded Tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae), in three breeding seasons, between October and November 2003-2005 in a reserve in central Brazil. Here, we present biological data, diagnosis to the recognition of the species and a key to the segregation of species occurring in the Cerrado. The larvae were intradermic in the nestlings and the pupae were collected in the nests after the birds have abandoned them. The immatures collected were taken to the laboratory and reared under laboratory conditions, until emergence. The species identified as Philornis torquans (Nielsen), is here firstly recorded from the Brazilian Cerrado, and firstly recorded its association with N. fasciata. With this record, the number of Philornis species occurring in the Cerrado rises to three.

Cerrado vegetation is the main formation covering c.60% of the land surface of Maranhão, Brazil, with cerradão being the dominant physiognomy. To characterise the cerrado flora in Maranhão, 12 localities were selected across its distribution in the northeastern, central, southern and southeastern regions of the state. A total of 150 angiosperm species were identified, distributed across 105 genera and 43 families. Twelve are new occurrences in Maranhão, and of these, four are also new records for Northeast Brazil. Two distinct floristic regions were recognised: the cerrados of the northeastern and central regions, and the cerrados of the southern region. Three subgroups were recognised in the southern region: cerrados of the highest altitudes, medium-altitude cerrados and cerrados of variable altitudes. Floristic comparisons with the Brazilian cerrados suggest that the medium-altitude southern cerrados of Maranhão are similar to those of the central region of Brazil, whereas the northeastern, central and southern highest-altitude regions form a distinct floristic group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camponotus renggeri and C. rufipes are very abundant in Brazilian cerrado savannah, where they feed extensively on liquid rewards and commonly associate with plants bearing extrafloral nectaries and honeydew-producing insects. Here, we provide a qualitative and quantitative field account on the natural history and ecology of these two ant species. The study was carried out in a cerrado reserve in south-eastern Brazil across a rainy/hot season (summer) and a dry/cold season (winter). The ants were found in two vegetation physiognomies: all nests of C. rufipes were located in the cerrado sensu stricto (scrub of shrubs and trees, 3-8 m tall), whereas C. renggeri occurred mostly in the cerradão (forest with more or less merging canopy, 10-12 m tall). Both species nested in fallen or erect dead trunks, as well as underground. In addition, C. rufipes built nests using dead plant material arranged or not around shrub bases. Colonies of C. rufipes were generally more populous than those of C. renggeri, and both species had colonies with more than one dealated queen. Both species were active mainly at night and foraged for resources near their nests, mainly extrafloral nectar and hemipteran honeydew (aphids and mealybugs). The average size of the home ranges of C. renggeri in cerrado sensu stricto and cerradão varied from ≈ 2.8 to 4.0 m2 and apparently were not affected by season. In C. rufipes, however, foraging grounds in cerrado sensu stricto showed a twofold increase from dry/cold (≈ 4.5 m2) to rainy/ hot season (≈ 9.8 m2). Our study highlights the importance of natural history data to understand the foraging ecology and role of these ants in cerrado savannah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philornis larvae and pupae were collected in nestlings of Neothraupis fasciata (Lichtenstein), the White-banded Tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae), in three breeding seasons, between October and November 2003-2005 in a reserve in central Brazil. Here, we present biological data, diagnosis to the recognition of the species and a key to the segregation of species occurring in the Cerrado. The larvae were intradermic in the nestlings and the pupae were collected in the nests after the birds have abandoned them. The immatures collected were taken to the laboratory and reared under laboratory conditions, until emergence. The species identified as Philornis torquans (Nielsen), is here firstly recorded from the Brazilian Cerrado, and firstly recorded its association with N. fasciata. With this record, the number of Philornis species occurring in the Cerrado rises to three. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present here the first records of Vanilla bahiana and Vanilla pompona from Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil. Both species were collected in a gallery forest, in areas of Cerrado vegetation at Caxias municipality. This work contributes with knowledge on the geographical distribution of the species in northeastern Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stilt-legged flies play an important ecological role in the process of decomposition of organic matter and, on occasion, in the biological control of insects. Currently, there are 46 known species of Taeniaptera Macquart (Diptera: Micropezidae), and their occurrence is reported in various environments throughout the tropics. In contrast, population information on their temporal and spatial distribution is scarce in areas of the Cerrado biome in Brazil, where habitats are highly disturbed and fragmented by agricultural practices and, therefore, the abundance of the group may change. This study assessed abundance of Taeniaptera species in habitats associated with farmland, and determined the change in abundance throughout the year. The stiltlegged flies were sampled in various habitats, namely, organically produced vegetable crops, fallow areas, agroforestry, and native vegetation associated with 4 farms located in the Federal District. In each habitat, one Malaise trap was installed, which remained in place for 72 h, at 14 d intervals, from Mar 2012 to Feb 2013. In total, 486 individuals were collected and identified as members of the species T. lasciva (F.), T. annulata (F.), and Taeniaptera sp. The mean abundance of flies was highest in vegetable crops when compared with other habitats, and the abundance was relatively steady throughout the year. Among the habitats sampled, vegetable crop systems were the most suitable habitats for conserving Taeniaptera species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O conhecimento da flora herbáceo-subarbustiva, juntamente com o da flora lenhosa, auxilia a determinação dos padrões florísticos e permite descrever o espectro biológico com conseqüentes inferências sobre a atua��ão de fatores ambientais e históricos na vegetação. Considerando que poucos trabalhos se aprofundaram no estudo da flora herbáceo-subarbustiva de Cerrado, embora esta seja mais rica que a lenhosa, objetivou-se estudar a composição e os padrões florísticos das floras herbáceo-subarbustiva e lenhosa da Estação Ecológica de Santa Bárbara (EESB) (22º 46' 30'' a 22º 50' 30''S e 49º 10' 30'' a 49º15'30'' W , 600 a 680 m de altitude), Município de Águas de Santa Bárbara, Estado de São Paulo. Visou-se, ainda, determinar o espectro biológico para efetuar análises comparativas das diferentes fitofisionomias de Cerrado dessa Unidade de Conservação. Foram encontradas 314 espécies na EESB, sendo 285 em Cerrado sensu lato. As famílias mais ricas em número de espécies foram Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae e Poaceae. Há uma constante ocorrência de Asteraceae, Leguminosae e Poaceae entre as famílias mais ricas, concordando com o observado nos estudos florísticos de Cerrado que incluíram os estratos lenhoso e herbáceo-subarbustivo. O espectro biológico corroborou os padrões anteriormente descritos para o Cerrado sensu lato, exceto pela maior expressão de caméfitas em relação às hemicriptófitas nas fisionomias campestres da EESB, o que pode ser efeito da proteção ao fogo nessa Unidade de Conservação.Only few surveys were carried out on woody and ground layer floras of the Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of this survey was to investigate richness, floristic patterns and biological spectra of different phytophysiognomies on both strata at Santa Bárbara Ecological Station (EESB). EESB is located in the Municipality of Águas de Santa Bárbara, São Paulo State, Brazil (22º 46' 30'' to 22º 50' 30''S and 49º 10' 30'' to 49º15'30'' W, 600 to 680m high). A total of 14 angiospermic species were found, 285 of these in Cerrado sensu lato physiognomies. The richest families in species number were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae. Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae were the richest families similar to other Cerrado's sites. The EESB biological spectra have patterns similar to other Cerrados, but with one change: chamaephytes were richer than hemycryptophytes in the open savannic physiognomies of EESB. Fire protection may be the reason of this alteration.

O jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne) apresenta nectários extraflorais (NEFs), os quais são descritos pela primeira vez no gênero. Neste trabalho foram estudadas a distribuição, ontogênese, estrutura e ultra-estrutura dos nectários extraflorais (NEFs). Amostras de folhas em várias fases de desenvolvimento foram coletadas, fixadas e processadas para estudos em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão e varredura, segundo técnicas convencionais. Testes histoquímicos foram empregados para determinar a natureza química da secreção. Os NEFs estão distribuídos por todo o limbo, sendo mais concentrados nos terços basal e médio de cada folíolo. Estes nectários são embutidos no mesofilo, apresentam tecido secretor envolvido por uma endoderme e são vascularizados por xilema e floema. A atividade secretora dos NEFs é limitada à fase juvenil da folha. Nas folhas mais velhas, os NEFs tornam-se não funcionais. O tecido secretor dos NEFs é formado a partir da protoderme, enquanto a endoderme tem origem no meristema fundamental. No tecido secretor de nectários funcionais as células apresentam citoplasma denso, núcleo volumoso, mitocôndrias, plastídios com sistema de membranas pouco desenvolvido, gotas de óleo dispersas no citosol, dictiossomos e segmentos de retículo endoplasmático liso. A secreção é liberada por meio de rupturas cuticulares e apresenta polissacarídeos e lipídios.Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne, known as "jatobá-do-cerrado" has extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), which are reported for the first time in Hymenaea genus. In this research the origin, distribution, structure, and ultrastructure of the EFNs were studied. Samples of leaflets at different developmental stages were collected, fixed and processed by standard methods for analyses at light and electronic microscopes; histochemical tests were employed to determine the nature of secretion products. EFNs are distributed all over leaf blade, more concentrated on the basal and medial thirds of each leaflet. These nectaries are embedded in the mesophyll, show secretory tissue surrounded by an endodermis, and are vascularized by xylem and phloem. EFN secretory activity was exclusively observed in young leaves. The protoderm origins the EFN secretory tissue, the ground meristem originates the endodermis and the procambium originates the vascular tissues. Secretory cells of functional EFNs showed dense cytoplasm, large nucleus, mitochondria, plastids with a poorly developed membrane system, oil drops scattered in the cytosol, dictyosome, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum segments. Secretion was released by cuticle rupture and contains polysaccharides and lipids.

Neste estudo é apresentada uma listagem atualizada com 504 espécies e 506 subespécies de borboletas (Papilionoidea) observadas no Distrito Federal nas últimas quatro décadas, onde foram reunidos dados da bibliografia, de coletas pessoais e de várias coleções entomológicas; espécies com ocorrência apenas presumida não foram incluídas. Alguns aspectos relacionados à ocorrência de espécies ameaçadas e à conservação da fauna de borboletas no Distrito Federal são também discutidos.An updated list containing 504 species and 506 subspecies of butterflies (Papilionoidea) found in the Distrito Federal (central Brazil) in the last four decades is presented in this study, including data obtained in the literature, our personal collections, and several entomological collections recently visited, but not species with presumed distribution in the region. Some aspects concerning the occurrence of threatened species and the conservation of the butterfly fauna in the Distrito Federal are also discussed.

The article presents a study of the grass species found in South America known as Schizachyrium. Topics discussed include the use of plant specimens collected from various herbaria in the study, the use of the statistical software Infostate version 2013 in the analysis, and the results of the morphometric analysis of the species.

Ant foraging on foliage can substantially affect how phytophagous insects use host plants and represents a high predation risk for caterpillars, which are important folivores. Ant-plant-herbivore interactions are especially pervasive in cerrado savanna due to continuous ant visitation to liquid food sources on foliage (extrafloral nectaries, insect honeydew). While searching for liquid rewards on plants, aggressive ants frequently attack or kill insect herbivores, decreasing their numbers., Because ants vary in diet and aggressiveness, their effect on herbivores also varies. Additionally, the differential occurrence of ant attractants (plant and insect exudates) on foliage produces variable levels of ant foraging within local floras and among localities. Here, we investigate how variation of ant communities and of traits among host plant species (presence or absence of ant attractants) can change the effect of carnivores (predatory ants) on herbivore communities (caterpillars) in a cerrado savanna landscape., We sampled caterpillars and foliage-foraging ants in four cerrado localities (70-460 km apart). We found that: (i) caterpillar infestation was negatively related with ant visitation to plants; (ii) this relationship depended on local ant abundance and species composition, and on local preference by ants for plants with liquid attractants; (iii) this was not related to local plant richness or plant size; (iv) the relationship between the presence of ant attractants and caterpillar abundance varied among sites from negative to neutral; and (v) caterpillars feeding on plants with ant attractants are more resistant to ant predation than those feeding on plants lacking attractants., Liquid food on foliage mediates host plant quality for lepidopterans by promoting generalized ant-caterpillar antagonism. Our study in cerrado shows that the negative effects of generalist predatory ants on herbivores are detectable at a community level, affecting patterns of abundance and host plant use by lepidopterans., The magnitude of ant-induced effects on caterpillar occurrence across the cerrado landscape may depend on how ants use plants locally and how they respond to liquid food on plants at different habitats. This study enhances the relevance of plant-ant and ant-herbivore interactions in cerrado and highlights the importance of a tritrophic perspective in this ant-rich environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study on Manihot appanii, Euphorbiaceae s. s., a new species of Manihot from Brazil, discovered during revision of the taxonomy of species of the genus with unlobed or very shortly lobed leaves. Topics discussed include relationship of M. appanii with M. stricta and M. saxatilis, morphologically similar species, and the geographic distribution and conservation status of M. appanii. It also provides a key to the species of Manihot with unlobed or shortly lobed leaves.

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We sampled lepidopteran caterpillars on three Byrsonima species (Malpighiaceae) in Central Brazil: Byrsonima crassa , Byrsonima verbascifolia and Byrsonima coccolobifolia between May 1993 and July 1994. Fifteen individuals of each plant species were censused weekly. Our main goal was to estimate the abundance and richness of lepidopteran larvae within each plant species. Only 13% of the 1 621 sampled plants had caterpillars on their leaves. This percentage was similar within each plant species. We found a pattern of low abundance and high richness of lepidopteran species associated with Byrsonima. There were 48 morphospecies and 46% of them occurred just once. There was a higher similarity between the fauna of B. crassa and B. verbascifolia than between these and B. coccolobifolia. Once it is known that hairy leaves can affect herbivore colonization and foraging strategy, we suggest that differences in the lepidopteran community associated with Byrsonima spp. are linked with different levels of pubescence on the leaf surface of each plant species. This tendency in Byrsonima is supported by the small number of caterpillars found on young leaves of B. crassa and B. verbascifolia, which are quite hairy.Hicimos un registro cuantitativo de larvas de Lepidoptera que se alimentán de tres espécies de Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) que ocurren en el Brasil Central: B. crassa Nied , B. verbascifolia L. Rich and B. coccolobifolia (Spr.) Kunth. Nuestro principal objetivo fué estimar la abundancia y riqueza de orugas en cada una de las espécies de planta. Encontramos un patrón de baja abundancia y alta riqueza de espécies de orugas asociadas a las espécies de Byrsonima. Verificamos, todavía, que la similaridade entre la fauna de B. crassa y B. verbascifolia fué más alta que entre estas espécies y B. coccolobifolia. Una vez que se sabe que hojas con mayor cantidad de vellos pueden afectar la colonización y estratégias de forrageo de herbívoros, sugerimos que las diferencias en la comunidade de orugas asociadas a las distintas espécies de Byrsonima están relacionadas con los diferentes niveles de vellosidad apresentados por cada una de las espécies de plantas. Esta tendencia en Byrsonima es apoyada por el bajo número de orugas encontradas en hojas jóvenes de B. crassa y B. verbascifolia que tienen muchos pelos.

An Astronium urundeuva ball-milled wood sample was successively extracted with benzene, benzene-ethanol (2:1, v/v-1), chloroform, and water in a soxhlet apparatus. The extracted wood was air-dried giving the residue A that was then treated with ketone-water (9:1), in a soxhlet apparatus. From the ketone-water extract was precipitated the milled wood lignin (MWL). With exception of MWL, the extract contents summed up 18.19% (o.d.w.). The Klason lignin content of A and the methoxyl content of the MWL were 23.84% and 19.00%, respectively. Another sample of A gave hardly and easily hydrolysable polysaccharide contents of 34.86% and 18.81%, respectively. A second sample of ball-milled wood was submitted to a single extraction with methanol, at room temperature, affording the methanol extract B (23.85% o.d.w.). Liquid and solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopies indicated that B is mainly constituted by proanthocyanidins of profisetinidin and prorobinetidin types.

Hypersensitive reaction (HR) has been recognised as an important mechanism by which plants defend against many sessile herbivores, including galling insects. HR results from a series of morphological, biochemical and physiological processes leading to the localisation, confinement and death of the attacked tissue and intruders. We hypothesised that leaf nutrient concentrations are related to the incidence of HR induced by a gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Terminalia glabrescens Mar t. (Combretaceae). We compared macro and micronutrient concentrations between leaves presenting HR and "healthy" leaves, and related the HR area to the concentrations of the different nutrients. The Ca concentration was positively associated with the HR area while K concentration was negatively related to it, which may be explained by the influx of Ca2+ and efflux of K+ at the triggering of HR. There was an inverse relationship between HR and the concentrations of the nutrients Mn, Cu and Fe, most likely due to the HR detoxification function played by these metals, which can prevent cell death and turn the HR into a symptomless undetectable reaction. These results suggest that leaf nutrient concentrations are related to HR incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporal dynamics of foraging, diet, and use of space is essential to understand the ecology of harvester ants. Here, we present an account of the foraging ecology of Pogonomyrmex naegelii in Brazilian cerrado savanna. Nests occur on bare ground and contain 166-580 workers ( N = 3 colonies). Colony activity is unimodal year-round and peaks around the middle of the day. Foragers leave the nest independently and individually search for food in all directions. Ants ventured up to 15 m from nests, with most foraging occurring within 2 m of nests. Colonies tended to have larger home ranges in the dry/cold (April-September) than in the wet/warm season (October-March). P. naegelii has a generalist and season-dependent diet comprised of many seed species and arthropod prey, and pieces of plant and animal matter. Foragers collected seeds from 34 plant species, predominantly grasses (genera Gymnopogon, Axonopus, Aristida). Over 6,700 seeds can be stored in nest granaries. Ants and termites were the main animal prey retrieved by P. naegelii. The proportion of seeds and arthropods foraged by P. naegelii changes year-round: in the dry/cold season, the diet is predominantly granivorous, whereas in the wet/warm season, seeds and arthropods are retrieved in more balanced proportions. Although food availability was not assessed, year-round diet of P. naegelii matches the pattern of seasonal abundance of grass seeds and arthropod prey in cerrado. Data on harvester ants come mostly from arid habitats; this study is a first assessment of the ecology of a Neotropical Pogonomyrmex from a moderately moist savanna environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbivorous insects frequently fluctuate numerically throughout the year in response to variation in the availability and quality of plant resources. Here, we investigate the phenological relationship between the butterfly E. bechina and its host plant C. brasiliense in the Brazilian cerrado savanna. Abundance of E. bechina immature stages followed the temporal pattern of leaf production by the host plant, with increased numbers in the beginning of the rainy season (September–November). Ant visitation to extrafloral nectaries of C. brasiliense also increased in the humid period, following the production of new leaves and flower buds. Ant abundance, however, apparently had no major effect on the temporal occurrence pattern of Eunica immatures on host plants. Nevertheless, recent data on antagonistic and mutualistic ant–butterfly interactions have revealed that ants do affect host plant choice by butterflies in the ant-rich cerrado savanna. Future investigation in insect seasonality in cerrados should take into account not only climate and plant phenology, but also direct and indirect effects at the ant–plant–herbivore interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotropica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new orchid species, Vanilla paludosa, native to marshy forests close to cerrado vegetation in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The relationship of V. paludosa to other species of the genus is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: We present a worked example of how geographic and computational tools can aid in discovery and documenting unknown or poorly known populations and distributions of rare plant species. Focusing on Byrsonima subterranea, a rare plant of the cerrado biome in Brazil, considered probably extinct in the state of São Paulo, we used a combination of a simple environmental matching approach to locate extant populations in the state, and then a more complex ecological niche modeling approach to predict distribution of the species over a broader area. These methodologies have the potential to assist in documenting distributions of many rare plant species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Fructans are widely distributed in Asteraceae from floras with seasonal growth and are thought to be involved in drought and freezing tolerance, in addition to storage function. Reserve organs of Vernonia herbacea and Viguiera discolor, from the cerrado, and of the perennial herb Smallanthus sonchifolius, endemic to Andean region, store over 80% inulin, with different DP (35, 150, and 15, respectively). The fructan pattern in Asteraceae species could be explained by characteristics of their respective 1-FFTs. Hydrolases and fructosyltransferases from S. sonchifolius, V. herbacea and V. discolor were analyzed in plants at the same environmental conditions. The higher 1-FEH activities found in the species with lower DP, S. sonchifolius and V. herbacea reinforce the hypothesis of the involvement of 1-FEH in fructan profile and suggest that the high DP fructan of V. discolor is a consequence of the low affinity of its 1-FEH to the native long chain inulin. Long term incubation with sucrose suggested that the affinity of 1-FFT of V. discolor for 1-kestose is low when compared to that of V. herbacea. Indeed 1-FFT from V. discolor was shown to be an hDP 1-FFT, preferring longer inulins as acceptors. Conversely, 1-FFT from V. herbacea seems to have a higher affinity for short fructo-oligosaccharides, including 1-kestose, as acceptor substrates. Differences in fructan enzymes of the three Asteraceae provide new information towards the understanding of fructan metabolism and control of carbon flow between low and high DP fructans. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Biotropica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cyrtopodium brunneum, C. lamellaticallosum and C. poecilum var. roseum, from the cerrado and campo rupestre vegetation of central and southeastern Brazil are described and illustrated. Although the description of Cyrtopodium gonzalezii indicated that it is a distinct species, the holotype is referrable to C. brandonianum. The undescribed plants are now described here as C. brunneum. Cyrtopodium gonzalezii is placed in the synonym of C. brandonianum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude and direction of water transport by the roots of eight dominant Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) woody species were determined with a heat pulse system that allowed bidirectional measurements of sap flow. The patterns of sap flow observed during the dry season in species with dimorphic root systems were consistent with the occurrence of hydraulic redistribution of soil water, the movement of water from moist to drier regions of the soil profile via plant roots. In these species, shallow roots exhibited positive sap flow (from the soil into the plant) during the day and negative sap flow (from the plant into the soil) during the night. Sap flow in the taproots was positive throughout the 24-h period. Diel fluctuations in soil water potential, with maximum values occurring at night, provided evidence for partial rewetting of upper soil layers by water released from shallow roots. In other species, shallow roots exhibited negative sap flow during both the day and night, indicating that hydraulic redistribution was occurring continuously. A third sap flow pattern was observed at the end of the dry season after a heavy rainfall event when sap flow became negative in the taproot, and positive in the small roots, indicating movement of water from upper soil layers into shallow roots, and then into taproots and deeper soil layers. Experimental manipulations employed to evaluate the response of hydraulic redistribution to changes in plant and environmental conditions included watering the soil surface above shallow roots, decreasing transpiration by covering the plant and cutting roots where probes were inserted. Natural and manipulated patterns of sap flow in roots and stems were consistent with passive movement of water toward competing sinks in the soil and plant. Because dry shallow soil layers were often a stronger sink than the shoot, we suggest that the presence of a dimorphic root system in deciduous species may play a role in facilitating leaf expansion near the end of the dry season when the soil surrounding shallow lateral roots is still dry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study we identified the material collected as fungal substrate by attine ants in the cerrado vegetation of Southeast Brazil. A total of 313 colonies of the evolutionary more primitive (genera Cyphomyrmex, Mycetarotes, Mycocepurus, Myrmicocrypta) and transitional attines (genera Sericomyrmex and Trachymyrmex) were marked in the field and monitored monthly, during one year. Attines collected material from 53 plant species in 28 families. Items included leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, wood, mosses, lichens, insect feces and corpses. Flowers and fruits were the items most frequently collected by all genera, especially during the wet season when these plant parts are more abundant in the cerrado. During the dry season, the ants diversified the material collected, and the frequency of different items varied across the ant genera. The most primitive genera collected mainly insect feces and corpses, while the intermediate ones relied on vegetative plant parts such as recently fallen leaflets. Seeds and other materials such as mosses, lichens, and wood were also more commonly used during dry months. The use of these resources was associated with greater foraging distances by all genera in dry months. The results indicate that lower attines present an opportunistic foraging behavior, by collecting items in the vicinity of their nests, and in accordance with the phenology of the cerrado vegetation. We briefly discuss some general evolutionary trends within the Attini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

28 grass species from one hectare of cerrado vegetation in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, were studied with regard to the morphology and dispersal of their fruits. 13 species have dispersal units with smooth surfaces which are predominantly dispersed by big herbivorous mammals or birds which swallow them together with their food, e.g., during grazing (accidental endozoochory). On the other hand, smaller animals, including birds, also feed directly on the grains; some of them may escape trituration and digestion or may be even stored (synzoochory). 11 species are principally epizoochorous: 8 of these are ± exclusively adapted to epizoochory, adhering to the animals by scabrid awns or sharply pointed calli, while the rest behave as epizoochores and anemochores. 4 other species are predominantly anemochorous with their dispersal units bearing soft hairs, sometimes together with very small scabrid awns; in a wet state they also can adhere to animals (occasional epizoochory). Beside this, most grass fruits can behave as passive ballists, as passing animals, wind and rain may cause their dispersal units to fall to the ground (passive autochory). - Among the 28 species, 12 have dispersal units which are awned. In 7 of them the awns are spirally twisted; the base of the dispersal unit runs out into a sharply pointed callus and has harpoone-like hairs. These awns show hygroscopical movements which may lead to a drilling of the basal part of the dispersal unit into the sandy cerrado soil. This trypanocarpy is important for establishment but without function for dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualea grandiflora is a typical tree of Brazilian cerrados (savanna-like vegetation) that bears paired extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) along its stems. Results show that possession of EFNs increases ant density on Q. grandiflora shrubs over that of neighbouring non-nectariferous plants. Frequency of ant occupancy and mean number of ants per plant were much higher on Qualea than on plants lacking EFNs. These differences resulted in many more live termitebaits being attacked by foraging ants on Qualea than on neighbours without EFNs. Termites were attacked in equal numbers and with equal speeds on different-aged leaves of Qualea. The greatest potential for herbivore deterrence was presented by Camponotus ants ( C. crassus, C. rufipes and C. aff. blandus), which together attacked significantly more termites than nine other ant species grouped. EFNs are regarded as important promoters of ant activity on cerado plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMOCanoparmelia amazonica, C. [Crespoa] crozalsiana, C. cryptochlorophaea, C. [Parmelinella] salacinifera e C. texana, são mencionadas para os Estados do Maranhão e/ou Tocantins, Brasil. Todas são novas ocorrências para a região, exceto C. salacinifera, já conhecida do Estado do Maranhão. São apresentados comentários para todas as espécies e C. martinicana, uma nova citação para o Brasil (Estado do Maranhão), é detalhadamente descrita e ilustrada.

Colleters are widely distributed and have been reported in several taxa. However, the only report of colleters in the Caryocaraceae family is in Caryocar brasiliense. This study purports to describe the distribution, structure and ultrastructure of colleters in C. brasiliense. Vegetative shoot apices with stipules in different stages of development were collected, fixed, and processed by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Colleters occur on the stipule adaxial face and are differentiated on younger stipules, remaining functional until senescence. Stipules are deciduous, falling before the beginning of leaf expansion. Colleter secretion is abundant, filling all the space delimited by the stipule. Colleter origin is mixed, involving the protoderm and ground meristem. In this species, colleters are finger-shaped, consisting of a column of non-secretory central cells and a secretory epithelium whose cells are arranged in palisades. Secretory epithelium cells show dense cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) segments, free ribosomes, mitochondria, and abundant well developed dictyosomes. The colleters central cell shows a flocculated cytoplasm and developed vacuole. These cells have a small lobated nucleus with an inconspicuous nucleolus. Mitochondria and RER stand out in the organelles. There is evidence of granulocrine secretion and colleter involvement with protection of the apical meristem and leaves in the initial stages of development.

The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy and ontogeny of Pterodon emarginatus seed using the usual techniques. The ovules are campilotropous, crassinucelate, and bitegmic. The following processes occur during integument development: anticlinal divisions and phenolic compound accumulations in the exotesta, whose cells become palisade; predominantly periclinal divisions and cell expansion in the mesotesta, where the rapheal bundle differentiates; differentiation of the hourglass-cell layer adjacent to the palisade; fusion of outer and inner integuments, which remain individualized structures only at the micropylar end; and intense pectin impregnation in the mesotesta thicker walls with lignification restricted to the xylem. At the hilar pole, the Faboideae seed characteristic structure develops, with double palisade layer, subhilar parenchyma, and tracheid bar. The younger nucellus shows thicker pectic cell walls and is consumed during seed formation. The endosperm is nuclear and, after cellularization, shows peripheral cells with dense lipid content; the seeds are albuminous. The axial embryo shows fleshy cotyledons, which accumulate lipid and protein reserves; starch is rare. Although the seed structure is characteristic of the Fabaceae, the inner integument coalesces into the outer integument without being reabsorbed.