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In Spain social education professionals have been incorporated progressively into the educational system in certain Autonomous Communities. The necessity to integrate these professionals is the object of analysis in this work. For this purpose, a systematic literature review (SLR) of fifty-six articles published in open access from January 2000 to August 2020 has been conducted in the databases Scopus, Dialnet, Web of Science, Redalyc and Scielo. The extended criteria of the University of York were used as a validation tool. The findings reflect that the role of social education professionals is essential from the approach of an inclusive and comprehensive education in the educational system. It is clear that in a changing society the interaction of the school with its social environment is increasingly decisive in the development and training of students. Thus, the conclusions and discussion show that the social educator's role and tasks are fundamental and that it would be necessary to integrate them in all schools. As the law enacted in 2021 -Organic Law for the comprehensive protection of children and adolescents against violence- proposes, it is key to incorporate the figure of a welfare and protection coordinator in all schools.

The idea of pure perception —perception without any cognitive influence— is central to the science and philosophy of perception. For many, to be in a pure perceptual state is to be in a state whose content is nonconceptual, whose format is iconic, and whose phenomenology is unique. This paper explores this possibility and finds that the idea of pure perception, at least when defined in these terms, is untenable. Besides significant specific worries derived from the properties characterizing these states, I have not found empirical grounds indicating the possibility of individuating these states: neither looking inside oneself (introspection), nor looking inside others (psychology), nor looking inside the brain (neuroanatomy), suggests the existence of pure perceptual mental states.

Reggaetón music is very popular among young people of school-age. Thus, we intend to examine the values of equality transmitted in the lyrics of this music genre. Using critical discourse analysis and assisted by the Maxqda software package we analysed the lyrics of 65 of the most popular reggaetón songs of 2020. Results suggest that reggaetón reprises certain traditional masculine stereotypes (machismo). In our discussion we compare alternative approaches and positions concerning the reggaetón genre. We feel it is necessary that educational spaces adopt a critical and consciousness raising approach to reggaetón due to the powerful influence exerted on young people by this product of the culture industry.

In Spain there is an increasing trend towards educational policies allowing completely free choice of schools. The purpose of the review described here was to investigate whether school segregation arising from grant maintenance arrangements is an item taken into account when policies for educational equity are under consideration in Spain. It also explores how policies for free choice of school, linked to such grant aid, are reshaping the justifications offered in relation to equity in education. To this end, a systematic literature review (SLR) was carried out, covering from 1990 to the end of 2021 and drawing on four databases reviewed pairwise: Dialnet, Scielo, Scopus and Web of Science.

The contents linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) should be introduced in studies in the field of education. This research analyzes the knowledge of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda among 477 participants from the University of Murcia and the University of Valencia in the Degree of Primary Education, Social Education, and the Master of Teacher Training in the Faculty of Education. A descriptive–comparative methodology with a quantitative approach was used based on an ad hoc questionnaire. The educational intervention included theoretical–practical modules on the SDGs and citizenship, with academic readings and case studies on the implementation of the SDGs in various sectors, which positively impacted future education professionals who were to be part of their initial training. The results showed significant differences in the knowledge of the SDGs between the experimental group and the control group at the end of the term, especially among the experimental group, which worked on the SDG concepts in the subjects taken. Greater knowledge was also observed among the students with a Social Education degree who took a subject related to this topic.

A thermal diluted acid pretreatment using brewers spent grain (BSG) was optimised to improve enzymatic hydrolysis while minimising energy and chemical inputs. First, the use of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid for pretreatment was compared, using hydrochloric acid for the next steps. Three different dilute acid thermal pretreatment combinations were optimised in terms of acid concentration, temperature and time using a response surface methodology. Optimization was based on i) highest remaining protein content in the solid fraction (C1: 0.49% HCl; 87.7°C; 92 min), ii) highest liquid recovery (C2: 0.80% HCl; 121.0°C; 142 min), iii) lowest acid concentration applied to achieve largest protein and lowest remaining solid levels (C3: 0.10% HCl; 104.0°C; 70 min); and iv) a final condition based on the lowest water retention capacity when using HCl (C4: 0.20% HCl; 121.0°C; 20 min). The efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated, in the absence and presence of a large concentration of reducing carbohydrates, by centrifuging the slurry after acid pretreatment, recovering the solid fraction and resuspending it in fresh water. In C2, the enzyme (Depol 40L) was added directly to the entire slurry after pretreatment. For C1, C3, and C4 direct addition of enzyme to the whole slurry resulted in a higher release of carbohydrates during hydrolysis. Only in the case of C2 did the use of the resuspended solid result in a higher carbohydrate release. The overall carbohydrate recovery efficiency in the liquid fractions for C1, C2, C3 and C4 corresponded to 399.1 (±26.1), 535.8 (±28.7), 257.0 (±11.5), and 446.3 (±81.1) mg carbohydrate per Gram of BSG (dry weight), respectively. C1 and C4 were considered the optimal pretreatments as these combined a low acid concentration and energy input prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.

The debate on urban commons yields relevance for shared histories and heritage in divided and post-conflict societies. Albeit memory is always subjective, heritage management tends to engender a linear view of the past that suggests a preconceived future development. Where the past is denigrated to prove the impossibility of ethnoreligious communities’ coexistence even though they have lived together peacefully for centuries, it risks corroborating us-them divisions for posterity and undermines reconciliation and peacebuilding. In this historically informed article, we argue that urban change in Lahore since 1947 has gone hand in hand with the purposive destruction of the common heritage shared by India and Pakistan. This interpretation of the past for the future reflects different forms of violence that surface in heritage management. Based on empirical data collected on heritage practices in the Old City of Lahore, Pakistan, we analyse the approach of the Walled City of Lahore Authority towards heritage management. Our focus on ignored dimensions and objects of heritage sheds light on the systematic denial of a shared history with Hindus and Sikhs before and during the 1947 partition of British India. This partial ignorance and the intentional neglect, for instance, of housing premises inhabited once by Hindus and other non-Muslim minorities, prevent any constructive confrontation with the past. By scrutinising the relationship between urban change, nostalgia, memory and heritage, this article points out that heritage management needs to be subjected to a constructive confrontation with the past to pave the ground for future reconciliation.

Reggaetón music is very popular among Spanish speaking young people of high school-age. Thus, we intend to examine the values of (in)equality between women and men transmitted in the lyrics of this music genre. Using a Maxqda software-assisted Thematic Analysis methodology, the lyrics of 65 reggaetón songs with the most commercial success during 2020 have been analysed. The results suggest that the most commercialised reggaetón continues to reproduce certain traditional masculine stereotypes (machismo). In the discussion we compare and contrast alternative approaches and positions concerning the reggaetón genre. We feel it is necessary that educational spaces adopt a critical and consciousness raising approach to reggaetón due to the powerful influence exerted on young people regarding sexual stereotypes.

At this time, due to the global pandemic that has occurred, public administrations want to optimize resources and reduce greenhouse gases with more interest than before. It is the case of the Energy Regional Entity of the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) that pursues the optimization of the energy consumption in particular of healthcare sector buildings. For this purpose, this work focuses on estimating electricity consumption for each month, for which different scenarios will be generated and the corresponding model is obtained for each scenario. This model has been developed considering the historical monthly data of consumption and climatic variables for the last 3 years. Electricity consumption in public sanitary buildings is related to their climatology, due to the use of air conditioning to adjust the indoor temperature. Subsequently, from the models obtained, the results will be analyzed. Significant differences have been observed in the estimation of electricity consumption with respect to the real data provided by the Junta de Castilla y León. The results obtained show how the availability of climatic variables increases the accuracy of the model obtained by about 30%.

Resumen: Introducción: Alemtuzumab es un fármaco de alta eficacia aprobado por la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos como tratamiento modificador de la enfermedad en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente. Objetivo: Elaborar un documento de consenso sobre el manejo de alemtuzumab en la práctica clínica habitual, que sea de aplicación en el ámbito español. Desarrollo: Un grupo de expertos en esclerosis múltiple revisó las publicaciones disponibles hasta diciembre de 2017, de tratamiento con alemtuzumab y esclerosis múltiple. Se incluyeron trabajos sobre eficacia, efectividad y seguridad, despistaje de infecciones y vacunación, administración y monitorización. La propuesta inicial de recomendaciones fue desarrollada por un grupo coordinador con base en la evidencia disponible y en su experiencia clínica. El proceso de consenso se llevó a cabo en 2 etapas; se estableció como porcentaje inicial de acuerdo grupal el 80%. El documento final con todas las recomendaciones acordadas por el grupo de trabajo se sometió a revisión externa y los comentarios recibidos fueron considerados por el grupo coordinador. Conclusiones: El documento aportado pretende ser una herramienta útil para facilitar el manejo del fármaco en condiciones de práctica clínica habitual. Abstract: Introduction: Alemtuzumab is a highly effective drug approved by the European Medicines Agency as a disease-modifying drug for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Objective: A consensus document was drafted on the management of alemtuzumab in routine clinical practice in Spain. Development: A group of multiple sclerosis specialists reviewed articles addressing treatment with alemtuzumab in patients with multiple sclerosis and published before December 2017. The included studies assessed the drug's efficacy, effectiveness, and safety; screening for infections and vaccination; and administration and monitoring aspects. The initial proposed recommendations were developed by a coordinating group and based on the available evidence and their clinical experience. The consensus process was carried out in 2 stages, with the initial threshold percentage for group agreement established at 80%. The final document with all the recommendations agreed by the working group was submitted for external review and the comments received were considered by the coordinating group. Conclusion: The present document is intended to be used as a tool for optimising the management of alemtuzumab in routine clinical practice.

Introduction: Alemtuzumab is a highly effective drug approved by the European Medicines Agency as a disease-modifying drug for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Objective: A consensus document was drafted on the management of alemtuzumab in routine clinical practice in Spain. Development: A group of multiple sclerosis specialists reviewed articles addressing treatment with alemtuzumab in patients with multiple sclerosis and published before December 2017. The included studies assessed the drug's efficacy, effectiveness, and safety; screening for infections and vaccination; and administration and monitoring aspects. The initial proposed recommendations were developed by a coordinating group and based on the available evidence and their clinical experience. The consensus process was carried out in 2 stages, with the initial threshold percentage for group agreement established at 80%. The final document with all the recommendations agreed by the working group was submitted for external review and the comments received were considered by the coordinating group. Conclusion: The present document is intended to be used as a tool for optimising the management of alemtuzumab in routine clinical practice. Resumen: Introducción: Alemtuzumab es un fármaco de alta eficacia aprobado por la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos como tratamiento modificador de la enfermedad en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente. Objetivo: Elaborar un documento de consenso sobre el manejo de alemtuzumab en la práctica clínica habitual, que sea de aplicación en el ámbito español. Desarrollo: Un grupo de expertos en esclerosis múltiple revisó las publicaciones disponibles hasta diciembre de 2017, de tratamiento con alemtuzumab y esclerosis múltiple. Se incluyeron trabajos sobre eficacia, efectividad y seguridad, despistaje de infecciones y vacunación, administración y monitorización. La propuesta inicial de recomendaciones fue desarrollada por un grupo coordinador con base en la evidencia disponible y en su experiencia clínica. El proceso de consenso se llevó a cabo en 2 etapas; se estableció como porcentaje inicial de acuerdo grupal el 80%. El documento final con todas las recomendaciones acordadas por el grupo de trabajo se sometió a revisión externa y los comentarios recibidos fueron considerados por el grupo coordinador. Conclusiones: El documento aportado pretende ser una herramienta útil para facilitar el manejo del fármaco en condiciones de práctica clínica habitual.

El propósito general de este trabajo es analizar los imaginarios de luz en La noche sagrada de Tahar Ben Jelloun. Los objetivos específicos son: comprender la paratextualidad como estrategia para aproximar al lector a los imaginarios textuales y transtextuales de la obra; interpretar su organización estructural desde la perspectiva de la luz y sus simbolismos; interpretar algunas estrategias estéticas empleadas para representar los imaginarios de África magrebina. Para lograr los objetivos realizamos un análisis del simbolismo del prefacio de la obra y de sus capítulos, los cuales interpretamos desde las ópticas retórica, semántica y pragmática. Se concluye que los imaginarios de luz se constituyen en estructuras de orden primario para permitir el juego: “develar-ocultar” y dar existencia a otros imaginarios estructuradores como los espaciales, vestimentarios, gastronómicos, históricos, estéticos. Tahar Ben Jelloun, a partir de los motivos de la cultura marroquí, propone una imaginería novedosa en la literatura francófona. Recepción: 08/08/2022 Evaluación: 26/11/2022 Recepción de la versión definitiva: 08/12/2022

The impact of whey protein (WP) denaturation on the in vitro digestibility and biological activity of milk protein concentrate-85 (MPC85) was investigated. MPC85S1 and MPC85S2 having undenatured WP levels equal to 16.6 and 6.0 g/100 g overall protein, respectively, had similar in vitro protein digestibility corrected amino acid scores equal to 1.14. The samples were subjected to in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion while sampling was performed every 30 min during gastric (GD) followed by intestinal (GID) digestion. Liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy showed that MPC85S1-GD, MPC85S2-GD, MPC85S1-GID and MPC85S2-GID had 50, 38, 47 and 66 unique peptides, respectively. The degree of hydrolysis, molecular mass distribution, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity of the digests were compared. Overall, the results showed higher digestibility and bioactivities for low-denatured MPC85 compared to high-denatured MPC85 upon GD, however, following GID, both samples were digested to a similar extent.

Introducción: las fracturas del extremo distal del radio son muy frecuentes y en su gran mayoría requieren de reducción quirúrgica. Objetivos: caracterizar los pacientes con fracturas del tercio distal del radio tratados quirúrgicamente con fijación percutánea con agujas de Kirschner según variables epidemiológicas y clínicas de interés. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y prospectivo con enfoque cuanti-cualitativo en el Hospital “Arnaldo Milián Castro” de la Provincia de Villa Clara, en el período comprendido desde el primero de septiembre de 2018 hasta el 31 de agosto de 2019. El universo estuvo integrado por todos los pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de fracturas del extremo distal del radio tratados quirúrgicamente con fijación percutánea con agujas de Kirschner y la muestra por 22. Resultados: las fracturas del tercio distal del radio fueron más frecuentes en las pacientes femeninas, las fracturas A2 Y B1 fueron fijadas con mayor regularidad, la radiografía jugó un papel determinante en la evaluación y el seguimiento y las pocas complicaciones evidenciaron la vigencia de este sencillo y barato tratamiento. Conclusiones: al evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas del tercio distal del radio tratadas con fijación percutánea con agujas de Kirschner la mayoría de los pacientes presentaron resultados satisfactorios (excelente o bien).

To assess the anthropogenic effect on biodiversity, it is essential to understand the global diversity distribution of the major groups at the base of the food chain, ideally before global warming initiation (1850 Common Era CE). Since organisms in the plankton are highly interconnected and carbonate synthesizing species have a good preservation state in the Atlantic Ocean, the diversity distribution pattern of planktonic foraminifera from 1741 core-top surface sediment samples (expanded ForCenS database) provides a case study to comprehend centennial to decadal time-averaged diversity patterns at pre-1970 CE times, the tempo of the substantial increase in tropospheric warming. In this work, it is hypothesized and tested for the first time, that the large-scale diversity patterns of foraminifera communities are determined by sea surface temperature (SST, representing energy), Chl-a (a surrogate for photosynthetic biomass), and ocean kinetic energy (as EKE). Alpha diversity was estimated using species richness (S), Shannon Wiener index (H), and Simpson evenness (E), and mapped using geostatistical approaches. The three indices are significantly related to SST, Chl-a, and EKE (71-88% of the deviance in the generalized additive mixed model, including a spatial component). Beta diversity was studied through species turnover using gradient forest analysis (59% of the variation). The primary community thresholds of foraminifera species turnover were associated with 5-10 °C and 22-28 °C SST, 0.05-0.15 mg m-3 Chl-a, and 1.2-2.0 cm2 s-2 log10 EKE energy, respectively. Six of the most important foraminifera species identified for the environmental thresholds of beta diversity are also fundamental in transfer functions, further reinforcing the approaches used. The geographic location of the transition between the four main biogeographic zones was redefined based on the results of beta diversity analysis and incorporating the new datasets, identifying the major marine latitudinal gradients, the most important upwelling areas (Benguela Current, Canary Current), the Equatorial divergence, and the subtropical fronts (Gulf Stream-North Atlantic Drift path in the north, and the South Atlantic current in the south). In conclusion, we provide statistical proof that energy (SST), food supply (Chl-a), and currents (EKE) are the main environmental drivers shaping planktonic foraminifera diversity in the Atlantic ocean and define the associated thresholds for species change on those variables.

While the growing commodification of housing and public spaces in European cities is producing urban inequalities affecting mostly migrant and vulnerable populations, there are also manifold small-scale neighbourhood-based collaborative processes that seek to co-produce shared urban resources and contribute to more resilient urban developments. As part of the ProSHARE research project that investigates conditions in which sharing takes place and can be expanded to less-represented populations, we focus here on sharing and space-commoning practices within urban living labs. Considered multi-stakeholders sites for innovation, testing, and learning with a strong urban transformative potential, urban living labs have received increasing academic attention in recent years. However, questions related to whether and how labs facilitate processes of exchange and negotiation of knowledge claims and generate spatial knowledge remain largely unexplored. We address this gap by looking at the role urban living labs play in the regeneration of neighbourhoods, asking how sharing and space-commoning practices generate situated spatial knowledge(s) that can be used in planning processes, and what type of settings and methods can facilitate such processes. These questions are addressed in the context of four ProSHARE-Labs located in Berlin, Paris (Bagneux), London, and Vienna, drawing on a cross-case analysis of the functioning of these hubs, the research methods applied in each context, and on the translocal learning and possibilities for upscaling resulting from these parallel experiences.

La cuestión de los comunes ha adquirido especial relevancia en la actualidad. En este artículo se analizan las dificultades a la hora de abordar la multitud de significados del término y la diversidad de acercamientos al mismo. Esta revisión conceptual pretende señalar las tensiones existentes entre distintas perspectivas, así como acotar nuestro campo de estudio, para proponer un cambio de foco que visibilice el sesgo androcéntrico de los discursos ético-políticos de la modernidad. Por último, se destaca la importancia del cuidado como eje de todo proyecto común que tenga en cuenta la vulnerabilidad humana.

Looking at evolving urban governance and planning practices in the city of Lahore, Pakistan, the article aims to understand—from an Evolutionary Governance Theory perspective—to what extent these practices steer paths and modes of service provision and housing for low-income residents. With a focus on the endurance and transformations of urban governance practices and institutions, we first explore the influence of the changing development discourse and the impact it has had on the (re)configuration of urban governance and housing policies in Lahore. Second, drawing on extensive fieldwork and empirical data collected between 2012 and 2016, we highlight three vignettes depicting the development of different housing options for low-income residents in Lahore, i.e., a government-steered subsidised housing scheme, a privately developed ‘pro-poor’ settlement in the peri-urban fringe of the city, and residential colonies already—or in the process of being—regularised. By analysing the relationship between governance frameworks, the establishment of the three types of settlements and how residents manage to access housing and services there, we demonstrate how purposive deregulation in governance and policy generates a disconnect between urban normative frameworks (i.e., urban planning tools and pro-poor housing policies) and residents’ needs and everyday practices. We argue that this highly political process is not exclusively path-dependent but has also allowed the creation of liminal spaces based on agency and collective action strategies of low-income residents.

Diversity plays a key role in the adaptive capacity of marine ecosystems to environmental changes. However, modelling the adaptive dynamics of phytoplankton traits remains challenging due to the competitive exclusion of sub-optimal phenotypes and the complexity of evolutionary processes leading to optimal phenotypes. Trait diffusion (TD) is a recently developed approach to sustain diversity in plankton models by introducing mutations, therefore allowing the adaptive evolution of functional traits to occur at ecological timescales. In this study, we present a model called Simulating Plankton Evolution with Adaptive Dynamics (SPEAD) that resolves the eco-evolutionary processes of a multi-trait plankton community. The SPEAD model can be used to evaluate plankton adaptation to environmental changes at different timescales or address ecological issues affected by adaptive evolution. Phytoplankton phenotypes in SPEAD are characterized by two traits, the nitrogen half-saturation constant and optimal temperature, which can mutate at each generation using the TD mechanism. SPEAD does not resolve the different phenotypes as discrete entities, instead computing six aggregate properties: total phytoplankton biomass, the mean value of each trait, trait variances, and the inter-trait covariance of a single population in a continuous trait space. Therefore, SPEAD resolves the dynamics of the population's continuous trait distribution by solving its statistical moments, wherein the variances of trait values represent the diversity of ecotypes. The ecological model is coupled to a vertically resolved (1D) physical environment, and therefore the adaptive dynamics of the simulated phytoplankton population are driven by seasonal variations in vertical mixing, nutrient concentration, water temperature, and solar irradiance. The simulated bulk properties are validated by observations from Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Studies (BATS) in the Sargasso Sea. We find that moderate mutation rates sustain trait diversity at decadal timescales and soften the almost total inter-trait correlation induced by the environment alone, without reducing the annual primary production or promoting permanently maladapted phenotypes, as occur with high mutation rates. As a way to evaluate the performance of the continuous trait approximation, we also compare the solutions of SPEAD to the solutions of a classical discrete entities approach, with both approaches including TD as a mechanism to sustain trait variance. We only find minor discrepancies between the continuous model SPEAD and the discrete model, with the computational cost of SPEAD being lower by 2 orders of magnitude. Therefore, SPEAD should be an ideal eco-evolutionary plankton model to be coupled to a general circulation model (GCM) of the global ocean.

Due to congenital features, avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees are substantial water users relative to other fruit trees. The current growing deficiency of water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid avocado-producing areas, has led to the demand for more sustainable water-saving measures. The objective of this review was to analyze the role of deficit irrigation as a strategy to face climate change and water scarcity through achieving efficiency, saving water, and maximizing the benefits that could be achieved at the level of the irrigated agricultural system. Particular attention is devoted to studies performed in the subtropical Mediterranean climate, in which irrigated avocado orchards are common. These studies analyzed irrigation demand, deficit irrigation, and determination of water status through physiological parameters, leading to possible sustainable irrigation programs for avocado in the context of water shortage scenarios. Through these insights, we conclude that under the current climatic circumstances with respect to available water resources, avocado farming requires sustainable resilience strategies to reduce irrigation water consumption without affecting the yield and quality of the fruits. Water stress inevitably affects the physiological processes that determine yield. Therefore, an admissible yield loss is required with smaller fruits and water savings made through deficit irrigation strategies. In addition, modern consumers tend to prefer foods based on sustainability, i.e., there is a high demand for socially responsible and environmentally friendly products.

In this article the way in which current neo-fascism is penetrating education is analysed. For this purpose, a case study sample of three prominent figures was chosen linked to the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), an organisation that has woven global networks and managed to have an important political presence worldwide: Steve Bannon (USA), Javier Milei (Argentina) and Santiago Abascal (Spain). The research methodology used was Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), examining the texts and documents produced by these figures regarding the debates on education. The results show a basic similarity, albeit centred on different specific focuses: a) the warning of a leftist threat in education, sometimes characterised as an effect of 'cultural Marxism'; b) a generalised rejection of educational proposals that seek to address cultural differences within schools and particularly with regard to sex education policies and the critical analysis of ethnic and cultural relations; c) a commitment to the 'freedom' of choice of individuals and families with regard to education, which consists of a project of educational privatisation. The conclusions of this research reflect the solid constitution of an international network of educational neo-fascism with a common agenda, with different implementation depending on the geographical and political context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediterranean farming is facing increasing periods of water shortage and, in the coming decades, the water reduction is expected to exert the most adverse impact upon growth and productivity. This study was performed to assess the response of the physico-biochemical quality parameters of mango fruits to different doses of irrigation in a Mediterranean subtropical area in Spain. During two-monitoring seasons, trees were subjected to deficit-irrigation strategies receiving 33, 50, and 75% of a crop evapotranspiration (ETC), and a control at 100% ETC. According to the findings and respect to control, the yield was reduced in 8, 11, and 20% for the water-stressed trees at 75, 50, and 33% ETC, respectively, producing smaller fruits in line with the amount of applied irrigation. However, the water-stressed fruits significantly enhanced their quality, in particular at 33% ETC, with regards to the content of the health-promoting phytochemicals (total soluble solids, vitamin C, and β-carotenoids). Thus, sustainable water management without a detrimental effect on the yield could be possible, and farmers should be encouraged to adapt to the environmental constraints, producing improved quality fruits.

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae is a by-product from the silk industry which is rich in protein. Hydrolysates from silkworm pupae generated using Alcalase®, Prolyve®, Flavourzyme® and Brewers Clarex® proteolytic preparations were characterised. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates was investigated using in vitro antioxidant assays and an in situ assay for reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction using hepatic HepG2. Overall, Alcalase and Prolyve hydrolysates had highest scavenging activities, however, Flavourzyme and Brewers Clarex hydrolysates had enhanced ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity compared to the other samples. Furthermore, the Flavourzyme hydrolysate significantly reduced ROS by 40% compared to untreated control HepG2 cells. Peptides identified by LC-MS/MS were synthetised and then tested for their in vitro and in situ antioxidant activity. Peptides SWFVTPF and NDVLFF showed highest antioxidant activity (ROS reduction, superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression and glutathione (GSH) production activity) in HepG2 cells, and therefore may have potential as natural antioxidants.

In the context of neoliberal cities, with growing levels of housing commodification and space competition, sharing and commoning urban initiatives within the larger framework of urban social movements are shaping tactics of contestation. To what extent they represent sustainable efforts to urban commons governance remains largely unexplored. This article aims therefore to contribute to better understand how practices of solidarity can be maintained beyond their first productive phase and to explore the engagement of social movement and initiatives actors in the production and maintenance of shared spatial resources. To do that, we focus on knowledge practices as a key factor to ensure sustainability of actions within and beyond urban initiatives that engage with and practice sharing and space-commoning. Drawing on figurational sociology, we consider individuals involved in these urban initiatives as embedded in multiple social settings and networks of collaboration and interdependence, in which transactions such as resources, ideas and information take place giving way to collective action, new modes of participation and urban transformation. Within this conceptual framework, we explore how urban initiatives networks produce and transfer their knowledge (1) within their own internal set-up, (2) to private and public institutions (e.g., administration and political actors) and (3) to other civil society organizations. To do so, we draw on qualitative research conducted in three German cities, Kassel, Stuttgart, and Berlin on the topics of sharing and commoning practices in the field of housing and public space. By looking at the practices by which knowledge—required for action and networking—is co-/re-produced and exchanged, we identify those that constrain or enable sharing and commoning strategies on the long-term and have therefore a larger potential for sustaining efforts of urban commons governance.

Blue shark (Prionace glauca) is amongst the most abundant shark species in international trade, however this highly migratory species has little effective management and the need for spatio-temporal strategies increases, possibly involving the most vulnerable stage or sex classes. We combined 265,595 blue shark observations (capture or satellite tag) with environmental data to present the first global-scale analysis of species’ habitat preferences for five size and sex classes (small juveniles, large juvenile males and females, adult males and females). We leveraged the understanding of blue shark biotic environmental associations to develop two indicators of foraging location: productivity fronts in mesotrophic areas and mesopelagic micronekton in oligotrophic environments. Temperature (at surface and mixed layer depth plus 100 m) and sea surface height anomaly were used to exclude unsuitable abiotic environments. To capture the horizontal and vertical extent of thermal habitat for the blue shark, we defined the temperature niche relative to both sea surface temperature (SST) and the temperature 100 m below the mixed layer depth (Tmld+100). We show that the lifetime foraging niche incorporates highly diverse biotic and abiotic conditions: the blue shark tends to shift from mesotrophic and temperate surface waters during juvenile stages to more oligotrophic and warm surface waters for adults. However, low productivity limits all classes of blue shark habitat in the tropical western North Atlantic, and both low productivity and warm temperatures limit habitat in most of the equatorial Indian Ocean (except for the adult males) and tropical eastern Pacific. Large females tend to have greater habitat overlap with small juveniles than large males, more defined by temperature than productivity preferences. In particular, large juvenile females tend to extend their range into higher latitudes than large males, likely due to greater tolerance to relatively cold waters. Large juvenile and adult females also seem to avoid areas with intermediate SST (~21.7-24.0°C), resulting in separation from large males mostly in the tropical and temperate latitudes in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. The habitat requirements of sensitive size- and sex-specific stages to blue shark population dynamics are essential in management to improve conservation of this near-threatened species.

La complejidad es un concepto que aparece en diferentes contextos; no empero, la complejidad se fundamenta al reconocer sus elementos y las relaciones entre ellos. Entender la complejidad en el contexto organizacional es un objetivo preciso de abordar cuando se habla de certificación. Profundizar en las variables existentes dentro de las dinámicas de la organización permitirá la comprensión del funcionamiento de sus sistemas de gestión para la generación de valor desde las audi-torías. Este artículo centra su atención en destacar la propuesta investigativa de un modelo para auditorías de certificación en organizaciones de alta complejidad en Colombia con sistemas de gestión. Además, describe cómo a través de sus componentes se propende por la generación de valor como resultado de considerar las características particulares de la organización, los niveles de evolución y progreso de los sistemas, y la interacción de los varios elementos organizativos, todos explorados en la investigación.

El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de evaluar el efecto del programa nutricional sobre la composición corporal en pacientes con síndrome metabólico. El diseño fue pre experimental en una muestra de 22 trabajadores seleccionados de 60 identificados con síndrome metabólico, pertenecientes a la Gerencia de Seguridad Ciudadana de la Municipalidad de Víctor Larco de la ciudad de Trujillo, a quienes se les aplicó un programa nutricional con seguimiento de un plan dietario individualizado entre 2000 y 2200 calorías durante 8 meses. Se identificó la presencia de síndrome metabólico utilizando los criterios de la Asociación Latinoamericana de diabetes (ALAD) 2018. La glicemia y el perfil lipídico se determinaron con el uso de glucómetro Accu Chek® Performa Nano y Colesterometro Mission respectivamente y la composición corporal a través de la bioimpediancia con el equipo Maltron 920-II. El 61.86% de los trabajadores presentó síndrome metabólico y el 72.16% riesgo aterogénico. Después de la aplicación del programa nutricional, el % grasa se reduce desde 33.52±6.41 % a 31.56±7.02% (p

Las aves migratorias como las especies Progne tapera fusca y Tyrannus savana, procedentes del sur del continente Americano, escapan del frío Austral y encuentran refugio en la Plaza de las Ciencias de Sur, (Centro de la ciudad de Puerto Ordaz), municipio Caroní, estado Bolívar, Venezuela. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las bacterias, parásitos y hongos en las excretas de golondrinas migratorias; para ello se realizó un estudio microbiológico y parasitológico aplicando técnicas: examen directo, sedimentación espontánea, coloración de Kinyoun, tinción de Giemsa y tinción tricrómica de Weber Green; además cultivos bacterianos y micológicos. Las bacterias identificadas fueron Shigella sonnei y Escherichia coli. Se evidenciaron ooquistes de Cystoisospora spp., Cyclospora spp., quistes de Endolimax spp. y Blastocystis spp. Además, en el examen directo se observó: Paracoccidioides spp., blastosporas e hifas aseptadas. Se aislaron hongos filamentosos de los géneros Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp. y Penicillium spp. Los hongos levaduriformes correspondieron a Rodothorula spp., Candida tropicalis, Candida famata y Cryptococcus laurentii (n = 2). Los aislamientos de C. tropicalis y C. famata fueron sensibles a fluconazol y voriconazol. Se demostraron bacterias, parásitos y hongos patógenos. Hasta ahora, no se había demostrado el Complejo Paracoccidioides spp. en excretas de golondrinas migratorias, representando un riesgo potencial para la salud.

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is the major co-product of the brewing industry having a high content of protein and fibre. Enzymatic modification improves the properties of different ingredients when they are incorporated into confectionary products. This study characterised the rheological, textural and sensory properties of unmodified BSG (BSGA) and enzymatically modified BSG (BSGB, i.e., proteinase and carbohydrase modified BSG) when substituted at different levels (5, 10 and 15%) in a muffin ingredient mix. Rheological assessment showed a lower viscosity for the BSGB compared to the BSGA batters. Baked BSGB containing muffins had lower hardness values compared to BSGA and control without added BSG. Sensory assessment showed no significant differences in liking of the different attributes tested (overall appearance, texture, smell, colour and taste) between the 5% BSGA and BSGB supplemented muffins. Incorporation of BSGB at 10% had no negative impact on the sensory attributes in comparison to BSGA 10%. Overall, low level substitution of enzymatic modified BSG beneficially reduced batter viscosity and muffin hardness and gave comparable sensory attributes to those of unmodified BSG supplemented muffins. Therefore, prior enzymatic modification can enhance the ingredient functionality of BSG in confectionary products.

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) suffer with age an early immunosenescence process, which influence the treatment response and increase the risk of infections. We explored whether lipid-specific oligoclonal IgM bands (LS-OCMB) associated with highly inflammatory MS modify the immunological profile induced by age in MS. This cross-sectional study included 263 MS patients who were classified according to the presence (M+, n=72) and absence (M-, n=191) of LS-OCMB. CSF cellular subsets and molecules implicated in immunosenescence were explored. In M- patients, aging induced remarkable decreases in absolute CSF counts of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, including Th1 and Th17 cells, and of B cells, including those secreting TNF-alpha. It also increased serum anti-CMV IgG antibody titers (indicative of immunosenescence) and CSF CHI3L1 levels (related to astrocyte activation). In contrast, M+ patients showed an age-associated increase of TIM-3 (a biomarker of T cell exhaustion) and increased values of CHI3L1, independently of age. Finally, in both groups, age induced an increase in CSF levels of PD-L1 (an inductor of T cell tolerance) and activin A (part of the senescence-associated secretome and related to inflammaging). These changes were independent of the disease duration. Finally, this resulted in augmented disability. In summary, all MS patients experience with age a modest induction of T-cell tolerance and an activation of the innate immunity, resulting in increased disability. Additionally, M- patients show clear decreases in CSF lymphocyte numbers, which could increase the risk of infections. Thus, age and immunological status are important for tailoring effective therapies in MS.

El presente artículo comprobara la eficacia de un programa de desarrollo personal para la tercera edad aplicado a un Centro Residencial de atención Geronto-Geriatrica de Lima Metropolitana. La muestra estuvo conformada por 15 residentes de ambos sexos cuyas edades se encuentran entre 65 y 87 años. Como instrumento se utilizó la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Díaz, Rodríguez, Blanco, Moreno, Gallardo, Valle y Van Dierendonck (2006). El diseño de la investigación es cuasi-experimental aplicada en dos momentos antes de aplicar el programa y después de su aplicación. Como resultados se obtuvieron que las dimensiones de Autoaceptación, Relaciones Positivas y Propósito de vida generaron cambios significativos en los residentes del centro. Además, en las variables Sociodemográficas del presente estudio se concluyó que los participantes del sexo masculino, con secundaria completa, cuyas edades fluctúan entre los 65 y 87 años obtuvieron niveles altos de Bienestar psicológico.

Given the size differences between the autotrophs in aquatic and terrestrial systems, it is unclear whether the same metabolic scaling patterns apply in both groups. Here the authors unify previous datasets and show that plankton and trees follow similar power-law scaling of individual size distributions.

Agricultural management decision-making in salinization-prone environments requires efficient soil salinity monitoring methods. This is the case in the B-XII irrigation district in SW Spain, a heavy clay reclaimed marsh area where a shallow saline water table and intensively irrigated agriculture create a fragile balance between salt accumulation and leaching in the root zone, which might be disrupted by the introduction of new crops and increasing climate variability. We evaluated the potential of electromagnetic induction (EMI) tomography for field-scale soil salinity assessment in this hyper-conductive environment, using EMI and limited analytical soil data measured in 2017 and 2020 under a processing tomato–cotton–sugar beet crop rotation. Salinity effects on crop development were assessed by comparing Sentinel 2 NDVI imagery with inverted depth-specific electrical conductivity (EC). Average apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) for the 1-m depth signal was 20% smaller in 2020 than in 2017, although the spatial ECa pattern was similar for both years. Inverted depth-specific EC showed a strong correlation (R ≈ 0.90) with saturated paste extract EC (ECe), [Na+] and sodium absorption ratio (SAR), resulting in linear calibration equations with R2 ≈ 0.8 for both years and leave-one-out cross validation Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient, ranging from 0.57 to 0.74. Overall, the chemical parameter estimation improved with depth and soil wetness (2017), yielding 0.83 < R

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia humana y bovina de anticuerpos contra Brucella spp. en mataderos del estado Bolívar y Soledad, municipio Independencia, estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Para ello, se realizó un estudio prospectivo y transversal. Previo permiso por escrito de autoridades competentes y consentimiento informado de los trabajadores, se seleccionaron 7 mataderos. Se registraron datos de interés epidemiológico y clínico. Se extrajo sangre por venopunción de personas y bovinos. La demostración de anticuerpos contra Brucella spp. se realizó mediante la prueba DRG® Brucella IgM ELISA en humanos y ELISA competitiva, Brucella-Ab C-ELISA de SVANOVIR®, en animales. Se evaluaron 462 sueros: 159 de trabajadores y 303 de bovinos. La prevalencia de infección en humanos fue 5,6 % y de bovinos 11,2 %; el mayor porcentaje se obtuvo en el grupo de los trabajadores con edades entre 21 y 30 años (a) (P = 0,15) y de sexo masculino (P = 0,34). Siendo más frecuente en el personal que tenía menos de 10 a con riesgo ocupacional (66,6 %); correspondiendo a la ocupación de matarife y despostador el mayor número de casos. El 55,6 % de los trabajadores consumían lácteos sin pasteurizar. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron inespecíficas: artralgias, cefalea y sudoración nocturna (P > 0,05). Se demuestra que la mayoría de trabajadores de los mataderos evaluados del estado Bolívar y Soledad, municipio Independencia del estado Anzoátegui, están expuestos a múltiples factores de riesgo para contraer brucelosis, sin embargo, la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos de Brucella spp. en ellos fue baja (5,6 %) aunque elevada entre los bovinos estudiados (11,2 %).

Particulate organic matter (POM) lability is one of the key factors determining the residence time of organic carbon (OC) in the marine system. Phytoplankton community composition can influence the rate at which heterotrophic microorganisms decompose phytoplankton detrital particles and thus, it controls the fraction of OC that reaches the ocean depths, where it can be sequestered for climate-relevant spans of time. Here, we compared the degradation dynamics of POM from phytoplankton assemblages of contrasting diatom dominance in the presence of mesopelagic prokaryotic communities during a 19-day degradation experiment. We found that diatom-derived POM exhibited an exponential decay rate approximately three times lower than that derived from a community dominated by flagellated phytoplankton (mainly coccolithophores and nanoflagellates). Additionally, dissolved organic matter (DOM) released during the degradation of diatom particles accumulated over the experiment, whereas only residual increases in DOM were detected during the degradation of non-diatom materials. These results suggest that diatom-dominance enhances the efficiencies of the biological carbon pump and microbial carbon pump through the relatively reduced labilities of diatom particles and of the dissolved materials that arise from their microbial processing.

In Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city, high population growth rates, decades of rural-urban migration, and rampant land and real-estate speculation have contributed to the rapid urbanization of peri-urban land and the engulfing of pre-existing rural settlements. Lahore’s spatial transformation goes hand in hand with an increasingly complex urban governance framework. Historically shaped by colonial planning institutions and decades of political instability as power alternated between military and civilian regimes, Pakistan’s governance practices have contributed to increasing levels of urban segregation and inequality. This raises questions around the in- and exclusionary role of planning in fostering or constraining residents’ access to housing and services. Comparing three vignettes and drawing upon insights gained from extensive fieldwork, this article employs the concept of ‘access-assemblages’ to analyze how access to urban resources—i.e., land, housing, and services—is experienced, disputed, and negotiated in the rapidly urbanizing peri-urban fringe of Lahore. The cases represent different spatial and socio-political configurations brought about by a variety of actors involved in the planning and development of the city’s periphery as well as in contesting development: private developers, the army, the city development authorities, and the residents of affected villages. The analysis unpacks the planning rationalities and mechanisms that reinforce inequalities of access and exclusions. Unfolding practices that enable or hinder actors’ ability to access resources sheds light on the complex layers assembled in urban planning in Lahore and serves as a basis to rethink planning towards a more inclusive approach.

ObjectiveTo describe the profile of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with fingolimod in Spain and to assess the effectiveness and safety of fingolimod after 4 years of inclusion in the Spanish Gilenya Registry.MethodsAn observational, retrospective/prospective, multicenter case registry, including all patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) starting treatment with fingolimod in 43 centers in Spain. Analyses were performed in the overall population and in subgroups according to prior disease-modifying therapy (DMT): glatiramer acetate/interferon beta-1 (BRACE), natalizumab, other treatment, or naïve.ResultsSix hundred and sixty-six evaluable patients were included (91.1% previously treated with at least one DMT). The mean annualized relapse rate (ARR) prior to fingolimod was 1.12, and the mean EDSS at fingolimod initiation was 3.03. Fingolimod reduced the ARR by 71.4%, 75%, 75.5%, and 80.3%, after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively (pConclusionsThe patient profile was similar to other observational studies. The results obtained from the long-term use of fingolimod showed that it was effective, regardless of prior DMT, and it had adequate safety results, with a positive benefit-risk balance.

Overview: We assessed the role of age and disease activity as new factors contributing to establish the risk of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab in 36 University Hospitals in Europe. We performed the study in 1,307 multiple sclerosis patients (70.8% anti-John Cunninghan virus positive antibodies) treated with natalizumab for a median time of 3.28 years. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory variables were collected. Lipid-specific IgM oligoclonal band status was available in 277 patients. Factors associated with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy onset were explored by uni- and multivariate logistic regression.Results: Thirty-five patients developed progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. The multivariate analysis identified anti-John Cunninghan virus antibody indices and relapse rate as the best predictors for the onset of this serious opportunistic infection in the whole cohort. They allowed to stratify progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy risk before natalizumab initiation in individual patients [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.85]. The risk ranged from 0.5, to 1/50 in the opposite case. In patients with lipid-specific IgM oligoclonal bands assessment, age at natalizumab onset, anti-John Cunninghan virus antibody indices, and lipid-specific IgM oligoclonal band status predicted progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy risk (AUC = 0.92). The absence of lipid-specific IgM oligoclonal bands was the best individual predictor (OR = 40.94). The individual risk ranged from

Background Gut microbiota has been related to multiple sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are compounds derived from microbial metabolism that have a role in gut-brain axis. Objectives To analyse SCFA levels in plasma of MS patients and healthy donors (HD), and the possible link between these levels and both clinical data and immune cell populations. Methods Ninety-five MS patients and 54 HD were recruited. Patients were selected according to their score in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (49 EDSS ≤ 1.5, 46 EDSS ≥ 5.0). SCFA were studied in plasma samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied by flow cytometry. Gender, age, treatments, EDSS and Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) were evaluated at the recruitment. Results Plasma acetate levels were higher in patients than in HD (p = 0.003). Patients with EDSS ≥ 5.0 had higher acetate levels than those with EDSS≤ 1.5 (p = 0.029), and HD (p = 2.97e–4). Acetate levels correlated with EDSS (r = 0.387; p = 1.08e–4) and MSSS (r = 0.265; p = 0.011). In untreated MS patients, acetate levels correlated inversely with CD4+ naïve T cells (r = − 0.550, p = 0.001) and directly with CD8+ IL-17+ cells (r = 0.557; p = 0.001). Conclusions Plasma acetate levels are higher in MS patients than in HD. In MS there exists a correlation between plasma acetate levels, EDSS and increased IL-17+ T cells. Future studies will elucidate the role of SCFA in the disease.

El objetivo principal del presente artículo consiste en exponer las apreciaciones y los procederes del estudiantado en el manejo de la cartografía, concretamente con los mapas histórico-geográficos en las clases de Historia Contemporánea en la Región de Murcia (España). La metodología empleada cualitativa y descriptiva se centra en las historias de vida del discente. Los resultados indican una visión pedagógica positiva del uso de estos medios para asimilar el aprendizaje adquirido.

Milk protein derived peptides have numerous well-documented bioactive properties. The conventional approach for the generation, identification and validation of bioactive peptides (BAPs) has involved (i) protein hydrolysis, (ii) bioactivity screening and (iii) validation in vivo. The low potency (in comparison to conventional drugs), susceptibility to breakdown during gastrointestinal transit and low intestinal permeability are key challenges in the development of highly bioactive food protein hydrolysates/peptides. However, the generation of potent and effective health enhancing hydrolysates/peptides can benefit from a range of in silico techniques including the application of structure bioactivity relationship modelling (e.g., quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) modelling), molecular docking and design of experiments (DOE) approaches to optimise BAP production and identification. Some examples of how these approaches have been employed in BAP discovery and generation will be outlined.