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Lacustrine mixed carbonate/siliciclastic sediment is an important type of oil and gas reservoir with significant potential. Although previous studies have investigated the sedimentary characteristics of the mixed depositional system in numerous oil and gas-bearing basins worldwide, a detailed sedimentary architecture model is still lacking for guiding reservoir characterization at the hydrocarbon reservoir scale. In this paper, a typical lacustrine mixed carbonate/siliciclastic sedimentary system, preserved in the lower member of the ShangGanchaigou Formation, Neogene, in the western Qaidam Basin, Western China, was deeply investigated based on well logging data from 640 wells, 438 m of cores from 3 core wells, and outcrop studies. The results demonstrate that 1) seven types of architecture elements, namely, distributary channel, channel mouth bar, distal bar, sheet-like sand, shallow water mud, algal mound, and marl flat characterized by different lithofacies associations, were recognized based on core and well logging data. 2) The lacustrine mixed carbonate/siliciclastic depositional system can be divided into three facies belts. Along the lakeward direction, the proximal facies belt is dominated by delta front deposits and characterized by gradually downstream bifurcating distributary channels and associated lateral amalgamated delta lobes. The middle facies belt is characterized by isolated and small-scale delta lobes and inter-lobe deposits, including sheet-like sand, small-scale algal mounds, and marl flats, and the distal facies belt is a combination of large-scale algal mounds and marl flats. 3) Within a depression, short-term base-level cycles controlled the facies belt transition, and the proximal, middle, and distal facies belts formed under relatively low, middle, and high base-level conditions, respectively. 4) The scale and connectivity of reservoirs gradually decreased from the proximal to the distal belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Carbonate sediments are often regarded as problematic in geotechnical engineering due to the high variability of their properties. Understanding and quantifying this variability will become increasingly critical in the years ahead, notably with respect to upcoming developments in offshore renewable energy, for which limited in-situ data are typically available to characterise large areas. Here, six intervals from the North West Shelf of Australia, each composed of similar carbonate grains but accumulated in different environments, are investigated to better understand how the post-depositional cementation, alteration and dissolution of sediments, known as diagenesis, impact their geotechnical properties. Intervals are primarily affected by mineralogy-driven meteoric diagenesis, comprising in-situ dissolution of metastable grains and subsequent precipitation of cement that occurred when the shelf was exposed during lower sea-levels, and by marine diagenesis. In both cases, increased diagenesis results in a higher cement-to-solid ratio and compressive strength. However, while marine diagenesis is associated with a reduction in void ratio, this is not initially observed with mineralogy-driven meteoric diagenesis. Additionally, for a similar cement-to-solid ratio, microcrystalline cement results in higher compressive strength than sparite cement. The data further reveal that the level of meteoric cementation and the compressive strength increase as a function of the duration of exposure and of the regional climate, along with a reduction of the specific gravity related to the replacement of aragonite by calcite. However, increased meteoric diagenesis also leads to the formation of macro-scale heterogeneities such as calcrete layers and karsts that can affect the holistic geotechnical behaviour of such deposits.

Carbonate sediments are often regarded as problematic in geotechnical engineering due to the high variability of their properties. Understanding and quantifying this variability will become increasingly critical in the years ahead, notably with respect to upcoming developments in offshore renewable energy, for which limited in-situ data are typically available to characterise large areas. Here, six intervals from the North West Shelf of Australia, each composed of similar carbonate grains but accumulated in different environments, are investigated to better understand how the post-depositional cementation, alteration and dissolution of sediments, known as diagenesis, impact their geotechnical properties. Intervals are primarily affected by mineralogy-driven meteoric diagenesis, comprising in-situ dissolution of metastable grains and subsequent precipitation of cement that occurred when the shelf was exposed during lower sea-levels, and by marine diagenesis. In both cases, increased diagenesis results in a higher cement-to-solid ratio and compressive strength. However, while marine diagenesis is associated with a reduction in void ratio, this is not initially observed with mineralogy-driven meteoric diagenesis. Additionally, for a similar cement-to-solid ratio, microcrystalline cement results in higher compressive strength than sparite cement. The data further reveal that the level of meteoric cementation and the compressive strength increase as a function of the duration of exposure and of the regional climate, along with a reduction of the specific gravity related to the replacement of aragonite by calcite. However, increased meteoric diagenesis also leads to the formation of macro-scale heterogeneities such as calcrete layers and karsts that can affect the holistic geotechnical behaviour of such deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lacustrine mixed carbonate/siliciclastic sediment is an important type of oil and gas reservoir with significant potential. Although previous studies have investigated the sedimentary characteristics of the mixed depositional system in numerous oil and gas-bearing basins worldwide, a detailed sedimentary architecture model is still lacking for guiding reservoir characterization at the hydrocarbon reservoir scale. In this paper, a typical lacustrine mixed carbonate/siliciclastic sedimentary system, preserved in the lower member of the ShangGanchaigou Formation, Neogene, in the western Qaidam Basin, Western China, was deeply investigated based on well logging data from 640 wells, 438 m of cores from 3 core wells, and outcrop studies. The results demonstrate that 1) seven types of architecture elements, namely, distributary channel, channel mouth bar, distal bar, sheet-like sand, shallow water mud, algal mound, and marl flat characterized by different lithofacies associations, were recognized based on core and well logging data. 2) The lacustrine mixed carbonate/siliciclastic depositional system can be divided into three facies belts. Along the lakeward direction, the proximal facies belt is dominated by delta front deposits and characterized by gradually downstream bifurcating distributary channels and associated lateral amalgamated delta lobes. The middle facies belt is characterized by isolated and small-scale delta lobes and inter-lobe deposits, including sheet-like sand, small-scale algal mounds, and marl flats, and the distal facies belt is a combination of large-scale algal mounds and marl flats. 3) Within a depression, short-term base-level cycles controlled the facies belt transition, and the proximal, middle, and distal facies belts formed under relatively low, middle, and high base-level conditions, respectively. 4) The scale and connectivity of reservoirs gradually decreased from the proximal to the distal belt.

Abstract The construction of the New Galala City besides great mining (e.g., konoozmisr) and Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant projects in the semiarid Gulf of Suez region of Egypt increases the demand for groundwater resources. So, the current research provides integrated stratigraphical, hydrogeochemical, and geophysical studies to investigate the shallow groundwater aquifers in Wadi Araba area on the western side of the Gulf of Suez. The stratigraphic column starts with pre-Cambrian basement rocks which are non-conformably overlain by sedimentary succession of Phanerozoic Erathem. A detailed land magnetic profile has been conducted and processed to estimate the aquifer’s geometrical parameters. This includes the subsurface spatial extension and thickness to delineate the prevailed subsurface structures in the study area. Lithostratigraphically, these aquifers are represented by the Paleozoic- lower Cretaceous siliciclastic-dominated sediments of the Nubia Group and fractured carbonate-dominated facies of the upper Cretaceous Galala Formation. Lithological characters, sedimentary facies (fluvial to shallow and open marine), microfacies types, and diagenesis processes (e.g., compaction, cementation, dissolution, and fracturing) are the main factors that affect the quality of the shallow aquifers in the study area. The main microfacies of the studied aquifers are quartz arenite, subarkose, sublitharenite, mudstone/wackestone, and packstone/grainstone. These facies are characterized by different primary and secondary porosities. According to the water sampling standard methods, nineteen groundwater samples were collected from the available hand-dug wells and springs from the Nubian sandstone aquifer and the Upper Cretaceous aquifer, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), titration, spectrophotometer and a flame photometer were used to obtain a complete chemical analysis. The results of hydrochemical analyses indicated that total dissolved solids (TDS) and concentrations of major ions as well in the lower Cretaceous aquifer increase toward the Gulf of Suez and in general higher than that of springs of the Upper Cretaceous Aquifer. The predominant factors influencing groundwater chemistry include seawater intrusion, evaporation, mineral alteration, dissolution of fossils, and ion exchange. Groundwater in the study area is unsuitable for drinking except in one sample and moderately suitable for irrigation with caution for higher salinity in samples located near the Gulf of Suez.

The construction of the New Galala City besides great mining (e.g., konoozmisr) and Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant projects in the semiarid Gulf of Suez region of Egypt increases the demand for groundwater resources. So, the current research provides integrated stratigraphical, hydrogeochemical, and geophysical studies to investigate the shallow groundwater aquifers in Wadi Araba area on the western side of the Gulf of Suez. The stratigraphic column starts with pre-Cambrian basement rocks which are non-conformably overlain by sedimentary succession of Phanerozoic Erathem. A detailed land magnetic profile has been conducted and processed to estimate the aquifer's geometrical parameters. This includes the subsurface spatial extension and thickness to delineate the prevailed subsurface structures in the study area. Lithostratigraphically, these aquifers are represented by the Paleozoic- lower Cretaceous siliciclastic-dominated sediments of the Nubia Group and fractured carbonate-dominated facies of the upper Cretaceous Galala Formation. Lithological characters, sedimentary facies (fluvial to shallow and open marine), microfacies types, and diagenesis processes (e.g., compaction, cementation, dissolution, and fracturing) are the main factors that affect the quality of the shallow aquifers in the study area. The main microfacies of the studied aquifers are quartz arenite, subarkose, sublitharenite, mudstone/wackestone, and packstone/grainstone. These facies are characterized by different primary and secondary porosities. According to the water sampling standard methods, nineteen groundwater samples were collected from the available hand-dug wells and springs from the Nubian sandstone aquifer and the Upper Cretaceous aquifer, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), titration, spectrophotometer and a flame photometer were used to obtain a complete chemical analysis. The results of hydrochemical analyses indicated that total dissolved solids (TDS) and concentrations of major ions as well in the lower Cretaceous aquifer increase toward the Gulf of Suez and in general higher than that of springs of the Upper Cretaceous Aquifer. The predominant factors influencing groundwater chemistry include seawater intrusion, evaporation, mineral alteration, dissolution of fossils, and ion exchange. Groundwater in the study area is unsuitable for drinking except in one sample and moderately suitable for irrigation with caution for higher salinity in samples located near the Gulf of Suez. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of sediment texture along with geochemical variation, potential sources, and ecological risk assessment of major elements and trace metals in the bottom sediments of Iranian territorial waters situated in the northeast Persian Gulf. To achieve this, diverse laboratory methods, GIS techniques, statistical analyses, and index analysis approaches were employed. Over 50% of the sediment particles are mud, while one-third are sand-sized particles, primarily composed of skeletal fragments. The sediment's elements concentrations were ranked in descending order as Ca > Al > Fe > Sr > Mn > Ba > Cr > Ni > V > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Co > Mo > Cd. Cluster analysis revealed strong correlations among Al-Ni-Cr-V, Cd-Cu-Zn-Pb, Ba-Fe, silt-clay, and Ca-Sr. Calcium and strontium showed extremely severe enrichment due to high content of carbonate matter. Arsenic and Mo were significantly enriched, while Ba, V, Co, Zn, and Cu demonstrated moderate enrichment. Nevertheless, all the sampling stations were classified as having zero to very low levels of contamination, indicating a low potential ecological risk. Arsenic emerged as the primary contributor to the ecological risk index. Notably, no strong correlation was found between As, Mo, and other elements, indicating that As and Mo likely originate from distinct sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimations of sediment transport rate is the prerequisite of coastal development and management studies, as accretion and erosion are among main controlling considerations for port planning. The Iranian coastline of the Oman Sea, which is so-called Makran Coastline, has a complex morpho-dynamic behavior and should be considered from both scientific importance and its high potential for development in the next decade. It is while morpho-dynamic perspective of the area is not well studied so far. On the other hand, the wave climate of the area is affected by different regimes: monsoon waves, normal seas, swells coming from the Indian Ocean and tropical cyclones. There are limited researches on the contribution of each regime on the longshore sediment transport with considering the sensitivity to deep water wave direction variability. This study aims to put different pieces of knowledge together, including field measurements, numerical modeling and Geographic Information System-based (GIS-based) analysis of multi-year cross-shore profile data, to obtain a more realistic estimation of Longshore Sediment Transport (LST) rate along the undeveloped Makran Coastline. The focus of this paper is mostly on the accurate wave and sediment transport modeling, verified against available field data and morphological evidences. The major challenge in this regard has been the lack of long-term data availability, as the coastline has been remained undeveloped. This has been overcome by adopting satellite imagery as a complementary source to the available periodic hydrography data, as well as data science methods for improving wave data accuracy. A numerical model is applied for simulating the transportation process of sediments along Makran Coastline. The existing extracted shoreline changes around Makran Coastline through GIS analysis of satellite images were used to assess the general morphological changes in the study area. All the simulation and coastline change analysis results are adopted for obtaining an integrated conclusion in Zarabad Port as the case study of this research. The obtained results were in fair agreement with observations and this is why the model setup and study methodology can be applied for LST rate estimations over Makran Coastline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of sediment texture along with geochemical variation, potential sources, and ecological risk assessment of major elements and trace metals in the bottom sediments of Iranian territorial waters situated in the northeast Persian Gulf. To achieve this, diverse laboratory methods, GIS techniques, statistical analyses, and index analysis approaches were employed. Over 50% of the sediment particles are mud, while one-third are sand-sized particles, primarily composed of skeletal fragments. The sediment’s elements concentrations were ranked in descending order as Ca > Al > Fe > Sr > Mn > Ba > Cr > Ni > V > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Co > Mo > Cd. Cluster analysis revealed strong correlations among Al-Ni-Cr-V, Cd-Cu-Zn-Pb, Ba-Fe, silt-clay, and Ca-Sr. Calcium and strontium showed extremely severe enrichment due to high content of carbonate matter. Arsenic and Mo were significantly enriched, while Ba, V, Co, Zn, and Cu demonstrated moderate enrichment. Nevertheless, all the sampling stations were classified as having zero to very low levels of contamination, indicating a low potential ecological risk. Arsenic emerged as the primary contributor to the ecological risk index. Notably, no strong correlation was found between As, Mo, and other elements, indicating that As and Mo likely originate from distinct sources.

The results of long-term studies of the localization conditions, morphology, structure, mineral and chemical compositions of modern ocean sulfide ores, carbonate sediments, as well as ore- and metal-bearing sediments, at 13°–20° N Mid-Atlantic Ridge are summarized. This paper considers the features of sulfide ores formed in various geological and physicochemical environments: (1) on the bottom surface during the hydrothermal solution–seawater ("black smokers") interaction; (2) under the bottom surface during the hydrothermal solution–biogenic carbonate sediment (hydrothermal-metasomatic ore) interaction. These ore types have some common features, and they are not always distinguished by researchers. A set of distinctive features is proposed to identify the hydrothermal-metasomatic ores that can be used in the search and prediction of sulfide ores in the ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithological-facies zonality of the Neo- and Eopleistocene sediments of the Gulf of Mexico is described for the first time. Processing of compiled maps with isopachs using A.B. Ronov's volumetric method allowed us to calculate the quantitative parameters of sedimentation for distinguished Pleistocene lithologies. It was found that terrigenous sedimentation was more intense in the Neopleistocene compared to the Eopleistocene. The possible reasons of this phenomenon could be related to the evolution of hydrographic network of the USA, history of Quaternary glaciation, and global sealevel fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithological-facies zoning of the Neo- and Eopleistocene sediments of submarine continental margin of Southwestern Africa was described for the first time using deep-sea drilling data. Corresponding maps with isopachs were processed using A.B. Ronov's volumetric method to calculate the quantitative parameters of sedimentation for the distinguished types of Pleistocene sediments. The accumulation rates of terrigenous and carbonate sediments increased during Pleistocene. The Benguela upwelling was more intense in the Eopleistocene than in the Neopleistocene, which is supported by the corresponding increase of accumulation rate of siliceous and carbonate–siliceous sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Abrolhos Bank is the largest reef complex in the South Atlantic, harboring unique pinnacle formations ("chapeirões") and the world's most extensive rhodolith bed. Building organisms (e.g., bryozoans, crustose coralline algae, and corals) interplay with bioeroding groups (e.g., sponges, fishes, echinoderms, and polychaetes) in the carbonate production and erosion processes controlling the reef structure. Many physical, chemical, and biological erosion processes break down these calcareous organisms in several sediment grain sizes. The present study aims to characterize the superficial sediments of three Abrolhos Bank carbonate reefs with increasing depth (6–33 m) and distance from the coast (14–75 km). Surface sediments (∼5 cm surface layer) were analyzed to determine their biological source, mineralogical compositions, and grain size distribution. In the site closer to the coast (Pedra de Leste), values of organic matter and finer terrigenous sediments were higher, while offshore sites (Parcel dos Abrolhos and California Reef) were composed mainly of carbonate bioclastics. The analyzed fragments were composed of 11 large groups, comprising eight invertebrates: Annelida, Ascidiacea, Bryozoa, Cnidaria, Crustacea, Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Porifera, plus Foraminifera, Osteichthyes, and one macroalgae(Rhodophyta). Within these large groups, a total of 61 taxa were identified, including five new records for the Abrolhos Bank (two Bryozoa and three Mollusca). In shallower reefs (Pedra de Leste and Parcel dos Abrolhos), the main bioclastic component was crustose coralline algae, CCA (45 and 49%, respectively), while in the mesophotic reef (California Reef) it was Bryozoa (42%). The sponge chips' contribution to the sediment composition varied from 0.3% to 3% in Pedra de Leste and Parcel dos Abrolhos, respectively. However, it could be underestimated due to the formation of peloids or fine sediment aggregates, which mask the visualization of some fine-grained particles. The main results from sediment analyses highlight the importance of calcifying organisms (CCA and Bryozoa) and bioeroding ones (sponges) to sediment formation on different cross-shelf reefs on the Abrolhos Bank. • Sediment composition varies between shallow and mesophotic reefs in Abrolhos. • Bryozoa is the major sediment component in a mesophotic reef in the Abrolhos Bank. • CCA is the major sediment component in shallower and closer-to-coast reefs. • Five taxa (three Mollusca and two Bryozoa) were first recorded in Abrolhos. • Boring sponge's microchips corresponded up to 3% of the finer sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies carried out in the revealed the possibility of wide spread of various morphogenetic types of hydrocarbon traps associated with the carbonate rock bodies. Here, not only organogenic structures with different sizes, shapes and filter-volume parameters are expected, but also barrier reefs and carbonate ramparts, with which large zones and areas of oil and gas accumulation can be associated. The migration of hydrocarbons into the reservoirs of Middle and Upper Jurassic age could occur from the depths through the Lower Devonian stratigraphic level, the Upper Visevian and Lower Serpukhovian stages of Carboniferous deposits, as well as the Middle Jurassic deposits. This is confirmed by a composition of chloroform extract, as also by the data of texture-bituminological (macro- and microscopic) studies. Significant prospects of oil and gas bearing capacity are associated with the Jurassic reef-carbonate complexes within the Scythian Plate basement. An example of such a structure is the Amudarya oil and gas bearing basin.

The lithological-facies zoning of the Neo- and Eopleistocene sediments of the Caribbean Sea has been described for the first time based on deep-sea drilling data. Сorresponding maps and isopach schemes were processed using A.B. Ronov's volumetric method to calculate the quantitative parameters of sedimentation for the distinguished types of Pleistocene sediments. It was revealed that the role of carbonate sediments increased from the east westward. The accumulation of lithogenic and carbonate planktic sediments was more intense in the Neopleistocene than in the Eopleistocene, which was related to the neotectonic orogeny on the Lesser Antilles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ballık area (SW Turkey) was studied as a mixed clastic–continental carbonate reservoir analogue, in which kilometre wide and up to 70-m-thick tufa and travertine lithologies are found in an envelope of detrital sediments, which locally strongly interfinger with these porous carbonates. Former studies focussed on the carbonate lithologies, since they are considered as pre-salt analogues. This study aims to describe the adjacent non-carbonate lithologies, unravel their depositional setting, and address their influence on the overall sedimentary architecture. This study relies on an extensive field campaign, during which 142 samples of all different detrital lithologies were collected. Optical, fluorescence, cathodoluminescence, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) yielded important insights in the petrography of these lithologies, based on which 5 main lithologies were differentiated: i.e., (1) laminated marls, (2) polygenetic conglomerates, (3) massive marls, (4) tabular sandstones, and (5) coquina accumulations. These were interpreted to represent three different sedimentary facies corresponding to lacustrine, fluvial, and shoreline facies. The (clay) mineralogy of lacustrine sediments was extensively studied by bulk and clay-specific XRD. In this respect, special emphasis was laid on the depositional setting of the lacustrine facies, in which both authigenic palygorskite and poorly ordered dolomite were identified. Petrophysical properties of 16 plugs were determined by He porosimetry and N2-permeability, indicating that the detrital sediments are characterised by poor reservoir properties. The latter causes them to act, after assumed burial compaction, as potential barriers within a continental carbonate reservoir system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In carbonate‐forming environments, authigenic minerals can cement surface sediments into centimeter‐sized intraclasts that are later reworked into "flat‐pebble" or "edgewise" conglomerates. Flat‐pebble conglomerates comprise only a small portion of facies in modern marine environments but are common in ancient strata, implying that seafloor cements were more widespread in the past. Flat‐pebble conglomerates nearly disappeared after the Ordovician radiation, yet it is unclear if this decline was due to changing seawater chemistry or if increased infaunalization and bioturbation simply worked to break down nascent clasts. We discovered a process analog that produces flat‐pebble conglomerates around the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA, and studied these facies using field observations, wave models, satellite imagery, petrography, and microanalytic chemical data. Clasts were sourced from wave‐rippled grainstone that cemented in situ in offshore environments. Lake floor cements formed under aragonite saturation states that are lower than modern marine settings, suggesting that physical processes are at least as important as chemical ones. Results from our wave models showed that coarse sediments near the field site experience quiescent periods of up to 6 months between suspension events, allowing isopachous cements to form. Using a simple mathematical framework, we show that the main difference between Great Salt Lake and modern, low‐energy marine settings is that the latter has enough bioturbating organisms to break up clasts. Observations from Great Salt Lake demonstrate how geologic trends in flat‐pebble abundance could largely reflect changes in total infaunal biomass and ecology without requiring regional‐to‐global changes in seawater chemistry. Plain Language Summary: Calcium carbonate is a common sedimentary mineral that precipitates quickly under Earth surface conditions. If carbonate sediments are at rest for long periods of time, they may solidify via cementation into flat, pebble‐sized clasts. Geologic trends show that flat pebbles are anticorrelated with burrows, suggesting they may tell us about animal evolution and ecology. However, it was unknown if animals disrupt clasts through chemical means, leading to slower rates of mineral growth, or if they physically push sediments apart, breaking up nascent cements. We studied flat pebbles forming in Great Salt Lake, Utah, where the water is too salty for burrowing animals. The composition of lake water should lead to slower growth rates for carbonate minerals, yet clasts still form. We conclude that pebbles form during quiescent intervals with little physical energy to move grains, either from waves or from burrowing organisms. As a result, ancient flat pebbles are probably not unique markers for seawater chemistry. Key Points: Sediment cohesion within carbonate environments depends on both physical and chemical energy near the sediment‐water interfaceIf sediment transport is infrequent, burrowing animals provide a significant source of physical energySubstrate cohesion may record physical changes related to the number and behavior of animals rather than geochemical conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1.8 m thick core of the Holocene (7.9 14C kyr BP) sediments of Lake Itkul' (Novosibirsk Region) has been studied. Based on the geochemical and lithostratigraphic properties of the bottom sediments, we have established the following stages of the lake evolution: (1) the beginning of sedimentation, 7.8-7.0 14C kyr BP; (2) extreme shallowing with a probable complete drying, ~7.0-5.5 14C ky BP; (3) rise in the water level, ~5.5-4.3 14C kyr BP; (4) repeated shallowing, 4.3-2.8 14C kyr BP; and (5) subsequent watering, 2.8-0 14C kyr BP. At present, the lake again tends to shallowing. We have established that Lake Itkul' has mineral sediments with a high content of carbonates (up to 64%). The high concentrations of HCO3- and Ca2+ and stable saturation (S/St > 1) of the surface water cause a shift of the carbonate--calcium equilibrium toward the carbonate formation. The studied authigenic carbonates are aragonite and fine-grained aggregates of poorly crystallized calcite particles with different Mg contents. Aragonite is both biogenic (mollusk and ostracode shells) and chemogenic (formed during the lake shallowing). In addition to carbonates, the lacustrine sediments contain mixed-layer aluminosilicates, feldspars, and quartz. The presence of pyrite throughout the sediment section indicates reducing conditions and the activity of sulfate-reducing microorganisms. Carbonates (especially aragonite) are significantly enriched in strontium. Manganese does not form its own minerals but is present as an isomorphic impurity in authigenic carbonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the Quaternary evolution of Meiji Atoll (also known as Mischief Reef) in the southern South China Sea. Findings are based on a sedimentological and paleontological investigation of the uppermost 150 m of core NK-1. Through the Quaternary, open-lagoon sediments initially developed from ca. 2.6 to 1.6 Ma, which were succeeded by backreef sediments from 1.6 to 1.1 Ma, and subsequently by reef-flat sediments from 1.1 Ma to present, as the atoll evolved. The deepest depositional environments occurred between 2.0 and 1.6 Ma as a result of significant rates of subsidence in the Dangerous Grounds area. Coral abundance steadily increased during the Quaternary due to the secular eustatic sea-level drop and continuous high temperatures in the southern South China Sea. After the start of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition from 1.25 Ma, there was an increase in the amplification of short-eccentricity glacio-eustatic cycles, which resulted in two impacts. First, more frequent exposure horizons developed over the atoll due to an increase in amplitude of short-term sea-level fall events. Second, the occurrence of the thickest coral framestone units developed at around 0.8 Ma, perhaps linked to prominent short-term sea-level highstands (i.e., 125-ka cycle) and moderate subsidence rates. In summary, we document the Quaternary evolution of the Meiji Atoll, and show how variations in sea surface temperature, eustatic sea level, and tectonics have influenced its development. These findings have broader implications for understanding the Quaternary evolution of similar tropical carbonate atolls in the region. • During the Quaternary, the temperature in the southern South China Sea was suitable for coral growth. • An increase in amplitude of short-term sea-level falls after the MPT caused more frequent occurrences of exposure horizons. • The important subsidence rates between 2.0 and 1.6 Ma caused the deepest depositional environments during the Quaternary. • The occurrence of the thickest coral framestone units at around 0.8 Ma could be related to prominent short-term sea-level highstands (i.e., 125-ka cycle) and moderate subsidence rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical shelf, platform and reef-lagoon systems are dominated by calcium carbonate (CaCO3) sediments. However, data on habitat-specific CaCO3 sediment production rates by different sediment producing taxa are sparse, limiting understanding of where and in what form CaCO3 sediment is produced, and how overall sediment budgets are influenced by habitat type and scale. Using novel census methodologies, based primarily on measures of plant biovolumes and carbonate content, we assessed habitat-scale production by two ubiquitous biogenic CaCO3 sediment producers, calcareous green algae and seagrass epiphytes, across southern Eleuthera Bank, Bahamas (area ∼140 km2). Data from species-specific plant disaggregation experiments and from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of calcified plants also allowed us to resolve questions about the size fractions and mineralogies of the carbonates produced. Production rates varied significantly among habitats (range: 1.8–237.3 g CaCO3 m−2 yr−1), collectively totaling ∼0.98 M kg annually across the study area. Outputs comprise similar amounts of aragonite and high Mg-calcite, with ∼54% of the CaCO3 produced being contributed as mud-grade (

Abstract—Lithological–facies zonality of Neo– and Eopleistocene sediments from the Fiji Sea is described for the first time. Processing of corresponding maps and isopachite schemes using A.B. Ronov's volumetric method gave us an opportunity to calculate the quantitative parameters of sedimentation for distinguished types of Pleistocene sediments. Carbonate sediments dominate over other groups of sediments. Carbonate planktonic sediments have been more intensively accumulated in the Neopleistocene than in the Eopleistocene. The highest volcanotectonic activity is typical of Eopleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Lithological and facies zonality of Neopleistocene and Eopleistocene sediments of the Australian seas is described for the first time. Processing of these maps and isopach schemes by A.B. Ronov volumetric method gave us an opportunity to calculate the quantitative parameters of sedimentation for different types of the Pleistocene sediments. It was revealed that carbonate sediments predominate over other sediment groups. The Neopleistocene was characterized by more intense accumulation of carbonate planktic sediments and lithogenic sediments than Eopleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonate melts produced by partial melting of the carbonated mantle or by liquid immiscibility from mantle-derived silicate melts provide insights into the deep carbon cycle. Sedimentary geochemical signatures in some of the carbonate melts have been attributed to subducted material within their mantle sources. However, subducted carbonates at slab tops may not melt but be transported to the deep mantle, where sedimentary signatures would be diluted by mantle rocks. Here, we report the intruded Cenozoic carbonate melt dykes from the Yanshan orogen – an intracontinental orogenic belt far from the subduction zone – which show strong limestone-like geochemical features. Xenocrysts from the deep crustal basement, together with Sr-Nd-C-O isotope variations, indicate assimilation of the deep continental crust accompanied by CO 2 degassing. We suggested they were formed by melting of downthrust limestone strata in the Yanshan orogen, triggered by underplating with basaltic melts during the Cenozoic upwelling of asthenosphere below the area. A compilation of global Phanerozoic carbonate magmas shows that this model can apply to many carbonate melts in orogenic belts which show much more evolved Sr-Nd isotopes and heavier C-O isotopes than those in intraplate settings. Trace elements of these carbonate melts indicate shallow derivation with a negligible contribution of mantle rocks. Spatial-temporal distribution of the orogenic carbonate melts supports them being related to continental crustal collision rather than oceanic subduction. Our findings highlight the carbonate sediments deposited in the continental crust as an important source that may deeply downthrust in the orogenic belt and melt during the post-collision stage. • Anatexis of downthrust limestone produced the Yangyuan carbonate melt dykes. • This model can explain the origin of many carbonate melts in orogenic belts. • Carbonate melts in orogenic and intraplate settings are different in geochemistry. • Many orogenic carbonate melts are not related to subducted material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of research is pre-salt deposits of carbonate complexes from Vendian and Lower Cambrian Nepa-Botuobiya anteclise (NBA), located in the central part of the Siberian platform, administratively dedicated to the Irkutsk region. The problems of fluid dynamics within the basement ledges are considered. Their role in the high productivity of overlying carbonate deposits is assessed. Reconstruction of sedimentation conditions and subsequent diagenesis and katagenesis of Nepa formation sediments is made that have the greatest impact on morphostructure of the sedimentary cover. Cuts of Vendian-Cambrian sediments before and after diagenesis and katagenesis are given. Detailed construction helped to establish antiform structure of the sedimentary cover deposition over the basement ledges, allowing visually see in retrospect a sediment`s restructuring and its influence on the formation of hydrocarbon traps. The information on the rising pore pressure within the ledges is provided, due to which there is a subvertical fluid migration through both sulfate-carbonate rocks and interformational mudstones which to the beginning of elysion processes in Nepa formation were also unlithified porous sediments. It is suggested that the most permeable zones in the sulfate-carbonate rocks were formed over the edge portions of the projections as the most deformed during compaction of sand and clay deposits Nepa formation and restructuring of the upper section of the sedimentary cover. It is suggested that the elysion stage of sedimentary basin development within ledges and arched structure of Vendian-Cambrian deposits leads to dissolution and mobilization by aqueous solutions of the sedimentary rocks substance at depth and their migration mostly up. The results outlined in this paper are supported by the core data analysis.

This paper presents a comprehensive review on subsea jet trenching technology via a critical analysis of its principle, mechanism, devices, modeling approaches, as well as properties of subsea sediments. This review shows that the success of jet trenching operations is closely related to some key factors including the soil conditions, trencher specifications, and characteristics of pipelines or cables. Three case histories are presented to demonstrate the importance of these key factors and their interrelationships. This paper also points out a number of challenges pertaining to the implementation of the jet trenching method in carbonate sediments, as well as some limitations and gaps in the existing modeling approaches. Future perspective researches that are recommended to develop: (1) promising theories, like turbulent submerged flow, and (2) robust numerical approaches, such as the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and material point method (MPM) to substantiate the experimental experience and reveal possible hidden mechanisms.

The measurement of multiply isotopically substituted (‘clumped isotope’) carbonate groups provides a way to reconstruct past mineral formation temperatures. However, dissolution-reprecipitation (i.e., recrystallization) reactions, which commonly occur during sedimentary burial, can alter a sample’s clumped-isotope composition such that it partially or wholly reflects deeper burial temperatures. Here we derive a quantitative model of diagenesis to explore how diagenesis alters carbonate clumped-isotope values. We apply the model to a new dataset from deep-sea sediments taken from Ocean Drilling Project site 807 in the equatorial Pacific. This dataset is used to ground truth the model. We demonstrate that the use of the model with accompanying carbonate clumped-isotope and carbonate δ 18 O values provides new constraints on both the diagenetic history of deep-sea settings as well as past equatorial sea-surface temperatures. Specifically, the combination of the diagenetic model and data support previous work that indicates equatorial sea-surface temperatures were warmer in the Paleogene as compared to today. We then explore whether the model is applicable to shallow-water settings commonly preserved in the rock record. Using a previously published dataset from the Bahamas, we demonstrate that the model captures the main trends of the data as a function of burial depth and thus appears applicable to a range of depositional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand past and future sea-level variability, it is important to know if during an interglacial the eustatic sea level is constant or oscillates by several meters around an average value. Several field sites within and outside the tropics have been interpreted to suggest such oscillations during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e (129–116 ka). Here, we present our analysis of one such non-tropical site, Hergla, where a facies succession indicates two foreshore deposits above each other, previously interpreted as MIS 5e sea-level highstand amplified by a second rise. Our study, based on field, microfacies, and optical age Bayesian statistics shows a sea-level rise forming the upper foreshore strata that coincided with the global sea-level rise of the MIS 5a interstadial. The site does therefore not provide evidence for the MIS 5e double peak. We conclude from our analysis that the facies-based proxy is insensitive to small-scale sea-level oscillation. Likewise, uncertainties associated with age estimates are too large to robustly infer a short-term sea-level change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Along southwestern Sulawesi, Indonesia, the Spermonde Archipelago comprises some 120 islands of variable size and degree of anthropogenic modification. Comparable to adjacent areas in Southeast Asia, the Spermonde Archipelago is characterized by the congregation of a naturally high marine biodiversity and, at the same time, a high population density influencing the surrounding environmental conditions. As a consequence, during the last decades, research projects that have been carried out in the Spermonde mainly focused on social, ecological, political and economic interactions. However, geological and geomorphological aspects of the coral reef islands are less well understood and there have been few studies undertaken since the pioneering work of Umbgrove, Kuenen, and Verstappen in the Indonesian archipelago in the early to mid-twentieth century. Here we review the existing studies, with a focus on the Spermonde Archipelago, and reconcile them with more recent works on reef island evolution and dynamics from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. This synthesis shows that reef islands in the Spermonde Archipelago are well suited for geomorphological investigations, and provides perspectives for future reef island research in that area that will have global interest. We identify four research priorities: (1) To identify the timing and chronology of island formation; (2) Improved understanding of carbonate budgets and sediment generation that contribute to island building; (3) Document morphological changes in reef islands at seasonal to decadal timescales, and; (4) Quantify the process regime that drives sediment transport and island change with particular focus on the role of different monsoon seasons.

Sedimentological and geomorphological characteristics of coral reef islands are strongly related to past and recent boundary conditions such as the hydrodynamic regime, wind directions, sea-level fluctuations, and the ecological footprint of the surrounding reef complexes. Alterations in the physical, chemical, and biological boundary controls may affect the stability of reef islands. Additionally, these factors are of importance in the context of future climate change. Such alterations through time may well be documented within the sedimentary record of reef islands and a better knowledge on its effects could help to improve our understanding of island responses to future changes of the status quo. However, detailed studies on the sedimentology and geomorphology of reef islands from southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, are still rare. Here we report on the sedimentary composition and related facies zonation of four uninhabited coral reef islands in the Spermonde Archipelago. Sediment samples from onshore- and reef-flat environments were analyzed in regard to their grain size, component assemblages and facies distribution. Our results show that the analyzed island sediments are characterized by medium- to coarse-grained sand fractions and are well to poorly sorted. Across all islands examined, the surface sediment is predominately composed of materials identified as scleractinian coral and coralline red algae fragments, with minor additions from bivalves, gastropods and foraminifers. Importantly, statistical analyses of the variations in the percentage of these components allow for a clear sedimentary distinction of the four study sites into three outer shelf islands, situated closer to the open marine Makassar Strait, and one inner shelf island. On the inner shelf island, additional subsurface sedimentological analyses indicate a potential shift in major sediment contributors through time, preserved as coral-dominated accumulations within the subsurface samples, and coralline red algae-dominated deposits on top. These findings highlight the practical use of detailed sedimentological studies for the reconstruction of environmental changes in the Spermonde Archipelago.

Sediment transport is a key driver of reef zonation and biodiversity, where an understanding of sediment dynamics gives insights into past reef processes and allows the prediction of geomorphic responses to changing environmental conditions. However, modal conditions within the back-reef seldom promote sediment transport, hence direct observation is inherently difficult. Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) have previously been employed as ‘tracers’ to infer sediment transport pathways on coral reefs, as their habitat is largely restricted to the algal flat and post-mortem, their calcium carbonate test is susceptible to sediment transport forces into the back-reef. Foraminiferal test abundance and post-depositional test alteration have been used as proxies for sediment transport, although the resolution of these measures becomes limited by low test abundance and the lack of variation within test alteration. Here we propose the novel use of elemental ratios as a proxy for sediment transport. Two species, Baculogypsina sphaerulata and Calcarina capricornia , were analysed using a taphonomic index within One Tree and Lady Musgrave reefs, Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to determine Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca and these ratios were compared with taphonomic data. Decreases in test Mg/Ca accompany increases in Sr/Ca in specimens from algal-flat to lagoonal samples in both species, mirroring trends indicated by taphonomic values, therefore indicating a relationship with test alteration. To delineate mechanisms driving changes in elemental ratios, back-scattered electron (BSE) images, elemental mapping and in situ quantitative spot analyses by electron microprobe microanalysis (EPMA) using wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometers (WDS) were performed on un-altered algal flat and heavily abraded tests for both species. EPMA analyses reveal heterogeneity in Mg/Ca between spines and the test wall, implying the loss of appendages results in a decrease in Mg/Ca. BSE imaging and WDS elemental mapping provided evidence for cementation, facilitated by microbial-boring as the primary cause of increasing Sr/Ca. These novel proxies hold advantages over taphonomic measures and further provide a rapid method to infer sediment transport pathways within back-reef environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal plain stratigraphy is often over looked in paleo–sea-level reconstructions because carbonate sediments do not precisely constrain former sea level. Pacific Island sedimentology provides an invaluable record of geomorphic and environmental consequences of coastal evolution in response to changes in sea level and local tectonics. A series of coastal auger cores obtained from eastern ʻUpolu reveal a subsurface carbonate sand envelope predominately composed of coral and coralline algae derived from the reef framework. Coupling the sedimentological record with geophysical models of Holocene sea level, we identify a critical value (0.3–1.0 m) during the falling phase of the sea-level high stand (1899–2103 cal yr BP) that represents the transition from a transgressive to a regressive environment and initiates coastal progradation. Correlating the critical value with time, we observe nearly a millennium of coastal plain development is required before a small human population is established. Our findings support previous studies arguing that Sāmoa was colonized by small and isolated groups, as post–mid-Holocene drawdown in regional sea level produced coastal settings that were morphologically attractive for human settlement. As future sea level approaches mid-Holocene high stand values, lessons learned from Pacific Island sedimentological records may be useful in guiding future decisions related to coastal processes and habitat suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located 266 km offshore Brazilian coast, Rocas Reef complex is the only atoll in the South Atlantic. Two scientific expeditions carried out detailed sedimentological studies of the complex. Sand texture was dominant in the sedimentary environment, although other textures such as gravel, sandy gravel and gravelly sand, were also observed. Mean size ranged from fine sand to coarse sand (-1.23 to 2.34ø), with an average value of 0.69ø (sand fraction), which from a geological perspective represents a high-energy environment. The values of mean size varied in the different geomorphologic compartments, a response to variable hydrodynamics on the reef. Sorting ranged from very well sorted to poorly sorted, with a mean value of 0.97ø (moderately sorted). The values of mean size and sorting are directly proportional (i.e. the larger the grain size, the better the sorting), a fact that might be controlled by the decreasing of organism diversity that contributes to the sedimentary environment as the mean size of the particles increase. Skewness parameter was used to correlate positive values to depositional environments. The Kurtosis parameter showed little relevance in this study. The sedimentary particles analyzed are exclusively composed of biogenic grains. In total eleven major groups were described, coralline algae being the most unusual.Localizada 266 km da costa brasileira, o complexo recifal de Rocas representa o único atol do Atlântico Sul. Duas expedições científicas foram realizadas para um detalhado estudo sedimentológico do ambiente. No ambiente sedimentar predominou a textura areia, embora outras texturas, como cascalho, cascalho arenoso, areia cascalhosa também foram observadas. O tamanho médio do grão variou de areia fina a areia grossa para (2.34 - 1,23 ø), com um valor médio de 0.69ø (fração areia), que em uma perspectiva geológica representa um ambiente de alta energia. Os valores de tamanho médio variou nos diferentes compartimentos geomorfológicos, uma resposta à hidrodinâmica variáveis sobre o recife. O grau de selecionamento variou de muito bem selecionado a pobremente selecionado, com um valor médio de 0.97ø (moderadamente selecionado). Os valores de diâmetro médio e de selecionamento são diretamente proporcionais (ou seja, quanto maior o tamanho do grão, melhor será a separação), um fato que pode ser controlada pela diminuição da diversidade de organismo que contribuem para o ambiente de sedimentação com o aumento do tamanho médio das partículas. Parâmetro de assimetria foi utilizado para correlacionar valores positivos para ambientes deposicionais. O parâmetro Curtose mostrou pouca relevância neste estudo. As partículas sedimentares analisadas são exclusivamente compostas de grãos biogênicos. No total, 11 grupos principais foram descritos, sendo as algas coralinas o mais incomum.

The paper presents the stratigraphy of Paleogene strata fromthe central part of carbonate Dinarides. The carbonate and the clasticrock units were stu died. Their contact with underlying Senonian limes toneis marked by unconformity as a result of Laramian tectonic phase.The unconformity is denoted by the abundance of bauxite deposits.The abundance of calcareous nanoplancton species as well asben tic foraminifera points at the sedimentation of Paleogene strataduring the Eocene period. The succession of sediments with easilyrecognizeable transgressive, inundation and regres sive features hasbeen established.Lithostratigraphical characteristics enabled the distinguishing oflarger lithofacies groups. The simultaneousness of carbonate rockswith lower part of clastic succession as well as the transitionallitho·facies have been approved. The simultaneous overburden of bauxitedeposits regardless of its lithology (carbonate of clastic) speaks infavour of the unite bauxitebearing phase.

The long-term success of coral reefs depends on a positive balance of calcium carbonate production exceeding dissolution, erosion, and material export. As a result of ocean acidification, coral reefs could transition from net accretion to net erosion owing to decreasing rates of calcification and increasing rates of chemical dissolution and bioerosion. Here, I present a fundamental paradigm that aims to explain the main driver of carbonate sediment dissolution on coral reefs based on theory and a new empirical dataset of pore water carbonate chemistry from the Bermuda coral reef platform. The paradigm shows that carbonate sediment dissolution is most strongly controlled by the extent of organic matter decomposition in the sediments, but that the magnitude of dissolution is influenced by how much decomposition is required to reach pore water undersaturation with respect to the most soluble bulk carbonate mineral phase present in the sediments, a condition defined as the Carbonate Critical Threshold (CCT). Decomposition of organic matter beyond the CCT under aerobic conditions results in stoichiometric proportional dissolution of carbonate sediments. As ocean acidification proceeds over the next several decades, the extent of organic matter decomposition required to reach the CCT will decrease, carbonate dissolution will increase, and subsequently the accumulation of carbonate sediments will decrease. Since drastic reductions in anthropogenic CO2 emission are unlikely in the foreseeable future, the paradigm shows that active controls and reduction of organic matter input to coral reefs at the local scale might be an effective mitigation strategy to prevent or delay coral reefs transitioning to a state of net dissolution.

Linking surficial sediment patterns in reef environments to the processes that underlie their depositional dynamics enables predictions to be made of how environmental changes will influence reef-associated sedimentary landforms, such as islands and beaches. Geomorphic linkages between sediment deposition patterns and the biophysical processes that drive them are often poorly resolved, particularly at broad landscape scales where tangible statements can be made about structural changes to landforms. The present study applies geospatial techniques to link patterns in reef sediment dynamics at Lady Musgrave Island to the underlying processes driving them. In situ calcification is characterized by developing a high resolution map of the surficial calcium carbonate producing communities inhabiting the reef platform, and associated sediments across the reef flat are analysed for grain size, kurtosis, sorting and threshold bed shear stress to explore transport pathways across the reef flat and lagoon. Wave energy is modelled across the entire reef platform as a potential driver of sediment dynamics, and morphometric linkages are empirically defined between wave energy and grain size. Findings indicate that carbonate sediments are primarily sourced from calcifying communities colonizing the outer periphery of the reef platform and that sediment grain size can be reliably linked to wave energy by virtue of a linear model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Line Islands Ridge (LIR), located south of the Hawaiian Islands between 7°N and 1°S, is one of the few large central Pacific regions shallower than the regional carbonate compensation depth. Thick sequences of carbonate sediments have accumulated around the LIR despite it being located in the sediment-starved central tropical Pacific. The LIR is an important source of carbonates to the surrounding region and deposition around the LIR has expanded the equatorial Pacific carbonate sediment tongue by about 5% of its total area. Furthermore, sediments on the ridge are potentially important paleoceanographic archives. A recent survey at the crest of the LIR finds evidence for high current activity, significant erosion, but overall net sediment deposition. Currents are strong enough to form sediment waves and lee drifts in the Palmyra Basin, at the northern terminus of the LIR. Sediments along the LIR are pelagic foraminiferal sands that are easily eroded and flow out into the surrounding abyssal plain in active submarine channel systems. As channels migrate, pelagic sediments fill in the abandoned channel arms. Despite significant sediment losses from the top of the ridge, 1.3 km of sediment has accumulated in the upper Palmyra Basin over basement formed 68 to 85 million years ago (Ma). Late Neogene erosion may be more extensive than earlier erosion cycles, in response to reduced sediment production as the Palmyra Basin exited the high productivity equatorial latitudes. Sediments with good stratigraphic order needed for paleoceanographic study are limited in this dynamic sedimentary environment, but can be found with proper survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated carbonate platforms occur throughout the geologic record, from Archean to present. Although the respective roles of tectonics, sediment supply and sea-level changes in the stratigraphical architecture of these systems are relatively well constrained, the details of the nature and controls on the variability of sedimentological patterns between and within individual geomorphologic units on platforms have been barely investigated. This study aims at describing and comparing geomorphological and sedimentological features of surficial sediments and fossil reefs from three isolated carbonate platforms located in the SW Indian Ocean (Glorieuses, Juan de Nova and Europa). These carbonate platforms are relatively small and lack continuous reef margins, which have developed only on windward sides. Field observations, petrographic characterization and grain-size analyses are used to illustrate the spatial patterns of sediment accumulation on these platforms. The internal parts of both Glorieuses and Juan de Nova platforms are blanketed by sand dunes with medium to coarse sands with numerous reef pinnacles. Skeletal components including coral, green algae, and benthic foraminifera fragments prevail in these sediments. Europa platform exhibits a similar skeletal assemblage dominated by coral fragments, with the absence of wave-driven sedimentary bodies. Fossil reefs from the Last interglacial (125,000 years BP) occur on the three platforms. At Glorieuses, a succession of drowned terraces detected on seismic lines is interpreted as reflecting the last deglacial sea-level rise initiated 20,000 years ago. These findings highlight the high potential of these platforms to study past sea-level changes and the related reef response, which remain poorly documented in the SW Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal zone off Geraldton in temperate Midwestern Australia was investigated to identify sediment dynamics and sediment budget components of two main embayments. An integrated analysis of hydrodynamics, geomorphology, sediments and habitat data was required to overcome a lack of previous examinations of sediment dynamics in the region. The seaward extent of the nearshore transport system was assessed. An improved understanding of coastal sediment dynamics and its relationship to coastal stability and assets was also achieved. The system is complex, with biogenic sediment input, as well as carbonate dune and river-derived sediments. Coastal erosion at Geraldton is mitigated by nourishment activities which require sand bypassing. Natural and artificial sediment sinks were identified, and are mainly located in the northern embayment where beach erosion is more significant. A dredged shipping channel needed to provide access to port facilities modifies the local sediment dynamics. This study provides new information for managing the Geraldton coast, which may be applicable to similar regions of Western Australia and carbonate coasts elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We document the seafloor character on Atlantis Massif, an ocean core complex located at 30°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with an emphasis on the distribution of carbonate features. Seafloor imagery, near-bottom backscatter, and bathymetry were analyzed on the Central Dome and the Western Shoulder of the exposed footwall to the detachment, and on the Eastern Block, a hanging wall to the fault. We merged Argo II still images to produce photo-mosaics and evaluated these together with video imagery, acoustic reflectivity, and basic rock composition. The seafloor was classified as unconsolidated sediment, lithified carbonate crust, consolidated carbonate cap, exposed basement, or rubble, and the spatial distribution of each type was assessed. Unconsolidated sediment, exposed basement, and rubble were documented in all three regions studied. Lithified carbonate crust was also present on the Western Shoulder and eastern Central Dome. Consolidated carbonate cap was found on the Eastern Block. The formation of the carbonate rock is interpreted to reflect precipitation and/or sediment cementation via fluids derived from serpentinization. Both processes occur at the nearby Lost City Hydrothermal Field. The newly documented locations of seafloor carbonate lithification therefore mark pathways of past, possibly recent, fluid flux from subsurface water-rock reaction zones and represent an additional constituent of the carbon cycling hosted by oceanic lithosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rossano and Crotone basins in North Calabria represent key areas for the study of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) in the central Mediterranean. The integrated analysis of the outcropping successions coupled with well-borehole stratigraphies and seismic profiles permitted the stratigraphic and paleogeographic reconstruction of the MSC as follows: During the late Tortonian-early Messinian, open normal marine conditions typified the studied basins, as the deposition of deep-water claystones followed by diatomites (Tripoli Fm). The first basin restriction occurred during the early Messinian (5.96 Ma) when a relative sea-level still-stand triggered the formation of a carbonate platform system (Calcare di Base Fm − CdB). This latter was characterized by sabkha to shallow-water environments passing into a gentle slope to basin setting. A successive relative sea-level drop (ca. 5.60 Ma) induced a general exposure of the CdB platform systems and the creation of a marked erosional surface linkable with the Messinian Erosional Surface (MES). Consequently, progradational early LST forced regression wedges deposited and, as the reduction of open-sea connections, more severe restricted conditions took place. Later on, during the late LST, the massive deposition of salt dominated bodies brought to the sedimentary filling of the basins and to the consequent leveling of the paleobathymetric differences. Afterwards, a transgression phase (TST) inundated again the basins, causing firstly the sedimentation of clay dominated deposits, and successively, during a further sea-level still-stand (HST), the reestablishment of evaporitic conditions with deposition of widespread shallow-water sulphate deposits. Lastly, a new severe sea-level drop (LST) exposed again all the previous deposits and alluvial conglomerates deposited along incised paleovalleys above the HST sulphate deposits. This event marks the transition to the Lago-Mare phase that typifies the last stage of the MSC, before the base-Pliocene reflooding of the Mediterranean (ca. 5.33 Ma). • Messinian Salinity Crisis is well recorded in the North Calabria (Italy) Rossano and Crotone basins. • The sedimentary and paleogeographic modelling of the MSC in North Calabria is constrained. • Eustatic signal is dominant than syn-sedimentary tectonic inputs which account for higher sediment exportation. • Peritidal evaporites and microbial carbonate shelves formed during the High Stands. • Basin fill evaporites (Halite) formed during the Low Stand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution, sedimentary structure and morphodynamics of Tepuka Island, a leeward vegetated sand cay on Funafuti atoll, Tuvalu, was examined based on morphostratigraphic analysis and radiometrically dated island sediments. Tepuka Island formed rapidly on the leeward reef platform between 1100 and 500 cal years BP and presents the first evidence of island formation at current sea level, postdating the Holocene highstand. The island is predominantly composed of foraminifera, coralline algae and coral sands derived from the surrounding reef flat. Morphostratigraphic analysis suggests that the island formed as a central core and prograded rapidly through incremental accumulation. Results indicate that the vegetated core of Tepuka has been stable since formation but the island margins have been morphologically dynamic. Over the past century the island has reduced in net area by approximately 23%. Substantial planform changes have been documented, which have occurred through differential erosion of the shoreline in two phases: lagoon shoreline erosion from 1897 to 1984 and; ocean shoreline coupled with extension of the terminal ends of islands from 1984 to 2011. Collectively, these changes have caused a lengthening and clockwise rotation of the island on the reef platform. The investigation highlights significant differences in the geomorphology, sediment composition, timeframe of formation and post-formation island dynamics compared with the storm deposited and comparatively stable motu on the exposed eastern atoll rim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compiled lithofacies maps for the early and middle-late Pleistocene (Eopleistocene and Neopleistocene, respectively) pelagic sedimentation of the Indian Ocean and a database for sediment thicknesses in the respective stratigraphic subdivisions. Using these data, we calculated areas, volumes, masses, and intensities of accumulation of main sediment types for both Pleistocene subdivisions. A comparison of the results confirmed a strong increase in the rate of terrigenous sedimentation. Special attention was given to the evolution of siliceous and carbonate sedimentation of the biogenic type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White semi-consolidated carbonate sediments attached to black ferromanganese oxide films were collected approximately 50 km west of a newly discovered hydrothermal field near the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). The biodiversity of the prokaryotic communities within the field was examined using clone library-based culture-independent analysis of the exterior black oxides and the interior white carbonates. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene analysis suggested that Gamma-proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Thaumarchaeota members dominated the bacterial and archaeal clone libraries. To further characterize the metabolic processes within the microbial community, analyses of the amoA (coding the alpha subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase for Archaea) and aprA (coding the alpha subunit of the dissimilatory adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate reductase for the sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes) functional genes were conducted. The functional gene analysis results suggested that Thaumarchaeota and Alphaproteobacteria members were the potential players that participated in N and S cycles in this marine carbonate sedimentary environment. This paper is the first to describe the microbial communities and their potential metabolic pathways within the semi-consolidated carbonate sediments of the SWIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Florida, United States, is an ideal place for conveniently studying modern carbonate environments and their fossil equivalents in close proximity. It is the only place where such field studies can be carried out with the excellent logistical support available in a major metropolitan area (Miami). Consequently, south Florida has been used extensively for training petroleum geologists as well as providing reef and quarry trips of short duration for geology classes. However, south Florida can also be used to study geomorphic features; biogenic and clastic sedimentology in fresh, brackish, and saline environments; and stratigraphie studies which correlate widely-spaced rock outcrops. In addition, many aspects of environmental geology, including groundwater, water pollution, ecological changes accompanying development, and the effects of hurricanes, can be studied here. This holistic approach was used in a 3 week laboratory and field course first offered in the summer of 1985. The area has been visited several times since then, and the places and features described in this paper are accurate as of February 2012. A uniformitarian approach was used, in which students studied rock outcrops and then examined the present-day depositional equivalent of each facies by snorkeling over modern reef tracts in the Florida Keys. Outcrops of Pleistocene rock units were examined from Miami southward through the Florida Keys. Students utilized the outcrop data, along with published data and their own observations of reef complexes, to make a regional stratigraphie synthesis and paleogeographic reconstruction for the study area. This article describes the course structure, field exercises, and logistics, which can serve as the basis for similar courses or site visits in this area in the future. Additional information is provided so instructors can tailor the course around their available time and financial limitations, anywhere from 3 days to 3 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Calibrated amino acid racemisation methods allow paleobiologists to quantify the age distributions of fossil assemblages. Focussing on 110 Scissulina dispar and 110 Liloa sp. specimens collected from Bramble and Rib Reefs (central Great Barrier Reef, Australia), we create calibration curves for seven amino acids for each taxon. Using these curves we calculate seven quasi-independent age estimates for each specimen. We evaluate each calibration curve for consistency and use the weighted mean and uncertainty of the quasi-independent ages as the specimen age for geochronological analyses. We extend the “Y” criterion for screening specimens and describing the precision of an AAR dataset from two amino acids to any number of amino acids. Using weighted mean ages and Y < 0.2 we demonstrate that the top 1.4 m of Bramble and Rib Reefs preserve remarkably well-mixed shell assemblages spanning from living to ∼3400 years old with median ages of 373 and 326 years old, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The wreck of the Rainbow Warrior, a 40-m ship sunk on 12 December 1987 in Matauri Bay (34° 59′ S, 173° 56′ E), Cavalli Islands, northeastern New Zealand, offers an opportunity to investigate the impact of artificial substrate on temperate carbonate sedimentation. Surface sediment samples showed no significant textural or compositional difference between sediments near the wreck and those far from it. The large and diverse carbonate-producing community resident on the wreck (dominated by bryozoans, corals and sponges) has not had a measurable influence on adjacent bottom sediments (dominated by bivalves and barnacles), even after 21years. It is likely that carbonate production on the Rainbow Warrior is insufficient to leave any sedimentary record over the potential lifetime of the wreck on the seafloor, which informs our understanding of the long-term impacts of shipwrecks (and other artificial substrata) on the local benthic environment in shallow temperate ecosystems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The prolific macroalgal forests in shallow (<20m), warm-temperate, marine environments off southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia have two carbonate-producing habitats, 1) upward-facing, exposed rock surfaces beneath large phaeophytes, and 2) concealed rock surfaces under overhangs, on rock walls, in crevasses, and indentations that all lie behind a curtain of brown macroalgae. Exposed surfaces have three growth tiers; 1) a basal, cm-high veneer or turf of crustose corallines, geniculate corallines, and short fleshy red algae that are grazed by herbivorous gastropods, 2) an intermediate, 5–20cm-high community of fleshy red algae, and 3) a 20–100cm+-high canopy of large phaeophytes (especially Ecklonia, Cystophora and Xiophora) whose blades are locally encrusted with bryozoans, such as Membranipora membranacea, and spirorbids. Concealed surfaces of subvertical rock walls and cryptic habitats behind the macroalgal curtain have two tiers; 1) a cornucopia of encrusting plants and animals, especially crustose and geniculate corallines in shallow water, that give way in water depths >4m to numerous bryozoans (especially fenestrates), serpulid worms, numerous and diverse demosponges, ascidians, small solitary corals, epifaunal echinoids, and gastropods, and 2) a veil of macroalgae (mainly Cystophora and Ecklonia) that drapes down and shades the rock walls. Most carbonate sediment production does not come from calcareous epiphytes on the macroalgae but comes from the coralline algae and calcareous invertebrates living on the rock walls and in concealed depressions. Mollusks (gastropods and bivalves) and geniculate coralline algae with numerous lithoclasts, crustose coralline fragments, barnacle plates, serpulid worms, bryozoans, and large benthic foraminifers (especially Amphistegina) dominate the resultant gravels and sands; but there is little or no mud. This is because carbonate sediment is the result of production not only in the macrophyte factory but also in adjacent seagrass factories. Particles produced in the macroalgal factory are shed onto the adjacent seafloor, where they form the requisite sandy substrates for quick colonization by seagrasses. Thus, over time the sediment in this shallow but hydrodynaically energetic environment becomes a mixture of materials from the two sources with seagrasses contributing gastropods, large benthic foraminifers, spirorbids, bryozoans and articulated corallines to the sediment milieu. If this system is a typical example, then warm-temperate Neogene carbonate facies related to macroalgal factories should be a mixture of materials from the rocky substrates, a calcareous infauna, and marine seagrasses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is predicted that surface ocean pH will reach 7.9, possibly 7.8 by the end of this century due to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and in the surface ocean. While aragonite-rich sediments don''t begin to dissolve until a threshold pH of ~7.8 is reached, dissolution from high-Mg calcites is evident with any drop in pH. Indeed, it is high-Mg calcite that dominates the reaction of carbonate sediments with increased CO2, which undergoes a rapid neomorphism process to a more stable, low-Mg calcite. This has major implications for the future of the high-Mg calcite producing organisms within coral reef ecosystems. In order to understand any potential buffering system offered by the dissolution of carbonate sediments under a lower oceanic pH, this process of high-Mg calcite dissolution in the reef environment must be further elucidated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]