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Diana Hedevang Christensen,1,2 Søren Tang Knudsen,3 Sia Kromann Nicolaisen,1 Henning Andersen,2,4 Brian Christopher Callaghan,2,5 Nanna Brix Finnerup,2,4,6 Troels Staehelin Jensen,2,4,6 Reimar Wernich Thomsen11Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; 2International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; 3Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; 4Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; 5Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 6Department of Clinical Medicine, Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkPurpose: We examined whether diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) and diabetic foot ulcers in type 2 diabetes can be accurately identified using International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision discharge diagnosis codes, surgery codes, and drug prescription codes.Methods: We identified all type 2 diabetes patients in the Central Denmark region, 2009–2016, who had ≥1 primary/secondary diagnosis code of “diabetes with neurological complication” (E10.4-E14.4), “diabetic polyneuropathy” (G63.2), or “polyneuropathy, unspecified” (G62.9). Patients with potential painful DPN and non-painful DPN were identified based on prescription history for serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, or gabapentinoids. Likewise, type 2 diabetes patients with potential foot ulcers were identified based on diagnosis or surgery codes. We used medical record review as the reference standard and calculated positive predictive values (PPVs).Results: Of 53 randomly selected patients with potential painful DPN, 38 were classified as having DPN when validated against medical records; of these, 18 also had neuropathic pain, yielding a PPV of 72% (95% CI: 58–83%) for DPN and 34% (95% CI: 22–48%) for painful DPN. Likewise, among 54 randomly selected patients with potential non-painful DPN, 30 had DPN based on medical record data; of these, 27 had non-painful DPN, yielding PPVs of 56% (95% CI: 41–69%) and 50% (95% CI: 36–64%), respectively. Secondary E-chapter codes often denoted stroke or mononeuropathies, rather than DPN. Excluding secondary E-chapter codes from the algorithm increased the PPV for DPN to 78% (95% CI: 63–89%) for the painful DPN cohort and to 74% (95% CI: 56–87%) for the non-painful DPN cohort. Of 53 randomly selected patients with potential diabetic foot ulcer, only 18 diagnoses were confirmed; PPV=34% (95% CI: 22–48%).Conclusion: G-chapter and primary E-chapter diagnosis codes can detect type 2 diabetes patients with hospital-diagnosed DPN, and may be useful in epidemiological research. In contrast, our diabetic foot ulcer algorithm did not perform well.Keywords: positive predictive value, epidemiology, registries, diabetic polyneuropathy, diabetic foot ulcer, type 2 diabetes

Objective: To determine the association between triglyceride levels and lower-extremity amputation (LEA) risk in a large diabetic cohort.Research Design and Methods: This is a 10-year survey follow-up study (from 1995-2006) of 28,701 diabetic patients with a baseline triglyceride measure. All patients were fully insured members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program and responded to a survey at baseline that included information on ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, behavioral factors, and information required to determine type of diabetes. The relationship between triglycerides and time to incident nontraumatic LEA, defined by primary hospitalization discharge or procedures, was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models.Results: Triglyceride level was an independent, stepwise risk factor for nontraumatic LEAs within this large diabetic cohort: triglycerides 150-199 mg/dL, hazard ratio (HR) 1.10 (95% CI 0.92-1.32); 200-499 mg/dL, 1.27 (1.10-1.47); >500 mg/dL, 1.65 (1.30-2.10) (reference <150 mg/dL).Conclusions: Hypertriglyceridemia is a significant risk factor for LEA in diabetic patients even after controlling for known socioeconomic, health behavioral, and clinical factors. This previously unrecognized clinical risk needs to be further investigated to determine if treatment of triglycerides can reduce amputation risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]