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The present study has been demonstrated that along with cadmium acetate intoxication in thymus of Kuroiler chicks. Cadmium a potent immune toxicant has been reported to affect thymocytes (immune cells of thymus) in human and animals. In present study has to find out the immunotoxicology and histopathological changes in the chicken in vitro effect of cadmium in thymus of Kuroiler chick. The 20th days old chicks were divided into two groups viz, control and exposed with sublethal dose of cadmium acetate (6.8 mg/Kg body weight). After 20th and 40th days of post exposure chick were dissect out from thymus of control and treated group. In the present study it was observed that cadmium acetate exposure in the Kuroiler chicks also induced some immunotoxicological and histopathological modulations in thymus. Cadmium caused significant increase in immune-pathological changes in thymus. These results suggest that the cadmium toxicity in thymus tissue in immunepathological aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium toxicity affects the biochemical parameters. Cadmium was a Class I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and it is one of the most hazardous heavy metal pollutant. Cadmium immuno toxicity provides new vision into the alterations of Cadmium treatment on immunity, as well as effective ways to induce Cadmium Biochemical parameters in blood serum of animals. Immune response heamatological and biochemical parameters are closely related in blood hence any change in the immune response would also induce alternation in the biochemical parameters like serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum protein, serum urea, serum acid phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase. Extra pollution of heavy metal toxicity like cadmium results may be much more reliable and satisfactory in experimental animals rather than humans. The concept of cadmium modulation of biochemical toxicity is an important subject for the studies. Present studies have been taken to find out the biochemical alterations in blood serum, which would help in understanding the toxicity of cadmium acetate in Kuroiler chicks and also to find the ways and means to counteract the toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal ions, in particular cadmium (Cd), have a negative impact on the growth and productivity of major crops, including wheat. The use of environmentally friendly approaches, in particular, bacteria that have a growth-stimulating and protective effect, can increase the resistance of plants. The effects of the pre-sowing seed treatment with the plant growth-promoting endophyte Bacillus subtilis 10-4 (BS) on cadmium acetate (Cd)-stressed Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) growth, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress parameters, roots' lignin content, and Cd ions accumulation in plants were analyzed. The results showed that the tested Cd-tolerant BS improved the ability of wheat seeds to germinate in the presence of different Cd concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM). In addition, the bacterial treatment significantly decreased the damaging effects of Cd stress (1 mM) on seedlings' linear dimensions (lengths of roots and shoots), biomass, as well as on the integrity and permeability of the cell walls (i.e., lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage) and resulted in reduced H2O2 generation. The pretreatment with BS prevented the Cd-induced degradation of the leaf photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoids. Moreover, the bacterial treatment intensified the lignin deposition in the roots under normal and, especially, Cd stress conditions, thereby enhancing the barrier properties of the cell wall. This manifested in a reduced Cd ions accumulation in the roots and in the restriction of its translocation to the aboveground parts (shoots) of the bacterized plants under Cd stress in comparison with non-bacterized controls. Thus, the pre-sowing seed treatment with the endophyte BS may serve as an eco-friendly approach to improve wheat production in Cd-contaminated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal ions, in particular cadmium (Cd), have a negative impact on the growth and productivity of major crops, including wheat. The use of environmentally friendly approaches, in particular, bacteria that have a growth-stimulating and protective effect, can increase the resistance of plants. The effects of the pre-sowing seed treatment with the plant growth-promoting endophyte Bacillus subtilis 10-4 (BS) on cadmium acetate (Cd)-stressed Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) growth, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress parameters, roots’ lignin content, and Cd ions accumulation in plants were analyzed. The results showed that the tested Cd-tolerant BS improved the ability of wheat seeds to germinate in the presence of different Cd concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM). In addition, the bacterial treatment significantly decreased the damaging effects of Cd stress (1 mM) on seedlings’ linear dimensions (lengths of roots and shoots), biomass, as well as on the integrity and permeability of the cell walls (i.e., lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage) and resulted in reduced H2O2 generation. The pretreatment with BS prevented the Cd-induced degradation of the leaf photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoids. Moreover, the bacterial treatment intensified the lignin deposition in the roots under normal and, especially, Cd stress conditions, thereby enhancing the barrier properties of the cell wall. This manifested in a reduced Cd ions accumulation in the roots and in the restriction of its translocation to the aboveground parts (shoots) of the bacterized plants under Cd stress in comparison with non-bacterized controls. Thus, the pre-sowing seed treatment with the endophyte BS may serve as an eco-friendly approach to improve wheat production in Cd-contaminated areas.

This study reports the synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of two novel complexes, [Cd (Q) (Bpy) (CH3COO)2, complex 1] and [Cd (Q) (Phen) (CH3COO)2, complex 2], based on quercetin ligand. The method of synthesis was by reacting natural flavonoid quercetin (Q) with a good chelator (Bpy = 2,2’-bipyridine, Phen= 1,10-phenanthroline and Q = quercetin) and metal ions. The produced metal complexes were studied in the solid state by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and in solution by UV-Vis absorption. Further analysis included high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for confirmation. To understand the nature and coordination of quercetin and its metal complexes, density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed. The scavenging (DPPH radical), antibacterial, MTT, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity assay, cytotoxicity assay (fluorescence study) were done and quercetin was used for comparison. Both complex 1 and complex 2 induced loss of cell viability via impairment of metabolic activity, leakage of intracellular proteins, and increased oxidative stress. The free-radical scavenging activity of complex 2 (IC50 340.175 µg/mL) was statistically significantly more potent than that of complex 1. The MIC values of complex 2 (7.80 µg/mL Escherichia coli, 15.62 µg/mL Staphylococcus aureus) were higher as compared to complex 1 and quercetin in both test microorganisms. There was inhibition of cell proliferation in Escherichia coli treated with 2 µg/mL of complex 2, whereas Staphylococcus aureus did not show inhibition at this concentration. The cytotoxicity screening on MG 63 cell line showed that the compounds were safe up to 500 mg/L.

A highly efficient fluorination reaction of 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines using N-Fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) has been developed, presumably proceeding via C–H bond activation. Cadmium acetate was employed as the salts, and various fluorinated 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines have been generated in good to excellent yields. This chemistry endows an economical method of valuable fluorinated 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines through a direct C–F bond formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly efficient fluorination reaction of 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines using N-Fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) has been developed, presumably proceeding via C–H bond activation. Cadmium acetate was employed as the salts, and various fluorinated 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines have been generated in good to excellent yields. This chemistry endows an economical method of valuable fluorinated 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines through a direct C–F bond formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of two novel complexes, [Cd (Q) (Bpy) (CH3COO)2, complex 1] and [Cd (Q) (Phen) (CH3COO)2, complex 2], based on quercetin ligand. The method of synthesis was by reacting natural flavonoid quercetin (Q) with a good chelator (Bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, Phen= 1,10-phenanthroline and Q = quercetin) and metal ions. The produced metal complexes were studied in the solid state by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and in solution by UV-Vis absorption. Further analysis included high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for confirmation. To understand the nature and coordination of quercetin and its metal complexes, density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed. The scavenging (DPPH radical), antibacterial, MTT, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity assay, cytotoxicity assay (fluorescence study) were done and quercetin was used for comparison. Both complex 1 and complex 2 induced loss of cell viability via impairment of metabolic activity, leakage of intracellular proteins, and increased oxidative stress. The free-radical scavenging activity of complex 2 (IC50 340.175 µg/mL) was statistically significantly more potent than that of complex 1. The MIC values of complex 2 (7.80 µg/mL Escherichia coli, 15.62 µg/mL Staphylococcus aureus) were higher as compared to complex 1 and quercetin in both test microorganisms. There was inhibition of cell proliferation in Escherichia coli treated with 2 µg/mL of complex 2, whereas Staphylococcus aureus did not show inhibition at this concentration. The cytotoxicity screening on MG 63 cell line showed that the compounds were safe up to 500 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel recyclable magnetic core–shell nanoparticles Fe3O4@saponin/Cd was synthesized by the combination of nano-Fe3O4@saponin with cadmium acetate. The structure, magnetic features, and morphology of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) Fe3O4@saponin/Cd were studied totally via different experiments, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). It was found that the catalyst was active for the synthesis of β-aminoketone derivatives via one-pot three-component Mannich-type reactions of ketones, aromatic aldehydes, aromatic amines under eco-friendly solvent, at room temperature. Furthermore, this catalyst can be easily recovered magnetically and can be reused for other runs without any reduction in the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, {[Cd(C2H3O2)(C4H8NO3)(H2O)]·H2O}n, was synthesized from the reaction between l-threonine and cadmium acetate dihydrate. The complex consists of the CdII metal ion bonded to bidentate threonine and acetate anions, and one water molecule. The carboxylate group of l-threonine bridges two metal cations related by the crystallographic screw axis parallel to [010], to form a one-dimensional polymeric structure in the crystal. The asymmetric unit is completed by one lattice water molecule, which is involved in hydrogen bonds.

Cadmium selenide nanoparticles (CdSe NPs) were synthesized by an easy and simple method and their properties were assessed by XRD, TEM and SEM techniques. The effects of CdSe NPs as well as Cd2+ ions on Lemna minor plants were investigated. The absorption of CdSe NPs by the plants had some adverse consequences that were assessed by a range of biological analyses. The results revealed that both CdSe NPs and the ionic form of cadmium noticeably caused toxicity in L. minor. Morphological parameters as well as peroxidase (POD) activity were deteriorated. In contrast, the activities of some other antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) as well as the contents of total phenol and flavonoids went up. Taken all together, it could be implied that CdSe NPs as well as Cd2+ were highly toxic to plants and stimulated the plant defense system in order to scavenge produced reactive oxygen species (ROS).

The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of cadmium (Cd)-induced apoptosis and determine the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in BRL 3A cells. The BRL 3A cells were treated with 0, 10, 20 or 40 μmol/l cadmium acetate (CdAc2) for 12 h. Another two groups of cells were preincubated with 2 mmol/l NAC for 30 min, and then either incubated with 20 μmol/l CdAc2 for 12 h, or treated with NAC alone. The levels of apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured using flow cytometry. Mitochondrial ultrastructural changes were detected using transmission electron microscopy. The protein levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-8, and Fas ligand (FasL) protein were measured using immunoblotting. As the dose of Cd increased, there was a significant increase in the apoptotic ratio, a significant decrease in ΔΨm, mitochondrial swelling and degeneration, and blurring, deformation and eventual collapse of the mitochondrial cristae. The protein levels of caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP decreased, whereas the levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-8 and FasL increased dose-dependently in relation to Cd. NAC effectively inhibited these changes. Cd induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial and FasL pathways in the BRL 3A cells, and NAC exerted a protective effect against Cd-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of pretreatment with 28 nM wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on cell divisions in the root apical meristem of 4-day-old seedlings of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), distribution of cells among mitotic phases, cadmium-induced disruptions of normal progression through mitosis, and activity of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) of the chromosomes was studied after 7-h-long exposure to 1 mM cadmium acetate. Pretreatment with WGA has a pronounced protective effect on divisions of root meristem cells exposed to cadmium. Progression of the cells through mitotic phases was normalized, abnormal mitoses became much less numerous, and the share of binuclear cells decreased. Activity of NOR remained at the control level that much depended on the ability of WGA to prevent reduction in cytokinin content under cadmium stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of pretreatment of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings with 0.4 μM 24-epibrassinolide (EB) on subsequent action on them of 1 mM cadmium acetate was investigated. This pretreatment decreased the extent of damage of cadmium action on wheat plants as judged by inhibition of stress-induced efflux of electrolytes from plant tissues and plant ability to maintain the growing parameters at a level close to the control. It was established that the revealed ability of EB to induce twofold increased accumulation of 28 kDa dehydrin under normal plant growth conditions and even to cause additional accumulation of this protein under the cadmium stress is of importance in development of the preadapting and protection effects of EB on wheat seedlings. Using fluridone (FD), a known inhibitor of the biosynthesis of ABA, the pathways responsible for the regulation of 28 kDa dehydrin level and both dependent and independent on ABA were revealed in wheat plants both pretreated and untreated with EB and under cadmium stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With their increasing use in today's industry, heavy metals cause biochemical and biophysical changes by affecting the control and regulatory systems of living things. Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal, spreads to the environment through both natural sources and industrial activities. It is taken into the organism through water, food, skin contact or smoke. Systems and organs of living things are directly or indirectly affected by Cd toxicity. Besides their recreational usage, herbal products such as coffee are preferred in alternative medicine because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidiabetic effects. Turkish coffee (TK) is a drink rich in flavorings, phenolic compounds and antioxidant compounds. The study evaluated the possible antioxidant role of TK against oxidative stress induced by Cadmium acetate (CdA) in the fat tissues of old-young female individuals of Drosophila melanogaster. The female flies were fed with either a standard diet, or CdA (10–30 mg), or TK (2%), or both (CdA + TK) for 3 and 10 days. Following the completion of the feeding period, the amounts of fatbody and oxidative stress markers (oxidative stress index, malondialdehyde), activities of antioxidant enzymes (Glutathione- S -transferase, Catalase, and Superoxide dismutase) and their levels were measured. Fat body lipid droplets were high in the individuals exposed to high concentrations of CdA. It was determined that lipid droplets decreased but did not significantly alter oxidative stress in the individuals treated with TK (p = 0.05). This article may be of help in terms of the use of TK compounds as antioxidants to evaluate their effects in preventing heavy metal accumulation and stress in the aging process. [Display omitted] • Toxicity was created with CdA, an environmental pollutant, in flies. • TK treatment was applied in young and old females. • Feeding with TK was decreased lipid droplets. • But TK wasn't effective enough against high CdA-induced stress in old flies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present studies describe the exposure of cadmium acetate on thymus of the WLH chicks. 15 days old chicks were divided into two groups viz. control and exposed with sub lethal dose (6.5 mg/kg body weight) of cadmium acetate. These chicks were sacrificed after 20 and 40 days of the post exposure of Cadmium acetate which showed severe pathological effects on the immunopathology of thymus. There was marked thymic atrophy and cortex has less number of lymphocyte and showed gap at certain places. Degeneration of reticular cells and inflammatory edema was formed in medullary region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The structural changes of human serum albumin (HSA) induced by the addition of cadmium acetate were systematically investigated using UV-vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD), synchronous, and three-dimentional (3D) fluorescence methods. The fluorescence spectra suggested the formation of cadmium acetate-HSA complex. UV absorption result indicated that the interaction between cadmium acetate and HSA could lead to the alteration of the protein skeleton. The structural analysis according to CD method showed that the cadmium acetate binding altered HSA conformation with a major reduction of α-helix, inducing a partial protein unfolding. Synchronous fluorescence spectra suggested that cadmium acetate was situated closer to tryptophan residue compared to tyrosine residues, making tryptophan residue locate in a more hydrophobic environment. 3D fluorescence demonstrated that cadmium acetate could induce the HSA aggregation and cause a slight unfolding of the polypeptide backbone of the protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the roots of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings, the effects of pretreatment with 28 nM wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and successive action of 1 mM cadmium acetate on growth, phytohormone balance, lignin deposition, and also cadmium accumulation and distribution were studied. Priority data on cadmium-induced ABA-mediated reversible accumulation of WGA in the roots, which was accompanied by its excretion in the medium of seedling incubation, were obtained. Pretreatment with WGA exerted a clear protective effect on seedling growth in the presence of cadmium, which was based on a decrease in the amplitude of stress-induced shifts in the balance between IAA and ABA and preventing the reduction in the cytokinin level. Acceleration of lignification of the cell walls in the basal parts of roots of seedlings pretreated with WGA and subjected to stress is shown, and this limits cadmium entry into the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple method was proposed for the immobilization of biologically important molecules consisting of many functional fragments, by means of the selective binding of their thiol groups to the surface carboxyl groups with participation of cadmium ions. Biofunctional properties of these structures were studied by the surface plasmon resonance method, with the example of glutathione (GSH), which was immobilized onto mixing thiol monolayers containing terminal groups of the carboxyl ( a) and methyl/hydroxyl ( b) types ( a: b, from 1: 100 to 1: 700). The maintenance of the biofunctional conformation of glutathione- S-transferase (GST) after its interaction with GSH was monitored using specific anti-GST antibodies. The CH3 matrix was shown to be capable of considerable nonspecific binding and not suitable to form the biofunctional GST layer. At the same time, the OH-based structures demonstrated the specific GST-anti-GST interaction, with stoichiometry corresponding to the bidentate binding. The above simple method of the immobilization can be used to create functional surface architectures in analytical biochemistry and chemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Among environmental contaminants known for their toxicity and worldwide distribution, heavy metals are of primary concern. Although the toxicology of cadmium (Cd) has been extensively studied, little information is available on the immunomodulation driven by exposure to low doses of Cd. We aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects elicited by short-term exposure of human immunocompetent cells to low biologically relevant doses of Cd in two activation models. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, activated either by bacterial antigens (heat-killed Salmonella Enteritidis) or monoclonal antibodies (mAb: anti-CD3/anti-CD28/anti-CD40), were exposed to Cd acetate for 24h. Cell vitality was determined by MTT assay, cytokine release by ELISA, and cytokine gene expression by real-time RT-PCR. The results demonstrated that, in addition to the known toxic effects of Cd, doses from 0.013 to 13.3μM exert differential effects on cytokine production. In the case of mAb-activation, secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ was greatly inhibited at low Cd doses compared to production of IL-4 and IL-10. This indicates a type-2-biased immune response. Under stimulation by bacterial antigens, release of IL-10 was highly suppressed compared to that of IFN-γ and TNF-α; IL-4 was undetectable. These results imply that low Cd doses exert immunomodulatory effects and the direction of this modulation depends on the pathway to cell activation. Overall, Cd polarizes the immune response toward type-2 in cells stimulated via T cell receptors. However, a polarized type-1 response induced by bacterial antigens could not be overwhelmed by the effects of Cd. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The thermal decomposition of cadmium acetate dihydrate in helium and in air atmosphere has been investigated by means of a coupled TG-DTA-MS method combined with X-ray diffraction analysis. Dehydration of Cd(CH3COO)2·2H2O is a two-stage process with Cd(CH3COO)2·H2O as intermediate. The way of Cd(CH3COO)2 decomposition strongly depends on the surrounding gas atmosphere and the rate of heating. CdO, acetone and CO2 are the primary products of decomposition in air. In helium decomposition goes by two parallel and consecutive reactions in which intermediates, Cd and CdCO3, are formed. Metallic cadmium oxidizes and cadmium carbonate decomposes giving CdO. Some of the metallic cadmium, depending on the heating rate and the concentration of oxygen, evaporates. Acetone is partially oxidized in secondary reactions with oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studied the relationship between the structure and the detectability of Cd-related clusters generated from Cd(OAc) 2 ·2H 2 O by matrix-assisted and matrix-free laser irradiation mass spectrometry and the compound's physicochemical properties. The limit of detection of Cd(OAc) 2 ·2H 2 O depends on the optical absorption of the matrix-analyte adducts. [Display omitted] Metal acetate complexes are highly interesting in designing and synthesizing metal–organic frameworks, which have potential applications in gas storage, molecular sieves, ion exchange, and catalysis. Cadmium is well recognized as an industrial pollutant and a food contaminant that severely affects human health. For these reasons, the detection and analysis of Cd are of great interest. A major challenge in studying cadmium compounds' structure is that Cd2+ can have a wide range of coordination numbers and diverse geometries. (MA)LDI is extremely useful for detecting Cd(OAc) 2 ·2H 2 O and investigating Cd's complex and flexible nature. We applied LDI to detect and characterize the Cd-related clusters and MALDI approach to investigate the Cd(OAc) 2 x2H 2 O reactivity and detectability with the five different organic matrices. The results revealed that in the solid-state Cd(OAc) 2 x2H 2 O tend to form coordination polymers, and in the presence of coordinating ligands (matrix molecules) form smaller complexes. In addition, the correlation between Cd-related LOD and matrix features was observed and discussed, indicating that the LODs of this analyte strongly depend on the optical absorption of the matrix-analyte adduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium selenide nanoparticles (CdSe NPs) were synthesized by an easy and simple method and their properties were assessed by XRD, TEM and SEM techniques. The effects of CdSe NPs as well as Cd2+ ions on Lemna minor plants were investigated. The absorption of CdSe NPs by the plants had some adverse consequences that were assessed by a range of biological analyses. The results revealed that both CdSe NPs and the ionic form of cadmium noticeably caused toxicity in L. minor. Morphological parameters as well as peroxidase (POD) activity were deteriorated. In contrast, the activities of some other antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) as well as the contents of total phenol and flavonoids went up. Taken all together, it could be implied that CdSe NPs as well as Cd2+ were highly toxic to plants and stimulated the plant defense system in order to scavenge produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]