Search

The article offers information on the comparison between overseers and enslaved people to workers and managers in modern workplaces, specifically in relation to the Conscription Act during the Civil War that exempted overseers from military service. The courts' reasoning for repealing the Act was that anyone could fill the overseer role, which highlights the paramount consideration of maintaining the plantation business and the importance of enslaved labor to the Confederate economy.

The article discusses a clash that took place in Holmes County, Ohio, in June 1863 during the U.S. Civil War between U.S. troops and armed draft resisters who opposed the Conscription Act of 1863. It examines the origins of the rebellion, the battle itself, and the U.S. government's subsequent prosecution of the resisters. The author states that previous accounts of the conflict excluded archival records and personal narratives that reveal that many of the resisters belonged to secret organizations that opposed Union tactics to defeat the Confederacy.

In 1862-1863 well over one thousand foreign-born men living in the United States argued that they had been illegally drafted into Union military service. Fearing a diplomatic row, the Lincoln administration sought to clarify the rules of draft eligibility and its relation to citizenship. William Seward, secretary of state, determined to include in the pool of potential draftees men who had filed their declaration of intent to become American citizens and men who had voted in any election in the United States. Seward's policy, already in action in 1862, partially codified in the Enrollment Act of March 3, 1863, and further enunciated in circulars from the Departments of State and War, broadened and redefined the nature of American citizenship. By highlighting the parallels to earlier forms of impressment, and breaking new ground with a quantitative analysis of the Department of State's Case Files on Drafted Aliens, we argue that this history of forced military service for foreign- born soldiers during the American Civil War should be considered an example of impressment. With additional source material from archives in England, the Netherlands, and Denmark, we demonstrate the extent of Union impressment and its transnational character. Concerns about forced service were widespread and had significant consequences for Union foreign relations with European countries and for immigrant communities domestically. Official complaints about impressment represented a new kind of draft resistance, in which legal and political knowledge, as well as local and regional immigrant networks, were essential for securing freedom from military service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with the awarding of PhDs in the USA and Canada in the post-WW II period, overall, by gender and major academic discipline. The effects of the explanatory variables lagged by 6 years, to allow for time-to-degree completion, are consistent with the model. Military conscription with educational exemptions and the Vietnam War increased male PhDs in the USA, but, as expected, had no effect for US females or in Canada. This suggests that the war and draft effect for US males were not reflecting other unmeasured North American effects. Government expenditures on research and development enhanced the PhD production, especially for males and in the physical sciences. The cyclical indicator, the adult male unemployment rate, has a weak positive effect for males in both the USA and Canada, suggesting that during the post-WW II period, the positive effect on graduate-level education of the reduced opportunity cost of time due to a recession was stronger than the negative wealth effect of the recession. Other variables the same, there has been an increase over time in the female receipts of the PhD, but there is no such trend for males. While males still receive more PhDs per year than females, the gender gap has decreased over time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]