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The measurement of physiologic pressure helps diagnose and prevent associated health complications. From typical conventional methods to more complicated modalities, such as the estimation of intracranial pressures, numerous invasive and noninvasive tools that provide us with insight into daily physiology and aid in understanding pathology are within our grasp. Currently, our standards for estimating vital pressures, including continuous BP measurements, pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, and hepatic portal gradients, involve the use of invasive modalities. As an emerging field in medical technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has been incorporated into analyzing and predicting patterns of physiologic pressures. AI has been used to construct models that have clinical applicability both in hospital settings and at-home settings for ease of use for patients. Studies applying AI to each of these compartmental pressures were searched and shortlisted for thorough assessment and review. There are several AI-based innovations in noninvasive blood pressure estimation based on imaging, auscultation, oscillometry and wearable technology employing biosignals. The purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth assessment of the involved physiologies, prevailing methodologies and emerging technologies incorporating AI in clinical practice for each type of compartmental pressure measurement. We also bring to the forefront AI-based noninvasive estimation techniques for physiologic pressure based on microwave systems that have promising potential for clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In three groups of patients, one with no signs of pulmonary edema (n = 11), one with acute myocardial infarction but without pulmonary edema (n = 6) and one with recent myocardial infarction and clinical signs of pulmonary edema (n = 13), investigations were performed to determine the degree of pulmonary edema: Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PC W), plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP), and critical pressure (CrP) defined as CrP = PCW − COP. The double indicator dilution method with / albumin as an intravascular indicator and tritiated water (THO) as a diffusing indicator. Clinical estimates such as radiological and auscultatory criteria. Monitoring of PCW and plasma COP appears to give valuable information on whether or not pulmonary edema fluid is being generated at the moment when these measurements are being made. On the other hand, the information obtained by the double indicator-dilution method proved insufficient to warrant its adoption for routine clinical use. Even the difference in mean transit limes of the two indicators was found to be a better measurement of the degree of pulmonary edema. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]