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Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) are ubiquitous anthropogenic pollutants that have recently come under scrutiny for their potential toxicity and environmental persistence. In this work, we determined the rate constants for oxidation by OH radicals and Cl atoms at 297 ± 3 K and atmospheric pressure in Boulder, CO (∼860 mbar) of hexamethyldisiloxane (L2), octamethyltrisiloxane (L3), decamethyltetrasiloxane (L4), dodecamethylpentasiloxane (L5), hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Measured rate constants with OH radicals were (1.20 ± 0.09) × 10-12, (1.7 ± 0.1) × 10-12, (2.5 ± 0.2) × 10-12, (3.4 ± 0.5) × 10-12, (0.86 ± 0.09) × 10-12, (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10-12, and (2.1 ± 0.1) × 10-12 cm3 molec-1 s-1, for L2, L3, L4, L5, D3, D4, and D5, respectively. The rate constants for reactions with Cl atoms with the same compounds were (1.44 ± 0.05) × 10-10, (1.85 ± 0.05) × 10-10, (2.2 ± 0.1) × 10-10, (2.9 ± 0.1) × 10-10, (0.56 ± 0.05) × 10-10, (1.16 ± 0.08) × 10-10, and (1.8 ± 0.1) × 10-10 cm3 molec-1 s-1, respectively. Substituent factors of F(-Si(CH3)2OR) and F(-SiCH3(OR)2) are proposed for use in AOPWIN, a common model for OH radical rate constant estimations. Cl atoms can remove percentage levels of VMS globally with potentially increased importance in urban areas.

Failure analysis plays an important role in the reliability of data centers and high-performance computing (HPC) systems. Recent work have shown that both resource use data and failure logs can, separately and together, be used to detect system failure-inducing errors and diagnose system failures; the result of error propagation and (unsuccessful) execution of error recovery mechanisms. For more accurate and detailed failure diagnosis, knowledge of error propagation patterns and unsuccessful error recovery is important. To improve system reliability, knowledge of recovery protocols deployment is important. This paper describes and demonstrates application of a new diagnostics framework (CORRMEXT). CORRMEXT analyzes and reports error propagation patterns and degrees of success and failure of error recovery protocols. The steps in the framework are correlations of resource use metrics and error messages, and identification of the earliest times of change of system behaviour. The framework is illustrated with analyses of resource use data and message logs for three HPC systems operated by the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC). The illustrations are focused on groups of resource use counters and groups of errors; they reveal many interesting insights into patterns of: (i) network data and software errors, (ii) Lustre file-system and Linux operating system process errors, and (iii) memory and storage errors. We also confirm that: (i) correlations of resource use and errors can only be identified by applying different correlation algorithms, and (ii) the earliest times of change in system behaviour can only be identified by analyzing both the correlated resource use counters and correlated errors. We believe CORRMEXT is the first tool that have diagnosed error propagation paths and error recovery attempts on three different HPC systems. CORRMEXT will be put on the public domain to support systems administrators in diagnosing HPC system failures, on August 2018.

During the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world have faced a myriad of heart-rending and ethically difficult scenarios (e.g., not being able to tend to a sick or dying loved one) that may lead to subsequent guilt, shame, or moral injury. Trauma-informed guilt reduction therapy is a brief intervention that helps clients accurately appraise their role in a stressful event (such as those experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic) and find positive ways to express important values going forward. Future studies of trauma-informed guilt reduction therapy with those affected by COVID-19 will be helpful for clarifying its effectiveness with this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The organic haze in the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan affects the moon’s atmospheric and surface properties. Ions are known to play an important role in haze formation chemistry; however, the role of ions in laboratory simulations of haze formation is poorly characterized. Here, we use a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer with an atmospheric pressure interface to chemically characterize the ambient gas-phase cations formed as haze is produced by the far ultraviolet photolysis of CH4 in N2. These experiments show that the chemical composition of the cations is complex. High molecular weight ions up to m/z 400 are observed, with organic nitrogen ions, including ions with multiple nitrogen atoms, accounting for the majority of the identified ion peaks. Many of the ions identified in this work have been observed in Titan’s upper atmosphere by the Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer. While the chemistry in this study is likely more representative of Titan’s lower atmosphere than of its ...

Atmospheric organic hazes are common in planetary bodies in our solar system and likely exoplanet atmospheres as well. In addition, geochemical data support the existence of an organic haze in the early Earth's atmosphere. Much of what is known about organic haze formation derives from studies of Saturn's moon Titan. It is believed that on Titan ions play an important role in haze formation. It is possible, by using Titan as an analog for the Archean Earth, to consider that an Archean haze could have formed by similar processes. Here, we examine the anion chemistry that occurs during laboratory simulations of early Earth haze formation and measure the composition of gaseous anions as a function of O2 mixing ratio. Gaseous anion composition and relative abundances are measured by an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer and are compared to previous photochemical haze mass loading measurements. Numerous anions are observed spanning from mass-to-charge ratio 26 to 246, with a majority of the identified anions containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and/or oxygen. A shift in the anion composition occurs with increasing the precursor O2 mixing ratio. With 0-20 ppmv O2 in CH4/CO2/N2 mixtures, ions contain mostly organic nitrogen, with CNO- being the most intense ion peak. As the precursor O2 is increased to 200 and 2000 ppmv, inorganic nitrogen ions become the dominant chemical group, with NO3- having the most intense ion signal. The clear shift in the ionic composition could be indicative of a modification to the gas-phase chemistry that occurs in the transition from an anoxic atmosphere to an oxygen-containing atmosphere, with potential astrobiological significance.

Patients who use cannabis for medical reasons may benefit from discussions with clinicians about health risks of cannabis and evidence-based treatment alternatives. However, little is known about the prevalence of medical cannabis use in primary care and how often it is documented in patient electronic health records (EHR).To estimate the primary care prevalence of medical cannabis use according to confidential patient survey and to compare the prevalence of medical cannabis use documented in the EHR with patient report.This study is a cross-sectional survey performed in a large health system that conducts routine cannabis screening in Washington state where medical and nonmedical cannabis use are legal. Among 108 950 patients who completed routine cannabis screening (between March 28, 2019, and September 12, 2019), 5000 were randomly selected for a confidential survey about cannabis use, using stratified random sampling for frequency of past-year use and patient race and ethnicity. Data were analyzed from November 2020 to December 2021.Survey measures of patient-reported past-year cannabis use, medical cannabis use (ie, explicit medical use), and any health reason(s) for use (ie, implicit medical use).Survey data were linked to EHR data in the year before screening. EHR measures included documentation of explicit and/or implicit medical cannabis use. Analyses estimated the primary care prevalence of cannabis use and compared EHR-documented with patient-reported medical cannabis use, accounting for stratified sampling and nonresponse.Overall, 1688 patients responded to the survey (34% response rate; mean [SD] age, 50.7 [17.5] years; 861 female [56%], 1184 White [74%], 1514 non-Hispanic [97%], and 1059 commercially insured [65%]). The primary care prevalence of any past-year patient-reported cannabis use on the survey was 38.8% (95% CI, 31.9%-46.1%), whereas the prevalence of explicit and implicit medical use were 26.5% (95% CI, 21.6%-31.3%) and 35.1% (95% CI, 29.3%-40.8%), respectively. The prevalence of EHR-documented medical cannabis use was 4.8% (95% CI, 3.45%-6.2%). Compared with patient-reported explicit medical use, the sensitivity and specificity of EHR-documented medical cannabis use were 10.0% (95% CI, 4.4%-15.6%) and 97.1% (95% CI, 94.4%-99.8%), respectively.These findings suggest that medical cannabis use is common among primary care patients in a state with legal use, and most use is not documented in the EHR. Patient report of health reasons for cannabis use identifies more medical use compared with explicit questions about medical use.

Over the past 20 years, numerous treatments addressing comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) have been developed and tested. The current meta-analysis examined the efficacy and acceptability of the two central treatment types- trauma-focused and non-trauma-focused - compared with all comparators and with cognitive-behavioral manualized SUD treatments immediately post-treatment and at longest follow-up. Twenty-eight randomized clinical trials (N = 3247) were included. There were small to large within-group effects for all forms of active treatment (gs = 0.30-1.11). Trauma-focused but not non-trauma-focused treatments outperformed all comparators on PTSD outcomes at post-treatment. Neither trauma-focused nor non-trauma-focused treatment outperformed all comparators on SUD outcomes at post-treatment. Neither trauma- nor non-trauma-focused treatment outperformed manualized SUD treatments on PTSD outcomes at either time point. Manualized SUD treatments outperformed trauma-focused treatments on SUD outcomes at post-treatment and non-trauma-focused treatments on PTSD outcomes at follow-up. Regarding treatment retention, neither trauma-focused nor non-trauma-focused treatments significantly differed from all comparators or from manualized SUD treatments. Between-group results were largely unchanged in trim-and-fill analyses, but were not robust to fail-safe N. Few moderators were detected. Taken together, results suggest that trauma-focused, non-trauma-focused, and manualized SUD interventions are sound options for individuals with comorbid PTSD/SUD.

Renewable energy (RE) technologies are looked upon favorably to provide for future energy demands and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the installation of these technologies requires large quantities of finite material resources. We apply life cycle assessment to 100 years of electricity generation from three stand‐alone RE technologies—solar photovoltaics, run‐of‐river hydro, and wind—to evaluate environmental burden profiles against baseline electricity generation from fossil fuels. We then devised scenarios to incorporate circular economy (CE) improvements targeting hotspots in systems’ life cycle, specifically (1) improved recycling rates for raw materials and (ii) the application of eco‐design. Hydro presented the lowest environmental burdens per kilowatt‐hour of electricity generation compared with other RE technologies, owing to its higher efficiency and longer life spans for main components. Distinct results were observed in the environmental performance of each system based on the consideration of improved recycling rates and eco‐design. CE measures produced similar modest savings in already low GHG emissions burdens for each technology, while eco‐design specifically had the potential to provide significant savings in abiotic resource depletion. Further research to explore the full potential of CE measures for RE technologies will curtail the resource intensity of RE technologies required to mitigate climate change.

Phase change material (PCM) is used as a means of storing thermal energy. The method of PCM containment in thermal energy storage (TES) systems is important as the material is in direct contact with metal piping, plates and housing units which can be damaged if the material is corrosive. The compatibility of PCM with various materials for use in TES applications has been investigated using the immersion corrosion method and suggestions to minimise their corrosive behaviour or to mitigate it by using an alternative PCM have been presented and are described in the following paper. The metals and plastics tested were copper, brass, aluminium, stainless steel, mild steel and Perspex. These were immersed in five different PCM, three fatty acids, a salt hydrate and Micronal ® for a period of 722 days. Stainless steel was determined to be the most suitable of all the PCM investigated. Aluminium can be used with all fatty acids, however caution is advised as the maximum corrosion rate was found to be 12.4 m g/cm 2 year. Copper and brass can be encapsulated using fatty acid and again caution is advised as corrosion rates were found to be 22.15 g/cm 2 year and 1.67 g/cm 2 year, respectively.

Although HER2 targeted therapies have improved prognosis for HER2 positive breast cancer, HER2 positive cancers which co-express ER have poorer response rates to standard HER2 targeted therapies, combined with chemotherapy, than HER2 positive/ER negative breast cancer. Administration of hormone therapy concurrently with chemotherapy and HER2 targeted therapy is generally not recommended. Using publically available gene expression datasets we found that high expression of IGF1R is associated with shorter disease-free survival in patients whose tumors are ER positive and HER2 positive. IGF1R is frequently expressed in HER2 positive breast cancer and there is significant evidence for crosstalk between IGF1R and both HER2 and ER. Therefore, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of targeting ER and IGF1R in cell line models of HER2/ER/IGF1R positive breast cancer, using tamoxifen and two IGF1R targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (NVP-AEW541 and BMS-536924). Dual inhibition of ER and IGF1R enhanced growth inhibition in the four HER2 positive cell lines tested and caused an increase in cell cycle arrest in G1 in BT474 cells. In addition, combined treatment with trastuzumab, tamoxifen and either of the IGF1R TKIs enhanced response compared to dual targeting strategies in three of the four HER2 positive breast cancer cell lines tested. Furthermore, in a cell line model of trastuzumab-resistant HER2 positive breast cancer (BT474/Tr), tamoxifen combined with an IGF1R TKI produced a similar enhanced response as observed in the parental BT474 cells suggesting that this combination may overcome acquired trastuzumab resistance in this model. Combining ER and IGF1R targeting with HER2 targeted therapies may be an alternative to HER2 targeted therapy and chemotherapy for patients with HER2/ER/IGF1R positive breast cancer.

Laboratory studies have found that heterogeneous oxidation can affect the composition and loading of atmospheric organic aerosol particles over time scales of several days, but most studies have examined pure organic particles only. In this study, in order to probe the reactivity of organic species confined near the particle surface, the rates and products of the OH-initiated oxidation of pure squalane particles are compared to oxidation of thin coatings of squalane on ammonium sulfate particles. The squalane reaction rate constant shows a linear dependence on the organic surface area-to-volume ratio, with rate constants for coated particles up to 10 times larger than for pure particles. Changes in the carbon oxidation state and fraction of particulate carbon remaining show similar enhancements, implying that heterogeneous oxidation may exhibit a stronger effect on the loadings and properties of organic aerosol than previously estimated from laboratory studies.

Key Points Question Among primary care patients, what is the prevalence of electronic health record documentation of medical cannabis use and health conditions for which cannabis use might have benefits and risks? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 185 565 patients, 2% had past-year medical cannabis use documented in their electronic health records. Among patients with documented medical cannabis use, 44.5% had documented health conditions for which cannabis use might confer benefits, and 54.5% had conditions for which it might confer risks. Meaning These findings suggest that primary care practitioners should be prepared to discuss potential risks as well as potential benefits of cannabis use with patients., Importance Many people use cannabis for medical reasons despite limited evidence of therapeutic benefit and potential risks. Little is known about medical practitioners’ documentation of medical cannabis use or clinical characteristics of patients with documented medical cannabis use. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of past-year medical cannabis use documented in electronic health records (EHRs) and to describe patients with EHR-documented medical cannabis use, EHR-documented cannabis use without evidence of medical use (other cannabis use), and no EHR-documented cannabis use. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study assessed adult primary care patients who completed a cannabis screen during a visit between November 1, 2017, and October 31, 2018, at a large health system that conducts routine cannabis screening in a US state with legal medical and recreational cannabis use. Exposures Three mutually exclusive categories of EHR-documented cannabis use (medical, other, and no use) based on practitioner documentation of medical cannabis use in the EHR and patient report of past-year cannabis use at screening. Main Outcomes and Measures Health conditions for which cannabis use has potential benefits or risks were defined based on National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s review. The adjusted prevalence of conditions diagnosed in the prior year were estimated across 3 categories of EHR-documented cannabis use with logistic regression. Results A total of 185 565 patients (mean [SD] age, 52.0 [18.1] years; 59% female, 73% White, 94% non-Hispanic, and 61% commercially insured) were screened for cannabis use in a primary care visit during the study period. Among these patients, 3551 (2%) had EHR-documented medical cannabis use, 36 599 (20%) had EHR-documented other cannabis use, and 145 415 (78%) had no documented cannabis use. Patients with medical cannabis use had a higher prevalence of health conditions for which cannabis has potential benefits (49.8%; 95% CI, 48.3%-51.3%) compared with patients with other cannabis use (39.9%; 95% CI, 39.4%-40.3%) or no cannabis use (40.0%; 95% CI, 39.8%-40.2%). In addition, patients with medical cannabis use had a higher prevalence of health conditions for which cannabis has potential risks (60.7%; 95% CI, 59.0%-62.3%) compared with patients with other cannabis use (50.5%; 95% CI, 50.0%-51.0%) or no cannabis use (42.7%; 95% CI, 42.4%-42.9%). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, primary care patients with documented medical cannabis use had a high prevalence of health conditions for which cannabis use has potential benefits, yet a higher prevalence of conditions with potential risks from cannabis use. These findings suggest that practitioners should be prepared to discuss potential risks and benefits of cannabis use with patients., This cross-sectional study describes the prevalence and clinical characteristics of primary care patients with cannabis use documented in their electronic health records.

Nephron-sparing surgery in the form of partial nephrectomy is increasingly becoming the standard of care in patients with small renal tumours. Oncological outcomes for partial nephrectomy are equivalent to radical nephrectomy, however, clamping of the hilar vessels to allow resection of tumours during partial nephrectomy may cause ischaemic damage to the kidney and result in long-term renal impairment. We carried out a retrospective review of 43 patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and assessed functional and oncological outcomes. The operative technique initially utilised a thulium laser, with later cases using the LigaSure™ vessel sealing device. All patients underwent preoperative cross sectional imaging and anatomical classification accordingly. Forty three patients underwent LPN in our unit from 2006 to 2014. The mean (range) tumour diameter on preoperative cross sectional imaging was 28.2 (12–49) mm. All cases had a warm ischaemia time of zero, as hilar vessels were not clamped in any case. The mean (range) preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 73 (37 to >90) ml/min/1.73 m2 and was not significantly different to the post-operative mean (range) eGFR of 71 (31 to >90) ml/min/1.73 m2. 34 (79%) of the tumours were found to be malignant. Positive surgical margins were found in one case. The mean (range) follow-up time in our cohort was 61.6 (24–127) months and no patient has had a local or distant recurrence. Zero ischaemia laparoscopic partial nephrectomy appears to be a safe and oncologically satisfactory procedure for the management of small localised kidney tumours.

Energy consumed by heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) in buildings represents an important part of the global energy consumed in Europe. Thermal energy storage is considered as a promising technology to improve the energy efficiency of these systems, and if incorporated in the building envelope the energy demand can be reduced. Many studies are on applications of thermal energy storage in buildings, but few consider their integration in the building. The inclusion of thermal storage in a functional and constructive way could promote these systems in the commercial and residential building sector, as well as providing user-friendly tools to architects and engineers to help implementation at the design stage. The aim of this paper is to review and identify thermal storage building integrated systems and to classify them depending on the location of the thermal storage system. The work was carried out under the framework of the COST Action BISTS TU1205. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement n° PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE). The authors from the University of Lleida would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2014 SGR 123). Alvaro de Gracia would like to thank Education Ministry of Chile for Grant PMI ANT1201.

Prolonged treatment of HER2 positive breast cancer cells with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) leads to the emergence of acquired resistance. However, the effects of continuous TKI exposure on cell fate, and the steps leading to the acquisition of a resistant phenotype are poorly understood. To explore this, we exposed five HER2 positive cells lines to HER2 targeted therapies for periods of up to 4 weeks and examined senescence associated &beta, galactosidase (SA-&beta, gal) activity together with additional markers of senescence. We found that lapatinib treatment resulted in phenotypic alterations consistent with a senescent phenotype and strong SA-&beta, gal activity in HER2-positive cell lines. Lapatinib-induced senescence was associated with elevated levels of p15 and p27 but was not dependent on the expression of p16 or p21. Restoring wild type p53 activity either by transfection or by treatment with APR-246, a molecule which reactivates mutant p53, blocked lapatinib-induced senescence and caused increased cell death. In contrast to lapatinib, SA-&beta, gal activity was not induced by exposing the cells to trastuzumab as a single agent but co-administration of lapatinib and trastuzumab induced senescence, as did treatment of the cells with the irreversible HER2 TKIs neratinib and afatinib. Neratinib- and afatinib-induced senescence was not reversed by removing the drug whereas lapatinib-induced senescence was reversible. In summary, therapy-induced senescence represents a novel mechanism of action of HER2 targeting agents and may be a potential pathway for the emergence of resistance.

Ozone pollution affects human health, especially in urban areas on hot sunny days. Its basic photochemistry has been known for decades and yet it is still not possible to correctly predict the high ozone levels that are the greatest threat. The CalNex_SJV study in Bakersfield CA in May/June 2010 provided an opportunity to examine ozone photochemistry in an urban area surrounded by agriculture. The measurement suite included hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxyl (HO2), and OH reactivity, which are compared with the output of a photochemical box model. While the agreement is generally within combined uncertainties, measured HO2far exceeds modeled HO2in NOx-rich plumes. OH production and loss do not balance as they should in the morning, and the ozone production calculated with measured HO2is a decade greater than that calculated with modeled HO2when NO levels are high. Calculated ozone production using measured HO2is twice that using modeled HO2, but this difference in calculated ozone production has minimal impact on the assessment of NOx-sensitivity or VOC-sensitivity for midday ozone production. Evidence from this study indicates that this important discrepancy is not due to the HO2measurement or to the sampling of transported plumes but instead to either emissions of unknown organic species that accompany the NO emissions or unknown photochemistry involving nitrogen oxides and hydrogen oxides, possibly the hypothesized reaction OH + NO + O2→ HO2+ NO2.

Numerous studies report majorities of survey respondents hold positive attitudes toward wolves. However, a 2001–2009 panel study found declining tolerance of wolves among residents of Wisconsin’s wolf range. Poaching, believed to be increasing, has been an important source of mortality in Wisconsin’s wolf population since the 1980s. We conducted focus groups, with an accompanying anonymous questionnaire survey of participants, among farmers and hunters in Wisconsin’s wolf range to gain a more in-depth understanding of attitudes towards wolves and inclinations to poach wolves. Whereas our study was originally designed to examine the effects of an experimental lethal-control program on inclination to poach, oscillating wolf-management authority shifted our focus from a single intervention to a suite of changes in policy and management. Following federal delisting of the Western Great Lakes wolf population in January 2012, Wisconsin implemented lethal-depredation control and created the state’s first legalized wolf-harvest season in October 2012. We convened focus groups before and after these changes. Pre- and post-survey results showed majorities of respondents held negative attitudes toward wolves with no decrease in inclination to poach, suggesting lethal-control measures, in the short term, may be ineffective for increasing tolerance. Participants expressed favorable attitudes toward lethal-control measures, but believed there were limitations in the implementation of the lethal-control measures. Focus group discussions revealed elements of positivity toward wolves not revealed by questionnaires, as well as several thematic areas, such as fear, empowerment, and trust, that may inform the development of interventions designed to increase tolerance of wolves and other controversial species.

This comprehensive review discusses methods that have been used for the thermal management of photovoltaic modules. Particular attention has been paid to the use of phase change material (PCM) in the heat management of photovoltaic (PV), concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) and building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. Regulating the temperature of PV systems comprised of crystalline silicon cells appears to be the most economically viable for the use of PV/PCM systems, as increases in temperature have the most detrimental effect on the efficiency of silicon solar cells compared to organic or thin film cells. Studies have shown that the use of PCM helps to improve the performance of PV although there is still more to be explored and improved particularly the solidification and discharge of PCM.

Photovoltaic/ thermal (PV/T) systems integrate photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies and have the added advantage of producing both electrical and thermal energy simultaneously. This study has been carried out to investigate the performance of a PV/T phase change material (PCM) system under experimental climatic conditions. Electricity is generated by the PV during daylight hours and the heat produced is absorbed and stored in PCM. Water flows through a pipe network within the PCM and absorbs the stored heat in the PCM. In the PV/T-PCM system, water remained at a higher temperature for an extended period of time as well as shifting the time period of available heat when compared to the reference systems.

To determine if local transmission was responsible for rising tuberculosis incidence in a recently dispersed migrant community in Birmingham, UK, during 2004-2013, we conducted enhanced epidemiologic investigation of molecular clusters. This technique identified exact locations of social mixing and chains of apparent recent transmission, which can be helpful for directing resources.

This study explored whether the density of family history (FH) of substance use disorders relates to post-treatment substance use outcomes in adolescents, with the primary aim of determining whether FH exerts a relatively stronger influence on longer-term outcomes.The present investigation examined adolescents (ages 12-18, n=366) from two independent samples who were treated for alcohol/substance use disorder (ASUD) and re-assessed during the eight years following treatment with identical methodology. Primary substance use outcomes were assessed at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 years post-treatment and included total drinks, days using marijuana, and days using other drugs.In hierarchical linear models there were significant FH density×linear time interactions for total drinks (z=12.75, p0.001) and marijuana use days (z=4.39, p0.001); greater FH density predicted more total drinks and more marijuana use days, with both associations becoming stronger over time. The increasing linkage between FH and other drug use was not significant over time.Findings are consistent with previous research indicating that the risk associated with FH increases over time, especially in relation to quantity/frequency measures of alcohol and marijuana use. By extending these findings to an adolescent clinical sample, the current study highlights that FH density of alcohol and drug dependence is a risk factor for poorer long-term outcomes for adolescent-onset ASUD youth as they transition into adulthood. Future work should explore the mechanisms underlying greater post-treatment substance use for adolescents/young adults with greater FH density.

Measurements of HONO(g) and particulate nitrite (NO2−(p)) were made with a modified Ambient Ion Monitor–Ion Chromatography (AIM-IC) instrument during California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate 2010 in Bakersfield, CA (CalNex-San Joaquin Valley (SJV)). Observations of gas and particulate matter (PM2.5) water-soluble composition showed accumulation of both species at night, followed by loss the next day. Intercomparison with a Stripping Coil-UV/Vis Absorption Photometer (SC-AP) demonstrated excellent agreement with the AIM-IC HONO(g) measurement (slope = 0.957, R2 = 0.86), and the particulate nitrite observations were validated to be free of known interferences for wet chemical instrumentation. The accumulation of nitrite into particulate matter was found to be enhanced when gaseous mixing ratios of HONO(g) were highest. Reactive uptake of HONO(g) on to lofted dust and the ground surface, forming a reservoir, is a potential mechanism to explain these observations. The AIM-IC HONO(g) measurements were parameterized in a chemical model to calculate the ground surface daytime HONO(g) source strength at 4.5 m above the surface, found to be on the order of 1.27 ppb h−1, to determine the relative importance of a surface reservoir. If all deposited nighttime HONO(g) is reemitted the following day, up to 30% of the daytime HONO(g) source at CalNex-SJV may be accounted for. The observations of HONO(g) and NO2−(p) in Bakersfield, during CalNex, suggest a surface sink and source of HONO(g). Extension of currently accepted unknown daytime HONO(g) source reactions to include a potential surface HONO(g) reservoir should therefore be sound, but quantitation of the relative contributions of each surface source toward daytime HONO(g) production remains to be resolved.

Exchange of NOx (NO+NO2) between the atmosphere and biosphere is important for air quality, climate change, and ecosystem nutrient dynamics. There are few direct ecosystem-scale measurements of the direction and rate of atmosphere–biosphere exchange of NOx. As a result, a complete description of the processes affecting NOx following emission from soils and/or plants as they transit from within the plant/forest canopy to the free atmosphere remains poorly constrained and debated. Here, we describe measurements of NO and NO2 fluxes and vertical concentration gradients made during the Biosphere Effects on AeRosols and Photochemistry EXperiment 2009. In general, during daytime we observe upward fluxes of NO and NO2 with counter-gradient fluxes of NO. We find that NOx fluxes from the forest canopy are smaller than calculated using observed flux–gradient relationships for conserved tracers and also smaller than measured soil NO emissions. We interpret these differences as primarily due to chemistry converting NOx to higher nitrogen oxides within the forest canopy, which might be part of a mechanistic explanation for the "canopy reduction factor" applied to soil NOx emissions in large-scale models.

The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) experiences some of the worst ozone air quality in the US, frequently exceeding the California 8 h standard of 70.4 ppb. To improve our understanding of trends in the number of ozone violations in the SJV, we analyze observed relationships between organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides (NO[subscript x]), and daily maximum temperature in the southern SJV using measurements made as part of California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change in 2010 (CalNex-SJV). We find the daytime speciated organic reactivity with respect to OH during CalNex-SJV has a temperature-independent portion with molecules typically associated with motor vehicles being the major component. At high temperatures, characteristic of days with high ozone, the largest portion of the total organic reactivity increases exponentially with temperature and is dominated by small, oxygenated organics and molecules that are unidentified. We use this simple temperature classification to consider changes in organic emissions over the last and next decade. With the CalNex-SJV observations as constraints, we examine the sensitivity of ozone production (PO[subscript 3]) to future NO[subscript x] and organic reactivity controls. We find that PO[subscript 3] is NO[subscript x]-limited at all temperatures on weekends and on weekdays when daily maximum temperatures are greater than 29 °C. As a consequence, NO[subscript x] reductions are the most effective control option for reducing the frequency of future ozone violations in the southern SJV., California Environmental Protection Agency. Air Resources Board (Contract CARB 08-316), United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NNX10AR36G)

The important role high-performance computing HPC resources play in science and engineering research, coupled with its high cost capital, power and manpower, short life and oversubscription, requires us to optimize its usage - an outcome that is only possible if adequate analytical data are collected and used to drive systems management at different granularities - job, application, user and system. This paper presents a method for comprehensive job, application and system-level resource use measurement, and analysis and its implementation. The steps in the method are system-wide collection of comprehensive resource use and performance statistics at the job and node levels in a uniform format across all resources, mapping and storage of the resultant job-wise data to a relational database, which enables further implementation and transformation of the data to the formats required by specific statistical and analytical algorithms. Analyses can be carried out at different levels of granularity: job, user, application or system-wide. Measurements are based on a new lightweight job-centric measurement tool 'TACC_Stats', which gathers a comprehensive set of resource use metrics on all compute nodes and data logged by the system scheduler. The data mapping and analysis tools are an extension of the XDMoD project. The method is illustrated with analyses of resource use for the Texas Advanced Computing Center's Lonestar4, Ranger and Stampede supercomputers and the HPC cluster at the Center for Computational Research. The illustrations are focused on resource use at the system, job and application levels and reveal many interesting insights into system usage patterns and also anomalous behavior due to failure/misuse. The method can be applied to any system that runs the TACC_Stats measurement tool and a tool to extract job execution environment data from the system scheduler. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A prototype 3 He-based Passive Neutron Albedo Reactivity (PNAR) counter was developed and tested at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in collaboration with the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) to measure the fissile content in electrochemical recycling (ER) product materials. The counter consists of 16 3 He cylindrical gas-filled proportional counters at 4 atm of pressure embedded in high-density polyethylene. In this work, experimental measurements were performed at LANL to characterize the performance of the PNAR counter using surrogate materials for the uranium metal ingot. The purpose of these experiments was to: 1) measure the operating and calibration parameters of the PNAR counter (e.g. efficiency profiles, coincidence gate fractions, die-away time) and 2) evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of the PNAR method and the time correlated induced fission (TCIF) method for quantifying the 235 U mass in PWR fresh LEU fuel rods and Materials Testing Reactor (MTR) HEU fuel plates. A small 244 Cm reference source (13,373 n/s) was placed in the center of the fuel rods and fuel plates to simulate spontaneous fission from sub-ppm (parts per million) levels of Cm contamination in the U ingot. In order to compare the relative accuracy of the PNAR and TCIF methods for quantifying 235 U mass, calibration curves were generated for the net doubles rate and the doubles Cd ratio using the Deming software. The results from this experiment will be used to obtain a better understanding of the sensitivity of the PNAR and TCIF methods for samples with low neutron multiplication. Furthermore, this experimental measurement data will also help inform safeguards research and development (R&D) efforts on the viability of nondestructive assay (NDA) techniques and detector designs for quantifying fissile content in ER product materials. Future work will include performing measurements with the PNAR counter on small samples of U/TRU materials.

Safeguards inspection measurements must be performed in a timely manner in order to detect the diversion of significant quantities of nuclear material. A shorter measurement time can increase the number of items that a nuclear safeguards inspector can reliably measure during a period of access to a nuclear facility. In turn, this improves the reliability of the acquired statistical sample, which is used to inform decisions regarding compliance. Safeguards inspection measurements should also maintain independence from facility operator declarations. Existing neutron collars employ thermal neutron interrogation for safeguards inspection measurements of fresh fuel assemblies. A new fast neutron collar has been developed for safeguards inspection measurements of fresh low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel assemblies containing gadolinia (Gd2O3) burnable poison rods. The Euratom Fast Collar (EFC) was designed with high neutron detection efficiency to make a fast (Cd) mode measurement viable whilst meeting the high counting precision and short assay time requirements of the Euratom safeguards inspectorate. A fast mode measurement reduces the instrument sensitivity to burnable poison rod content and therefore reduces the applied poison correction, consequently reducing the dependence on the operator declaration of the poison content within an assembly. The EFC non-destructive assay (NDA) of typical modern European pressurized water reactor (PWR) fresh fuel assembly designs have been simulated using Monte Carlo N-particle extended transport code (MCNPX) simulations. Simulations predict that the EFC can achieve 2% relative statistical uncertainty on the doubles neutron counting rate for a fast mode measurement in an assay time of 600 s (10 min) with the available 241AmLi (α,n) interrogation source strength of 5.7×104 s−1. Furthermore, the calibration range of the new collar has been extended to verify 235U content in variable PWR fuel designs in the presence of up to 32 gadolinia burnable poison rods with Gd concentrations of up to 12 wt%. Monte Carlo calculations predict that the EFC has a lower statistical uncertainty for measurements performed in the fast neutron mode than its predecessor neutron collar design. This paper describes the physics design and calculated performance characteristics of the EFC. The Gd response is presented over a realistic range for modern PWR fuel designs.

Atmospheric photooxidation of isoprene is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and there is increasing evidence that anthropogenic oxidant emissions can enhance this SOA formation. In this work, we use ambient observations of organosulfates formed from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) and methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE) and a broad suite of chemical measurements to investigate the relative importance of nitrogen oxide (NO/NO_2) and hydroperoxyl (HO_2) SOA formation pathways from isoprene at a forested site in California. In contrast to IEPOX, the calculated production rate of MAE was observed to be independent of temperature. This is the result of the very fast thermolysis of MPAN at high temperatures that affects the distribution of the MPAN reservoir (MPAN / MPA radical) reducing the fraction that can react with OH to form MAE and subsequently SOA (F_(MAE formation)). The strong temperature dependence of F_(MAE formation) helps to explain our observations of similar concentrations of IEPOX-derived organosulfates (IEPOX-OS;~1 ng m^(–3)) and MAE-derived organosulfates (MAE-OS;~1 ng m^(–3)) under cooler conditions (lower isoprene concentrations) and much higher IEPOX-OS (~20 ng m^(–3)) relative to MAE-OS (

The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is gaining traction within the systems engineering community to define complex systems. To date all SysML authoring tools are single-user, thick-client software applications geared towards only model definition, forcing sequential model development and losing an opportunity to parallelize effort. Additionally, the completed model is not in and of itself able to execute tradespace exploration or constraint optimization. Most complex system development occurs in geographically disparate teams working on various components of the model concurrently, which introduces a process complexity in configuration management and slows progress. Although extensions to thick-client applications and separate software applications have attempted to solve these issues, the authors pose a different solution. This paper describes a web-based SysML authoring tool which provides real-time collaboration. The goal is to offer an experience where all users have up-to-date information and can concurrently modify the model. The authors describe how this tool has been incorporated with the Framework for Assessing Cost and Technology (FACT), an effort spearheaded by the Marine Corps System Command as a real-time, collaborative modeling, simulation and design web-service. FACT's data schema is based on SysML, providing a unique use case implementation of the benefits of the SysML authoring tool described.

We present an analysis of the NOx budget in conditions of low NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) and high biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) concentrations that are characteristic of most continental boundary layers. Using a steady-state model, we show that below 500 pptv of NOx, the NOx lifetime is extremely sensitive to organic nitrate (RONO2) formation rates. We find that even for RONO2 formation values that are an order of magnitude smaller than is typical for continental conditions significant reductions in NOx lifetime, and consequently ozone production efficiency, are caused by nitrate forming reactions. Comparison of the steady-state box model to a 3-D chemical transport model (CTM) confirms that the concepts illustrated by the simpler model are a useful approximation of predictions provided by the full CTM. This implies that the regional and global budgets of NOx, OH, and ozone will be sensitive to assumptions regarding organic nitrate chemistry. Changes in the budgets of these species affect the representation of processes important to air quality and climate. Consequently, CTMs must include an accurate representation of organic nitrate chemistry in order to provide accurate assessments of past, present, and future air quality and climate. These findings suggest the need for further experimental constraints on the formation and fate of biogenic RONO2.

We present an analysis of the NOx budget in conditions of low NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) and high biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) concentrations that are characteristic of most continental boundary layers. Using a steady-state model, we show that below 500 pptv of NOx, the NOx lifetime is extremely sensitive to organic nitrate (RONO2) formation rates. We find that even for RONO2 formation values that are an order of magnitude smaller than is typical for continental conditions significant reductions in NOx lifetime, and consequently ozone production efficiency, are caused by nitrate forming reactions. Comparison of the steady-state box model to a 3-D chemical transport model (CTM) confirms that the concepts illustrated by the simpler model are a useful approximation of predictions provided by the full CTM. This implies that the regional and global budgets of NOx, OH, and ozone will be sensitive to assumptions regarding organic nitrate chemistry. Changes in the budgets of these species affect the representation of processes important to air quality and climate. Consequently, CTMs must include an accurate representation of organic nitrate chemistry in order to provide accurate assessments of past, present, and future air quality and climate. These findings suggest the need for further experimental constraints on the formation and fate of biogenic RONO2.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) signalling is implicated in resistance to trastuzumab. However, the benefit of co-targeting HER2 and IGF1R has not been extensively studied, and the relationship between activated IGF1R and clinical response to trastuzumab has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the combination of trastuzumab with IGF1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in a panel of HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines, and to examine the relationship between IGF1R expression and activation and response to trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. The anti-proliferative effects of trastuzumab combined with IGF1R TKIs BMS-536924 or NVP-AEW541 were measured in nine HER2-positive cell lines. IGF1R and phosphorylated IGF1R/insulin receptor (pIGF1R/IR) were measured by immunohistochemistry in 160 tumour samples from trastuzumab-treated patients (ICORG 06-22). The HER2-positive cell lines displayed varying sensitivity to IGF1R TKIs alone (IC(50)s: 0.7 to10 μM). However, when combined with trastuzumab, a significantly enhanced effect was observed in five cell lines treated with BMS-536924, and three with NVP-AEW541. While IGF1R levels correlated with reduced response to NVP-AEW541 alone, neither IGF1R nor pIGF1R were predictive of response to BMS-536924 or NVP-AEW541 in combination with trastuzumab. Low HER2 levels correlated with response to BMS-536924 in combination with trastuzumab. Akt levels correlated with improved response to trastuzumab and NVP-AEW541 (P = 0.039). Cytoplasmic IGF1R staining was observed in all tumours, membrane IGF1R was detected in 13.8 %, and pIGF1R/IR was detected in 48.8 %. Although membrane IGF1R staining was associated with larger tumour size (P = 0.041), and lower tumour grade (P = 0.024), no association between IGF1R or pIGF1R/IR and patient survival was observed. In conclusion, while neither IGF1R expression nor activation was predictive of response to trastuzumab, these pre-clinical data provide evidence that co-targeting HER2 and IGF1R may be beneficial in some HER2-amplified breast cancers.

Peroxynitrates are responsible for global scale transport of reactive nitrogen. Recent laboratory observations suggest that they may also play an important role in delivery of nutrients to plant canopies. We measured eddy covariance fluxes of total peroxynitrates (ΣPNs) and three individual peroxynitrates (APNs ≡ PAN + PPN + MPAN) over a ponderosa pine forest during the Biosphere Effects on AeRosols and Photochemistry EXperiment 2009 (BEARPEX 2009). Concentrations of these species were also measured at multiple heights above and within the canopy. While the above-canopy daytime concentrations are nearly identical for ΣPNs and APNs, we observed the downward flux of ΣPNs to be 30–60% slower than the flux of APNs. The vertical concentration gradients of ΣPNs and APNs vary with time of day and exhibit different temperature dependencies. These differences can be explained by the production of peroxynitrates other than PAN, PPN, and MPAN within the canopy (presumably as a consequence of biogenic VOC emissions) and upward fluxes of these PN species. The impact of this implied peroxynitrate flux on the interpretation of NOx fluxes and ecosystem N exchange is discussed.

Using structural equation modeling, this study examined the relationship of caregiver network support on caregiver and child mental health need, as well as child mental health service use among 1075 8-year-old children participating in the LONGSCAN study. The final model showed acceptable fit (χ(2) = 301.476, df = 136, p0.001; RMSEA = 0.052; CFI = 0.95). Caregiver and child mental health needs were positively related. As predicted, caregiver network support exerted a protective effect, with greater levels of caregiver network support predictive of lower caregiver and child need. Contrary to prediction, however, caregiver network support was not directly related to child service use. Higher child need was directly related to child service use, especially among children whose caregivers had mental health problems. The findings appear to indicate that lower levels of caregiver network support may exert its impact on child service use indirectly by increasing caregiver and child need, rather than by directly increasing the likelihood of receiving services, especially for African American children.

Medical language processing seeks to analyze linguistic patterns in electronic medical records, which requires managing lexical variations. A systematic approach to generating derivational variants, including prefixes, suffixes, and zero derivations, has improved precision and recall rates.

A relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) system combined with a nitrous acid (HONO) analyzer was developed to measure atmospheric HONO vertical fluxes. The system consists of three major components: (1) a fast-response sonic anemometer measuring both vertical wind velocity and air temperature, (2) a fast-response controlling unit separating air motions into updraft and downdraft samplers by the sign of vertical wind velocity, and (3) a highly sensitive HONO analyzer based on aqueous long path absorption photometry that measures HONO concentrations in the updrafts and downdrafts. A dynamic velocity threshold (±0.5σw, where σw is a standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity) was used for valve switching determined by the running means and standard deviations of the vertical wind velocity. Using measured temperature as a tracer and the average values from two field deployments, the flux proportionality coefficient, β, was determined to be 0.42 ± 0.02, in good agreement with the theoretical estimation. The REA system was deployed in two ground-based field studies. In the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) study in Bakersfield, California in summer 2010, measured HONO fluxes appeared to be upward during the day and were close to zero at night. The upward HONO flux was highly correlated to the product of NO2 and solar radiation. During the Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX 2009) at Blodgett Forest, California in July 2009, the overall HONO fluxes were small in magnitude and were close to zero. Causes for the different HONO fluxes in the two different environments are briefly discussed.