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Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) or Gumboro is caused by the IBD virus of the Birnaviridae family. The disease is acute and highly contagious in young birds. The virus infection causes severe damage to the lymphoid organs i.e. bursa Fabricius leading to immunosuppression. The disease morbidity may reach 100%, while the mortality varies from 20 to 100%, causing high economic losses. Infectious Bursal Disease has remained significant threat although vaccination has been applied. This study aimed to determine the current typical pathological changes in the bursa Fabricius of commercial broilers showing IBD symptoms. The samples were obtained from commercial broiler farms in Sragen, Wonogiri, Batang, and Sleman. Gross lesion examination showed enlargement of the bursa Fabricius with gelatinous material on the serosal surface, oedema with fluid accumulation in the lumen, hemorrhages of the serosal surface, atrophy, and caseous exudate in the lumen. Histopathologic changes of acute IBD include hemorrhages, congestion, lymphocyte necrosis, accumulation of fibrin, oedematous and heterophils infiltration in the interfollicular tissues. Microscopic changes in chronic IBD (5-7 days post infection IBDV) including follicular atrophy, lymphocyte necrosis, vacuolization of the follicle, and proliferation of fibroblast and connective tissue in the interfollicular space. In conclusion, the notable pathological change description of bursa Fabricius in suspected acute is gross lesion (swelling and edema, thickened and enlarged plica bursa Fabricius, hemorraghe), microscopic lesion (congestion, hemorraghe, heterophil infiltration) or chronically IBD infection in broiler chicken was gross lesion (atrophy bursa Fabricius, atrophy and excudate casouse in the lumen bursa Fabricius), microscopic lesion (lymphocyte necrosis, vacuolization of bursa Fabricius follicles, proliferation of fibroblasts and interfollicular connective tissue).

Kınalı keklik (Alectoris chukar) ve sülün (Phasianus colchicus)’ün primer lenfoid organlardan bursa Fabricius ve timus dokularının histolojik yönden değerlendirilmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmada, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Zootekni Bölümü Kanatlı Hayvan Yetiştirme Biriminden 3 adet, sağlıklı kınalı keklik ve sülün temin edildi. Bursa Fabricius ve timus doku örnekleri diseksiyon ile alındı. Genel histolojik incelemeler için hematoksilen-eosin ve masson trikrom boyamaları, doku ve hücrelerdeki nötral mukosubstansı ve karbonhidrat içeriğini belirleyebilmek için periodic acid schiff (PAS) reaksiyonu, plazma hücrelerini belirlemek için methyl green-pyronin boyaması uygulandı. Timusun major hücreleri için Weigert’s hematoksilenli van gieson boyaması gerçekleştirildi. Mast hücrelerini göstermek için ise toludin blue ve alcian blue/safranin O kombinasyon boyama teknikleri yapıldı. Kınalı keklik ve sülün timus ve bursa Fabricius’unun korteks ve medulla bölgelerindeki plazmosit, mastosit ve lenfosit hücrelerinin büyüklüklerinin ölçümleri yapılıp ortalama değerleri hesaplandı. Ayrıca dokuların fotoğrafları Leica DM 500 mikroskobunda çekildi. Kınalı keklik ve sülün bursa Fabricius ve timus dokuları histolojik açıdan karşılaştırıldığında önemli bir farklılığın olmadığı sonucuna varıldı.

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This experiment was conducted in 16/3 / 2016 to 21/ 4 / 2016. The location was doing in research Hall at animal Resources department , college of Agricultural university of kufa, associated with the Humanisistic Scientific College, Department of Medical Laborites Sciences / laboratory of Histology and Anatomy. The design was RCBD with 2 replication, Broiler bird from Ross type (380) one day age were used and divided into 5 group. Each group contain 26 bird, the treatment were 5 as the following : 1- Group (T1) control treatment in which given normal diet without any amount of Pleurouts ostreatus mixed with Barley. 2- Group (T2) which were given 25%. Of mixed Barely/ in chick diet daily. 3- Group (T3) which were given 50% of mixed Barely/ in chick diet daily. 4- Group (T4) which were given 75% of mixed Barely in chick diet daily. 5-Group (T5) which were given 100% of mixed Barely in chick diet daily. The treatment started at the beginning of one day for 5 week at the end of experiment. Take sample of blood from each bird to analysis at end of 5 week to known the level of immunity (H.I. test) show that the group T5 gave high result in compression to other treatment at level P<0.05 (691). The weight of Buras fabricius is differ, it show high weight at group T4 =2.97 g. Group T1=2.95g, T2=2.88 the less weight at T3=2.13, T5=2.17. The histological change of Bursa fabricius gland is different between the control group T1 and other group, depended upon the amount of mixed Barley which take it. The group T4 show the histological change was more effect and activity at the other groups, which give the chickens 75% from mixed barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was investigated functional status and compensatory adaptation morphogenesis of microstructures of pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen of industrial growth quails breed «pharaoh» under stress at different periods of ontogenesis. It was established that the development of anxiety stage at 40 daily quails accompanied by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocorticotropic system in the form of increased secretory activity of basophils in pituitary with simultaneous stress-induced increase of corticosteroids in interrenal tissue, decreased secretory activity hromaphins in adrenal glands and increase synthetic and secretory activity in thyroid. The course of immuno-physiological reactions in the immune-competing tissues of the thymus and bursa under the influence of stress was characterized by a decrease in the index by 12.8 - 58.9%, the area of cortical substance - by 31.2%, in the spleen - the appearance of primary lymphoid nodes in the amount of 2,50±0,11 compared to the original state. At 75 days of age, the development of the stage of resistance coincided with the period of sexual activity and manifested by a decrease in the functional reserves of the organs of the endocrine and immune system, the intensity of the processes of immunogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different doses of boric acid injected into chicken eggs on bursa of Fabricius and spleen. The study material consisted of three treatment and one control group. On the fourth day of incubation, boric acid dissolved in 0.9% NaCl were injected into eggs at 1.000, 1.500 and 2.000 ppm doses and control group received only 0.9% NaCl injection. Chicks hatched were raised until ten weeks of age (n=10). Bursa of Fabricius and spleen were evaluated by histological, immunohistochemical and stereological methods. Weight of bursa of Fabricius, relative weight of bursa of Fabricius (P<0.01), volume of bursa of Fabricius, cortical thickness, follicle area and area of follicular medulla significantly reduced (P<0.001) by injection of 1.500 ppm boric acid compared to control group. The number of white blood cells also decreased in 1.000 ppm and 1.500 ppm groups. An increase (P<0.001) was recorded in hemoglobin ratio in 2.000 ppm group when compared with the other treatment groups and control group. There was an increase in 1500 ppm group in terms of spleen weight (P<0.001), relative spleen weight (P<0.01) and plasma cell count (P<0.05) and likewise an increase was noted in 1.000 and 2.000 ppm groups with respect to follicle count and number of apoptotic cells in comparison to control group. In conclusion, low doses of boric acid induced the bursal involution and implicitly increased plasma cell count in the spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to determine the influences of heat stress and temperature-exposed time on liver malonaldehyde (MDA), relative weight of bursa fabricius and heterophil/lymfocite ratio of broilers. The research used 140 male broilers of 2 weeks of age. The treatments consisted of two factors. The first factor was five treatments: S1A (28.551.53 oC) with ad libitum of feeding, S1BT1 (S1 with pair feeding as S2A), S1BT2 (S1 with pair feeding as S3A), S2A (31.071.29 oC) with ad libitum of feeding and S3A (33.501.17 oC) with ad libitum of feeding. The second factor was five of temperature-exposed times (0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days after treatments). Variables measured were liver MDA, relative weight of bursa fabricius and ratio of heterophil/lymphocite (H/L). The experiment used a completely randomized design in split plot (5x5), with 4 replications. The result indicated that liver MDA, relative weight of bursa fabricius and H/L ratio of S2 and S3 were higher than those of S1A, S1BT1 and S1BT2. H/L ratio of 4, 8, 16, and 32 days of temperature-exposed times were higher than that of 0 day. It was concluded that heat stress increased the liver MDA and H/L ratio, but decreased the relative weight of bursa fabricius. The temperature-exposed time increased the H/L ratio, but it did not affect the liver MDA and relative weight of bursa fabricius of broilers.

This study was designated to investigate the morphology of bursa of Fabricius (BF) in broilers and local chicks. Eighty Hubbard broilers and one hundred local, one-day-old chicks were reared on litter floor for 35 days. They were divided into six groups, A, B and C for broilers, and D, E and F for local chicks. Two types of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) vaccine were used. Chicks of group A, and D were vaccinated with an intermediate type vaccine (Bursine ® -2) at 14th day, whereas group B and E were vaccinated with an intermediate-plus vaccine (Bursine ® plus) at 14th day also (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, Iowa, USA). Chicks of group C and F were acted as control. Five chicks were sacrificed from A, B, D and E groups at 21st, 28th and 35th day and at 1st, 7th, 14th, 28th and 35th day from C and F control groups. Body weights, bursa weights, diameters and relative weight of bursa were measured. The results showed a non significant difference (P>0.05) between group A and C, whereas group B showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) of bursal index at 21st day compared with group C. Different levels of significancy of bursal index (BI) were noticed in local chicks. Reduction of bursal weight of vaccinated groups may be associated with the proliferation of the virus vaccine in the bursal tissues. This study also revealed that intermediate-plus vaccine caused severe BF injury in vaccinated local bird. The present study indicated a significant correlation between bursa diameter and the injury produced by the vaccination process in broiler chicks, on the other hand the same trend was also recorded in the local chicks. The present study was also revealed a clinical signs and mortality up to 66.6% due to highly virulent IBD vaccine in group E of local chicks, because of their high susceptibility to this vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken Infectious Anemia (CIA) is present in various regions of the world in which poultry husbandry is common and birds of any age are susceptible. CIA is a viral infection characterized by aplastic anemia and is accompanied by atrophy of the thymus and bone marrow. This condition was first diagnosed in 1979 and since then a large number of investigations have been undertaken in order to characterize and further understand the pathology of this infection. Most of these studies emphasized either clinical findings or physiological transformation of the thymus and bone marrow. There are a limited number of studies that investigated the lesions in organs other than the bone marrow and thymus. The objective of the present study was to examine the histopathologic lesions that develop in organs other than the thymus and bone marrow of 1-day-old chickens intramuscularly infected with the chicken anemia virus (CAV) and to detect the antigen density with the streptavidin-biotin immuno-peroxidase staining technique. Seventy-one 1-day-old SPF quality white Leghorn chickens, acquired from the Manisa Poultry Diseases Research Institute, were used in this study. On day 1 of the study, 52 of these chickens were injected intramuscularly with 0.5 ml TCID50:100,000 CAVs (Cux-1 strain). The remaining 19 chickens were kept in a separate facility as a control group. Necropsies were performed immediately after the chickens were sacrificed. Sampling occurred on the days defined by the experimental study protocol. Organ samples were taken from each animal's bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils, spleen, liver, kidneys, pancreas, large and small intestines, proventriculus, lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, brain, and cerebellum. These samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. Despite the antigenic-specific stains observed in different organ samples, such as the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, lung, intestine, cecal tonsils, and glandular stomach after the seventh day of inoculation, no significant microscopic lesions were found in any of these organs. The findings of the present study show that CAV did not cause any typical microscopic lesions in the organs we studied (organs other than the thymus and bone marrow), unlike previous reports of CAV settling in the thymus and bone marrow causing lesions to transfers to other organs; however, they did become infected with the virus, especially lymphocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was postnatal investigation of morphometric features of Bursa fabricius in Turkey by using scanning electron microscope and light microscope. Materials and Methods: One 1-24 week old 50 turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) were used. Their Bursa fabriciuses were taken out after the necropsy and weighted. Tissues were fixed with glutaraldehyde, examined and photographed under scanning electron microscope. For histological examination, tissues were prepared using routine histologic methods and stained with Mallory's triple and Hematoxylen-Eosine. Results: The morphometric data concerning turkey ducklings used in the study showed that Bursa fabricius reaches its maximum size at the 9th week. The decrease in the weight of Bursa fabricius following the week of 9 proved that involution session in the turkey begins after that period. On the investigation performed by means of scanning electron microscopy, dome shaped surface epithelium which covers subepithelial lymph follicles on the surface was determined to be most clear in the 5th and 9th weeks. There was a distinct irregularity of this appearance in the following weeks (13th and 24th). Conclusion: It was concluded that the results may contribute to the researches which relate to humoral immunity formation and effectiveness of vaccination programme.