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Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by mild memory loss and ranks as a leading cause of mortality in the USA, accounting for approximately 120,000 deaths per year. It is also the primary form of dementia. Early detection is critical for timely intervention as the neurodegenerative process often starts 15–20 years before cognitive symptoms manifest. This study focuses on determining feature importance in AD classification using fused texture features from 3D magnetic resonance imaging hippocampal and entorhinal cortex and standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) derived from positron emission tomography (PET) images. Methods: To achieve this objective, we employed four distinct classifiers (Linear Support Vector Classification, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Logistic Regression, and Logistic Regression Classifier with Stochastic Gradient Descent Learning). These classifiers were used to derive both average and top-ranked importance scores for each feature based on their outputs. Our framework is designed to distinguish between two classes, AD-negative (or mild cognitive impairment stable [MCIs]) and AD-positive (or MCI conversion [MCIc]), using a probabilistic neural network classifier and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Results: The findings from the feature importance highlight the crucial role of the GLCM texture features extracted from the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, demonstrating their superior performance compared to the volume and SUVR. GLCM texture AD classification achieved approximately 90% sensitivity in identifying MCIc cases while maintaining low false positives (below 30%) when fused with other features. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curves validate the GLCMs’ superior performance in distinguishing between MCIs and MCIc. Additionally, fusing different types of features improved classification performance compared to relying solely on any single feature category. Conclusion: Our study emphasizes the pivotal role of GLCM texture features in early Alzheimer’s detection.

This technical paper investigates the influence of sample size and geologic characteristics on the geotechnical design of levee embankments. Sample quality plays a vital role in quantifying engineering properties for levee embankment projects, and numerous studies have highlighted the impact of sample disturbance on such engineering properties. Despite this evidence, conventional tube and piston samplers of different diameters continue to be widely used, potentially leading to underestimation of shear strength. The paper focuses on comparing 7.6 cm and 12.7 cm diameter undisturbed Shelby tube samples and CPT data collected from three levee sites in the Greater New Orleans Area, Louisiana, USA, which encompass diverse geologic histories. The study aims to assess the effect of industry used samples size and geology on levee construction costs. The findings provide valuable insights into optimizing sample collection methods and improving geotechnical design for earthen embankments.

Abstract Oligonucleotide mapping via liquid chromatography with UV detection coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS/MS) was recently developed to support development of Comirnaty, the world’s first commercial mRNA vaccine which immunizes against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Analogous to peptide mapping of therapeutic protein modalities, oligonucleotide mapping described here provides direct primary structure characterization of mRNA, through enzymatic digestion, accurate mass determinations, and optimized collisionally-induced fragmentation. Sample preparation for oligonucleotide mapping is a rapid, one-pot, one-enzyme digestion. The digest is analyzed via LC-MS/MS with an extended gradient and resulting data analysis employs semi-automated software. In a single method, oligonucleotide mapping readouts include a highly reproducible and completely annotated UV chromatogram with 100% maximum sequence coverage, and a microheterogeneity assessment of 5′ terminus capping and 3′ terminus poly(A)-tail length. Oligonucleotide mapping was pivotal to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of mRNA vaccines by providing: confirmation of construct identity and primary structure and assessment of product comparability following manufacturing process changes. More broadly, this technique may be used to directly interrogate the primary structure of RNA molecules in general.

Precipitation infiltrates into the lead–zinc–silver Bunker Hill Mine, oxidizes pyrite, and produces acidic waters that discharge from the mine portal. The metasedimentary geology and alteration from 100+ yr of mining provide a heterogeneous environment for source water infiltration and flow within the mine. A university–industry partnership was developed to trace the mine water sources, flowpaths, and travel times to identify potential areas for infiltration reduction. Snowpack, creek, and mine water samples were collected over a 1-year period for the analysis of δ2H, δ18O, and 3H, along with the in situ measurement of temperature, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and flow. The isotope tracers were used to identify the source waters, unmix mine water as it moved deeper in the mine, and examine flowpaths in and near the acid-generating pyritic zone. The results indicate creek water infiltrating relatively quickly through the anthropogenically-modified pathways and causing the largest amount of acidic water in the upper levels of the mine. Slower, natural pathways associated with faults, fractures, and bedding planes produce mostly neutral waters with the source waters typically originating at higher elevations. Travel times ranged from 18O values, smaller 3H concentrations, the dampening of the variability of the isotope signals, and pH increases. Reduction of infiltration zones near the upper workings of the mine likely will decrease the acidic waters in the upper levels of the mine, but the higher elevation infiltration zones will continue to contribute snowmelt-derived waters at all mine levels.

Introduction: It is well established that sclerostin antagonizes the anabolic Wnt signalling pathway in bone, however, its physiological role in other tissues remains less clear. This study examined the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on sclerostin content and downstream markers of the Wnt signaling pathway (GSK3β and β-catenin) within subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and visceral epididymal WAT (eWAT) depots at rest and in response to acute aerobic exercise.Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 40, 18 weeks of age) underwent 10 weeks of either a low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD. Within each diet group, mice were assigned to either remain sedentary (SED) or perform 2 h of endurance treadmill exercise at 15 m min−1 with 5° incline (EX), creating four groups: LFD + SED (N = 10), LFD + EX (N = 10), HFD + SED (N = 10), and HFD + EX (N = 10). Serum and WAT depots were collected 2 h post-exercise.Results: Serum sclerostin showed a diet-by-exercise interaction, reflecting HFD + EX mice having higher concentration than HFD + SED (+31%, p = 0.03), and LFD mice being unresponsive to exercise. iWAT sclerostin content decreased post-exercise in both 28 kDa (−31%, p = 0.04) and 30 kDa bands (−36%, main effect for exercise, p = 0.02). iWAT β-catenin (+44%, p = 0.03) and GSK3β content were higher in HFD mice compared to LFD (+128%, main effect for diet, p = 0.005). Monomeric sclerostin content was abolished in eWAT of HFD mice (−96%, main effect for diet, p < 0.0001), was only detectable as a 30 kDa band in LFD mice and was unresponsive to exercise. β-catenin and GSK3β were both unresponsive to diet and exercise within eWAT.Conclusion: These results characterized sclerostin’s content to WAT depots in response to acute exercise, which appears to be specific to a reduction in iWAT and identified a differential regulation of sclerostin’s form/post-translational modifications depending on diet and WAT depot.

Individuals can be characterized in a population according to their brain measurements and activity, given the inter-subject variability in brain anatomy, structure-function relationships, or life experience. Many neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the potential of functional network connectivity patterns estimated from resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to discriminate groups and predict information about individual subjects. However, the predictive signal present in the spatial heterogeneity of brain connectivity networks is yet to be extensively studied. In this study, we investigate, for the first time, the use of pairwise-relationships between resting-state independent spatial maps to characterize individuals. To do this, we develop a deep Siamese framework comprising three-dimensional convolution neural networks for contrastive learning based on individual-level spatial maps estimated via a fully automated fMRI independent component analysis approach. The proposed framework evaluates whether pairs of spatial networks (e.g., visual network and auditory network) are capable of subject identification and assesses the spatial variability in different network pairs’ predictive power in an extensive whole-brain analysis. Our analysis on nearly 12,000 unaffected individuals from the UK Biobank study demonstrates that the proposed approach can discriminate subjects with an accuracy of up to 88% for a single network pair on the test set (best model, after several runs), and 82% average accuracy at the subcortical domain level, notably the highest average domain level accuracy attained. Further investigation of our network’s learned features revealed a higher spatial variability in predictive accuracy among younger brains and significantly higher discriminative power among males. In sum, the relationship among spatial networks appears to be both informative and discriminative of individuals and should be studied further as putative brain-based biomarkers.

The multi-attribute method (MAM), a recent advance in the application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry within the pharmaceutical industry, enables the simultaneous monitoring of multiple product quality attributes in a single analytical method. While MAM is coupled with automated data processing and reporting, the sample preparation, based on proteolytic peptide mapping, remains cumbersome and low throughput. The standard sample preparation for MAM relies on protein denaturation, reduction, and alkylation prior to proteolytic digestion, but often a desalting step is required to maintain enzymatic activity. While most of the sample preparation can be automated on a standard robotic liquid handling system, a streamlined approach for protein desalting and temperature modulation is required for a viable, fully automated digestion. In this work, for the first time, a complete tip-based MAM sample preparation is automated on a single robotic liquid handling system, leveraging a deck layout that integrates both heating and cooling functionalities. The fully automated method documented herein achieves a high-throughput sample preparation for MAM, while maintaining superior method performance.Abbreviations: MAM: multi-attribute method; PQAs: product quality attributes; CE: capillary electrophoresis; IEX: ion-exchange chromatography; HILIC-FLR: hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector; RP-LC/UV: reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to a UV detector; MS: mass spectrometry; NPD: new peak detection; GdnHCl: guanidine hydrochloride; TIC: total ion current; pAb: polyclonal antibody; IgG: immunoglobulin G; DTT: dithiothreitol; IAA: iodoacetic acid; TFA: trifluoroacetic acid; A280: absorbance at 280 nm wavelength; 96MPH: 96-channel multi-probe head; CPAC: Cold Plate Air Cooled; HHS: Hamilton Heater Shaker; DWP: Deep-Well Plate; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; NTR: Nested Tip Rack; Met: methionine; Trp: tryptophan; N-term pQ: N-terminal glutamine cyclization; Lys: lysine; PAM: peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase; G0F: asialo-, agalacto-, bi-antennary, core substituted with fucose; G1F: asialo-, mono-galactosylated bi-antennary, core substituted with fucose; G2F: asialo-, bi-galactosylated bi-antennary, core substituted with fucose; G0: asialo-, agalacto-, bi-antennary; Man5: oligomannose 5; Man8: oligomannose 8; TriF: asialo-, tri-galactosylated tri-antennary, core substituted with fucose.

ObjectiveTo explore associations among twenty formal and informal, societal and individual-level factors and quality of life (QOL) among people living with congestive heart failure (CHF) in two settings with different healthcare and social care systems and sociocultural contexts.Setting and participantsWe recruited 367 adult patients with CHF from a single heart failure clinic within two countries with different national social to healthcare spending ratios: Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States (US), and Nijmegen, Netherlands (NL).DesignCross-sectional survey study. We adapted the Social Quality Model (SQM) to organize twenty diverse factors into four categories: Living Conditions (formal-societal: e.g., housing, education), Social Embeddedness (informal-societal: e.g., social support, trust), Societal Embeddedness (formal-individual: e.g., access to care, legal aid), and Self-Regulation (informal-individual: e.g., physical health, resilience). We developed a survey comprising validated instruments to assess each factor. We administered the survey in-person or by mail between March 2017 and August 2018.OutcomesWe used Cantril's Self-Anchoring Scale to assess overall QOL. We used backwards stepwise regression to identify factors within each SQM category that were independently associated with QOL among US and NL participants (pResults367 CHF patients from the US (32%) and NL (68%) participated. Among US participants, financial status, receiving legal aid or housing assistance, and resilience were associated with QOL, and together explained 49% of the variance in QOL; among NL participants, financial status, perceived physical health, independence in activities of daily living, and resilience were associated with QOL, and explained 53% of the variance in QOL.ConclusionsFour formal and informal factors explained approximately half of the variance in QOL among patients with CHF in the US and NL.

This manuscript provides a brief comparison of the nature of ground motions observed in Christchurch city during the 4 September 2010 Darfield and 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquakes. Focus is given to the spatial distribution of ground motion intensity from both events on a regional and location-specific basis. Particular emphasis is also given to the importance of local site effects, that is, the seismic response of the shallow soil layers directly underlying the ground surface. Not only are such effects clearly prevalent at several locations in both events, but they can also be significantly different for different sites which have the same nominal ‘site class’. The observations highlight the importance of, and insight which can be gained from, the use of site-specific response analysis for deep alluvial soil sites, which is presently not adequately accounted for in New Zealand seismic design guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: We embarked on a research project intending to compare healthcare and social care utilization and costs for people with congestive heart failure in the United States (US) and the Netherlands (NL). Our intention was to evaluate these characteristics at a national, regional, and person-specific level, comparing data from patients being cared for at Hennepin Healthcare (Minneapolis, MN, US) and Radboud University Medical Center (Nijmegen, NL). Because we focused on a specific clinical subpopulation in both countries, we expected to be able to make valid comparisons between these two patient populations. However, our experience with this project calls into question the accuracy and reliability of between-country healthcare comparisons. Methods: Spurious and unexpected results from the between-country database comparison prompted us to critically examine our findings. We used iterative group discussions to identify weaknesses and missing components in our comparative data. In addition to exploring specific examples from our own unpublished work, we went on to identify similar limitations in external, peer-reviewed publications. Results: We identified five domains that limited our ability to perform a valid between-country comparison. These included (1) differences in patient level characteristics both within and between countries; (2) variations in societal norms and values; (3) different systems of healthcare and social care organization and delivery; (4) variable definitions, implantation, and distribution of costs; and (5) limitations within the databases themselves. Discussion: Iterative group discussion and reflection were useful in understanding defining limitations in our between country database comparison. Acceptance of the database comparison would have led to erroneous conclusions about heart failure patients in the US and NL. Conclusions: There are five domains that limited our ability to perform a valid between-country comparison, including patient-level characteristics, societal norms and values, systems of healthcare and social care, costs, and databases. Lessons Learned: Our findings suggest that these domains should be considered prior to undertaking an international comparison of healthcare and social care. They may also provide a tool for critical analysis of published data. Limitations: The five domains we identified are based on a single study. However, we were able to identify external examples in peer-reviewed journals in each of the domains. Suggestions for future research: In order for us to continue to learn from other systems, international comparisons of healthcare and social care should continue, but particular attention must be given to ensuring that accurate and reliable comparisons are made. The domains we have identified may stimulate further research into quality assurance for international healthcare comparisons.

Background: Effective management of chronic, long-term illness largely depends on care that is shaped around the specific priorities, preferences, and routines of the individual patient. Evidence suggests that the coproduction of healthcare by patients and professionals may be effective in facilitating good health outcomes at lower costs. Furthermore, it is considered increasingly important to consider the social determinants of health and well-being. Our research team has conducted a cross-national mixed methods study to examine the health and social care needed to support people living with a chronic illness–specifically, congestive heart failure--in the United States and Netherlands. Translation of our research into practice includes a case-based teaching module to train health professionals and health professional students about coproduction of patient care. This presentation will provide: (1) an overview of our educational curriculum; (2) discuss our experiences teaching health professionals and health professional students about coproduction of healthcare services; (3) explore the individual knowledge, skills, and habits that are required to coproduce care with their patients and their patient’s families/informal caregivers; (4) summarize some of the guiding principles of coproduction. Target Audience: Health professionals, health professions students, and health professional educators Learnings/Take away: Our interactive, case-based workshop creates the foundation for healthcare professionals, educators, students, and researchers to consider new the role of coproduction in healthcare. This session will discuss an education module that can be replicated in other settings.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a key role in regulating gut motility and homeostasis yet it remains a challenging system to record from. Here, the authors develop a novel abdominal window permitting simultaneous optical and electrical recording of mouse ENS system activity over prolonged time periods.

Optimal dietary intake is important for the health and physical performance of military personnel. For military veterans, the complex nature of transition into civilian life and sub-optimal dietary intake is a leading contributor to the increased burden of disease. A scoping review was undertaken to determine what is known about the assessment and reporting of dietary intakes within both military and veteran populations. In addition, this review determines if studies reporting on the dietary intake of military personnel or veterans include comparisons with dietary guidelines. Six databases were searched to identify papers published from the database inception to April 2019. Observational and intervention studies were searched to identify if they assessed and reported whole dietary intake data, reported data exclusively for a military or veteran population, and included only healthy populations. A total of 89 studies were included. The majority of studies used one dietary assessment method (n = 76, 85%) with fewer using multiple methods (n = 13, 15%). The most frequent methodology used was food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) (n = 40, 45%) followed by 24-hour recalls (n = 8, 9%) and food records (n = 8, 9%). The main dietary outcomes reported were macronutrients: carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol (n = 66, 74%) with total energy intake reported in n = 59 (66%). Fifty four (61%) studies reported a comparison with country-specific dietary guidelines and 14 (16%) reported a comparison with the country-specific military guidelines. In conclusion, dietary intake in military settings is most commonly assessed via FFQs and 24-hour recalls. Dietary intake reporting is mainly focused around intakes of energy and macronutrients. Most studies compare against dietary guidelines, however, comparison to specific military dietary guidelines is minimal.

Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, and metastatic prostate cancer is currently incurable. Prostate cancer frequently becomes resistant to standard of care treatments, and the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs is often accompanied by toxic side effects. Combination therapy is one tool that can be used to combat therapeutic resistance and drug toxicity. Vitamin E (VE) compounds and analogs have been proposed as potential non-toxic chemotherapeutics. Here we modeled combination therapy using mixture design response surface methodology (MDRSM), a statistical technique designed to optimize mixture compositions, to determine whether combinations of three chemotherapeutic agents: γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3), α-tocopherol ether acetate (α-TEA), and docetaxel (DOC), would prove more effective than docetaxel alone in the treatment of human prostate cancer cells. Response surfaces were generated for cell viability, and the optimal treatment combination for reducing cell viability was calculated. We found that a combination of 20 µM γ-T3, 30 µM α-TEA, and 25 nm DOC was most effective in the treatment of PC-3 cells. We also found that the combination of γ-T3 and α-TEA with DOC decreased the amount of DOC required to reduce cell viability in PC-3 cells and ameliorated therapeutic resistance in DOC-resistant PC-3 cells.

Dietary supplements (DSs) and nutritional supplements (NSs) can enhance performance, recovery or training adaptations, however, some substances, dosages, and usage protocols are unsafe. Knowledge of the type and extent of use within populations enables strategies to be formulated to promote safe and effective use (where needed) and to avoid adverse side effects. The purpose of this study was to understand DS and NS use by active-duty Australian soldiers. Surveys were distributed by e-mail and hard copy to eligible participants (n = 23,195). Respondents (males n = 1833; females n = 296) comprised 9.3% of the total population. Use of ≥1 DSs/week was reported by 76.4% of males and 86.8% of females, and use of ≥1 NSs/week was reported by 21.7% of males and 20.9% of females. The most commonly used supplements were protein or amino acids (55.6%), multivitamins and minerals (38.2%), other DSs (37.8%), individual vitamins and minerals (33.0%), and combination products (32.8%). Logistic regression revealed the number of DSs respondents used simultaneously was significantly different between males and females, age groups, BMI ranges, and body weight actions. Engagement in special operations was a significant predictor of the use of any DS, individual vitamin and minerals and multivitamin and minerals. Approximately 16% of regular DS users reported experiencing one or more side effects, with the most common being palpitations (10.6%), tingling or numbness in the face, fingers, arms, or legs (5.5%), tremors or shaking (2.9%), flushing (2.3%), headache (2.0%), abdominal pain (1.6%), anxiety (1.4%), and dizziness or confusion (0.9%). The results revealed more prevalent use of several categories of DSs and NSs among some subgroups. Ongoing surveillance of DS and NS use is important for tracking trends in use over time and gauging the effectiveness of any strategies employed to enhance the quality of supplement use.

In this study, a microplasma discharge device (MDD) was modelled and simulated for sterilization applications. The MDD was modelled with copper and dielectric based electrodes on flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate. COMSOL Multiphysics® simulation performed on the MDD model demonstrated varying electron density and electric field distribution for AC terminal voltages ranging from 500 V to 8000 V. A variation of 14% and 54% was also observed for electron density and mobility, respectively when the temperature was increased from 240 K to 360 K, at constant pressure of 1 atm. In addition, a variation of 90% and 78% was observed for electron density and mobility, respectively when the pressure was increased from 0.3 atm to 1.3 atm, at constant room temperature of 295 K. The response of the MDD is analysed and presented in this paper.

An electrochemical sensor was fabricated on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate for the detection of cadmium sulfide (CdS), a heavy metal compound. The sensor consists of a working and reference electrode that were gravure printed using silver (Ag) ink on the PET substrate. The performance of the sensor was investigated by measuring electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for varying concentrations of the CdS. From the EIS based response, an impedance change of 11 ± 1%, 23 ± 1%, 34 ± 2% and 50 ± 3% was observed for the 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 µM and 1 mM concentrations of CdS, respectively when compared to de-ionized (DI) water, thus demonstrating the potential of employing gravure printed electrochemical sensors for heavy metal detection applications.

BackgroundIn 2013 the Minnesota Resuscitation Consortium developed an organized approach for the management of patients resuscitated from shockable rhythms to gain early access to the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) in the metro area of Minneapolis‐St. Paul. Methods and ResultsEleven hospitals with 24/7 percutaneous coronary intervention capabilities agreed to provide early (within 6 hours of arrival at the Emergency Department) access to the CCL with the intention to perform coronary revascularization for outpatients who were successfully resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia arrest. Other inclusion criteria were age >18 and

One of the most important sources of clean energy in the future is expected to be solar energy which is considered a real time source. Research efforts to optimize solar energy utilization are mainly concentrated on the components of solar energy systems. Photovoltaic (PV) modules are considered the main components of solar energy systems and PVs’ operations typically occur without any supervisory mechanisms, which means many external and/or internal obstacles can occur and hinder a system’s efficiency. To avoid these problems, the paper presents a system to address and detect the faults in a PV system by providing a safer and more time efficient inspection system in real time. In this paper, we proposing a real time inspection and fault detection system for PV modules. The system has two cameras, a thermal and a Charge-Coupled Device CCD. They are mounted on a drone and they used to capture the scene of the PV modules simultaneously while the drone is flying over the solar garden. A mobile PV system has been constructed primarily to validate our real time proposed system and for the proposed method in the Digital Image and Signal Processing Laboratory (DISPLAY) at Western Michigan University (WMU). Defects have been detected accurately in the PV modules using the proposed real time system. As a result, the proposed drone mounted system is capable of analyzing thermal and CCD videos in order to detect different faults in PV systems, and give location information in terms of panel location by longitude and latitude.

It has long been debated whether the mind consists of specialized and independently evolving modules, or whether and to what extent a general factor accounts for the variance in performance across different cognitive domains. In this study, we used a hierarchical Bayesian model to re-analyse individual level data collected on seven primate species (chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, gorillas, spider monkeys, brown capuchin monkeys and long-tailed macaques) across 17 tasks within four domains (inhibition, memory, transposition and support). Our modelling approach evidenced the existence of both a domain-specific factor and a species factor, each accounting for the same amount (17%) of the observed variance. In contrast, inter-individual differences played a minimal role. These results support the hypothesis that the mind of primates is (at least partially) modular, with domain-specific cognitive skills undergoing different evolutionary pressures in different species in response to specific ecological and social demands.

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches are being leveraged more and more in efforts to improve health equity. Informing the building of community-academic partnerships, CBPR draws on the community’s expressed needs and engages stakeholders in future intervention development. To date, however, little has been published on such efforts targeting the health of young Black men (ages 18-24), despite this population’s disproportionate need. In this paper, we describe the formation of a community-academic partnership in a federally qualified health center, with the goal of improving the health of young Black men in Detroit, Michigan. After conducting a needs assessment, we built upon existing networks to form a Community Advisory Board (CAB). We held three community forums during which CAB members highlighted key health issues in their community and described how they could be addressed. We developed a plan for future research and community engagement based on community input. Finally, we provide insights on community engagement strategies, forum structure, setting boundaries, trust-building, and valuable information in addressing the inequities in health that affect young Black men.