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The present article analyses data on ego-centred networks from a nationally representative sample of Polish citizens (egos) and their regular conversation partners (alters). In the study being used, apart from obtaining information from the respondent (the ego) about characteristics of their friends (alters), the respondent was additionally asked to provide contact details for his/her alters and the interviewers traced them. This allows to compare data concerning alters obtained from ego and from alters themselves. In the first part of the article, a comparison for three characteristics – age, education and occupational status – is provided as well as patterned differences are presented. In the second part, the issue whether the assessment of the strength of homophily depends on the source information about the alters is raised. The differences are present, although they are rather slight. The authors observe greater homophily when they rely on the responses of the ego. Based on the results, recommendations for future research on ego-centred networks are formulated.

Radość sprawiedliwych żyjących w przymierzu z JHWH i doświadczających Jego zbawczego działania, wyraża się w Ps 33 jako „nowa pieśń”. W swojej historii Izrael ciągle spotykał się z mocą słowa i „rady” Boga, stając się świadom swej wyjątkowości. Lud Boży doświadczył także, że nieustannie przebywa pod opiekuńczą Opatrznością Boga zapewniającą mu ochronę i pomoc. Dochodzi to do głosu w wyrażeniu myśli o Bogu jako Stwórcy wszystkiego oraz Panu historii, od którego zależny jest cały znany człowiekowi świat. Przed Bogiem Izraela nie ostoi się żadna siła ani potęga, dlatego drżą przed Nim lud i narody, które żyją według swych praw i politycznych planów. Jednak każda siła wojskowa jest niczym przed zasiadającym na tronie w niebie JHWH. Ps 33 nie posiada eschatologicznego charakteru, a jego obrazy słowne wskazują na historię oraz aktualnie przebiegające życie jako tajemnicę i cud zawsze i ciągle urzeczywistniające się w stwórczym dziele oraz historii. Przeanalizowany psalm wskazuje więc na ostateczne panowanie Boga w tym sensie, że ludzkie potęgi, moce i panowania są przemijające, Jego zaś władanie przemienia świat w coraz to nową rzeczywistość.

The commodity market is a key element of the global economy. It is influenced by the political and economic situation of the major participants on the supply and demand side, as exemplified by the geopolitical and economic situation related to the conflict in Ukraine. Another aspect of this influence is the close relationship between commodity markets and financial markets. Both factors contribute to the possibility of the commodity market becoming subject to contagion, resulting in the transfer of supply and demand shocks and volatility. The aim of this article is to identify the commodities that are the source of contagion (volatility) during the transmission of shocks and the increase of systematic risk in selected periods. Combining traditional network theory with vector autoregression (VAR) model, we aim to estimate systemic linkages as a measure of systemic risk and the contagion process underlying it. We used time series of commodity returns from the Refinitiv Eikon database to observe the relationships between commodities during crisis periods, starting from 2006. The results suggest that the commodities with the largest increase in volatility transmission compared to the pre-crisis period acted as a transmission gate for market shocks. First published online 12 December 2024

Abstract The mining bee (Andrena spp.) play a key role in ensuring plant and animal diversity. The present study examines their diversity in a post-agricultural landscape exemplified by the Kampinos National Park (KNP), a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Poland. The following hypotheses were addressed: (H1) the mining bees demonstrate a narrow ecological amplitude, (H2) there are no indicator species for particular habitats, and (H3) the studied mining bees have the same ecological preferences to those presented in the literature. A total of 40 catch per unit effort samples (CPUE) were collected across various habitats with different soil humidity. Forty-six species were recorded, representing 46% of mining bees and approximately 10% of the known Polish bee fauna. Nineteen of the recorded species (41%) were assigned to CR-NT threat categories, indicating that the national park plays a significant role in preserving mining bee species diversity and their conservation. None of the hypotheses (H1, H2, H3) were confirmed. The mining bees were found to demonstrate a wide ecological amplitude. Surprisingly, habitats located in dry and wet soils were both characterised by high abundance and species richness. Seventeen indicators were distinguished among the dominant and rarer species. Our findings suggest that Andrena nigroaenea and A. ventralis (lower humidity), as well as A. alfkenella and A. minutuloides (higher humidity), have different significant relationships with habitat soil humidity to those reported in the literature.

Abstract Background Mental health service providers are increasingly interested in patient perspectives. We examined rates and predictors of patient-reported satisfaction and perceived helpfulness in a cross-national general population survey of adults with 12-month DSM-IV disorders who saw a provider for help with their mental health. Methods Data were obtained from epidemiological surveys in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Respondents were asked about satisfaction with treatments received from up to 11 different types of providers (very satisfied, satisfied, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, very dissatisfied) and helpfulness of the provider (a lot, some, a little, not at all). We modelled predictors of satisfaction and helpfulness using a dataset of patient-provider observations (n = 5,248). Results Most treatment was provided by general medical providers (37.4%), psychiatrists (18.4%) and psychologists (12.7%). Most patients were satisfied or very satisfied (65.9-87.5%, across provider) and helped a lot or some (64.4-90.3%). Spiritual advisors and healers were most often rated satisfactory and helpful. Social workers in human services settings were rated lowest on both dimensions. Patients also reported comparatively low satisfaction with general medical doctors and psychiatrists/psychologists and found general medical doctors less helpful than other providers. Men and students reported lower levels of satisfaction than women and nonstudents. Respondents with high education reported higher satisfaction and helpfulness than those with lower education. Type of mental disorder was unrelated to satisfaction but in some cases (depression, bipolar spectrum disorder, social phobia) was associated with low perceived helpfulness. Insurance was unrelated to either satisfaction or perceived helpfulness but in some cases was associated with elevated perceived helpfulness for a given level of satisfaction. Conclusions Satisfaction with and perceived helpfulness of treatment varied as a function of type of provider, service setting, mental status, and socio-demographic variables. Invariably, caution is needed in combining data from multiple countries where there are cultural and service delivery variations. Even so, our findings underscore the utility of patient perspectives in treatment evaluation and may also be relevant in efforts to match patients to treatments.

Objective: We investigate the influence of social contexts on democratic attitudes. Methods: We use a novel survey data set with data from a nationally representative sample of Polish residents (egos) and their friends and acquaintances (alters). Results: Controlling for several factors defined on the ego‐ and alter‐levels, we find a positive relationship between alters' and ego's endorsement of democracy over nondemocratic alternatives. This effect is stronger the higher the number of close friends and acquaintances and when all friends know each other. Conclusion: We find a positive relationship between the average preference of democracy in the social context and an individual endorsement of democracy. Confirmed moderators of this relationship may be cautiously interpreted as measuring the degree to which the context structures political communication between egos and alters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work in this paper analyzes a unique set of large-scale observational data that links data from a national sample of Polish citizens to data obtained from their regular conversation partners. The analysis finds and interprets substantial and significant peer to peer influences on public opinions and voting choices. The contribution of the paper to prior findings on peer to peer influences in networks consists in (a) basing our results on large-scale, nationally representative, observational data rather than on data from local samples, experiments or analyses of flows of information in constrained environments, (b) using a mix of common, but seldom used in this context, estimation methods, and (c) developing an idea of constructing simulated friendships pairs which are then analyzed to cast doubt on a common alternative interpretation of obtained results. • In this paper we analyze a unique set of large N observational data from a national sample of Polish citizens to data obtained from regular conversation partners. • The analysis finds and interprets substantial and significant peer to peer influences on public opinions and voting choices. • The analysis uses a mix of common Econometric and new estimation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-grid hybrid wind–solar systems are one of the best sustainable solutions for developing distributed generation, as they can provide a stable and reliable electricity supply, effectively using the potential of the two most common renewable energy resources. In Ukraine, promoting the development of on-grid hybrid wind–solar power plants takes on particular importance under conditions of electricity shortages caused by the large-scale destruction of the energy infrastructure due to the ongoing hostilities. This article examines the economic efficiency of installing such power plants in the residential sector of Ukraine under different state support schemes. This study was conducted for on-grid hybrid wind–solar systems of various configurations and installed capacities with different equity and debt capital proportions involved in implementing investment projects. This study’s results highlight the economic efficiency of the feed-in tariff compared to the net billing for households investing in such facilities and emphasize the need to improve policy measures to increase their investment attractiveness.

Background: Enabling, supporting and promoting positive health-related behaviours is critical in addressing the major public health challenges of our time, and the multifaceted nature of behaviours requires an evidence-based approach. This statement seeks to suggest how a much-needed enhanced use of behavioural and cultural science and insights for health could be advanced. Study design and methods: and methods: Public health authorities of Europe and Central Asia and international partner organizations in September 2023 met in Copenhagen, Denmark, to discuss the way forward. Drawing on 1) country reporting to WHO, 2) interview study with public health authorities and 3) the meeting deliberations, this meeting statement was developed. Results: The meeting statement presents a joint call for step-change accelerated use of evidence-based approaches for health behaviours. Actionable next steps for public health authorities and international and regional development partners in health are presented. Conclusions: The way forward involves increased resource allocation, integration of behavioural insights into health strategies, advocacy through case and cost-effectiveness examples and capacity building.

Objectives The work is devoted to the description of the e-learning environment as an element of the information system for ensuring the activities of the university. The relationship between the processes of building a digital economy and digitalization of the educational system is shown. During 2019-2022 there was a certain evolution from classroom learning, to distance learning synchronous and asynchronous learning. Based on bibliometric analysis, it is possible to formulate the purpose of the article: a description of a student-oriented university information system and an asynchronous e-learning system. Material and methods The information base for this study is based on scientific articles, monographs by Ukrainian and foreign authors and the authors' own empirical research. The main method of the study was bibliometric analysis using the VOSviewer software tool to analyze the relationships between different categories and build maps to visualize the interconnectedness between them in publications indexed by the Scopus database. Results The information system for organizing the educational activities of the university includes autonomous blocks, which at the same time are important links in the process of ensuring the quality of e-learning. The e-learning environment, including asynchronous, requires not only content creation, but also organizational and technical support for online, blended, or remote learning. Conclusions An effectively organized e-learning system will create an effective environment in which the goals of sustainable development will be achieved through the provision of quality education and the achievement of economic growth. The use of various types of distance learning can be useful for other countries under certain circumstances regarding movement restrictions.

The quantity and distribution of summer rainfall in Poland is one of the main elements of weather and makes a strong impact on the economy, mostly agriculture, stockbreeding, and forestry and the associated industries. Droughts or heavy rains, occurring increasingly more frequently in summer, are a threat for human activity. This study presents a nearly 500-year-long reconstruction of precipitation in the June–July period for northwestern Poland based on an analysis of tree-ring widths in the native oak species (Quercus spp.) from 24 study plots located in Western Pomerania. Due to the frequent droughts occurring in the last four decades, and due to strong air pollution in the 1960s–1990s, we chose the period 1901–1941 as the calibration period. The performed reconstruction is characterized by a high annual variability in precipitation sums for June and July of the year of the tree-ring formation from 1565 to 2020, with an average rainfall sum for this period equal to 131.7 mm (standard deviation: 28.4 mm). Periods with rainfall shortages in summer occurred in the following years: 1579–1596, 1629–1637, 1650–1655, 1669–1672, 1703–1706, 1739–1748, 1757–1760, 1765–1768, 1808–1811, 1838–1841, 1856–1859, 1958–1961, 1965–1968, 1981–1983, and 2002–2006. Periods with higher than average rainfall in June and July occurred in the following years: 1573–1578, 1605–1609, 1613–1617, 1638–1642, 1694–1698, 1776–1780, 1791–1794, 1828–1831, 1852–1855, 1863–1866, 1877–1879, and 1944–1946. Our reconstruction was verified based on the historical records, available from the XVI century onward. Not all the reconstructed summer precipitation values, however, were confirmed by historical records. Notably, however, the historical data are often incomplete and imprecise. Further, the tree-ring width in the oak depends not only on the precipitation in June and July but also, e.g., on the pluvial conditions late in the previous growth season.

The sharing economy substitutes owning with accessing, promoting sustainable development by reducing excessive consumption and resource overuse, which harm the environment. Sharing reduces resource and energy use, lowering emissions and waste disposal costs, thus reducing environmental damage. This study identifies key factors that encourage Generation Z to embrace the sharing economy for goods and services, emphasizing its role in sustainable development. Conducted in May 2023, the study surveyed 442 Polish Generation Z individuals to examine their attitudes and behaviours regarding climate change. The research focused on this demographic due to their crucial role in addressing global issues. Data was collected using the CAWI method and analyzed with IBM SPSS and AMOS software through structural equation modelling (SEM). The analysis revealed three factors: Willingness to Share for Savings (WSS), Digital Customer Engagement (DCE), and Environmental Concern (EC). The results show that ecological concerns and digital engagement significantly influence people’s willingness to share, boosting environmental awareness and cost-saving behaviours. Generation Z’s sharing propensity and environmental consciousness are significantly shaped by digital engagement.

This paper presents the sociological research carried out among Polish and Ukrainian students concerning the importance of family within their life. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the differences and similarities in the perception of this fundamental group unit of society. The research was conducted at a unique time, as it was during the ongoing period where Ukraine has been a country at war, in addition to the epidemic outbreak of COVID-19. It was assumed that these special circumstances as well as the cultural differences would influence the perception of marriage and family. In a threatening situation, a person can change their former value system, priorities, and the most important life goals. In addition, the observed social and cultural changes that are taking place in both countries - albeit not at the same time and to the same extent - affect the way young people see their vision of the world, and in particular in what family model they would like to spend their future, and also whether they think about starting a family at all.

The dominance of plastics in the packaging market is due to their low weight and thickness, which save transportation costs. However, their non-biodegradability poses a significant threat to the environment. Paper, on the other hand, is considered as a safer alternative due to its natural composition and biodegradability. The porous structure of paper limits its application in packaging, and its poor water resistance further restricts its use in humid environments. Therefore, lamination is a method useful tool to improve the barrier properties of paper. Additionally, the researchers are focusing on developing biodegradable and water-based coatings with anti-fat properties as a green alternative to plastic packaging. The impact of a new grease-resistant coating composed of starch, gelatin and sodium alginate on the mechanical properties of paper was investigated through tensile, tearing, and bursting strength tests. The results showed significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the coated paper sheets. Furthermore, the biodegradability test indicated that the paper samples coated with the new composition showed a 50% weight loss after one week of incubation in the soil, and after three weeks, they exhibited 100% weight loss, demonstrating their outstanding biodegradability.

Abstract Nests of Lindenius pygmaeus armatus were examined in northern Poland in Kowalewo Pomorskie and Sierakowo. Adults were encountered from late May to late July. The nests were built in sandy areas and wasteland. Seven nests were observed, of which two were dug up and their structure was examined. The channel was approximately 2.5 mm in diameter and 8–10 cm in the length. The material removed during digging was placed near the nest entrance. The main burrow led to 3–5 cells. The cocoons were approximately 5–7 mm long and 2.5–3.5 mm wide. Females of L. p. armatus provided their nest cells with chalcid wasps averaging 14 prey items per cell. Parasitoids Myrmosa atra and kleptoparasites Senotainia conica were observed entering the burrows. Both females and males of L. p. armatus were detected on the flowers of Achillea millefolium, Peucedanum oreoselinum, Daucus carota, and Tanacetum vulgare. The article also includes phylogenetic relationships of Western Palearctic Lindenius species.

The present article analyses data on ego-centred networks from a nationally representative sample of Polish citizens (egos) and their regular conversation partners (alters). In the study being used, apart from obtaining information from the respondent (the ego) about characteristics of their friends (alters), the respondent was additionally asked to provide contact details for his/her alters and the interviewers traced them. This allows to compare data concerning alters obtained from ego and from alters themselves. In the first part of the article, a comparison for three characteristics -- age, education and occupational status -- is provided as well as patterned differences are presented. In the second part, the issue whether the assessment of the strength of homophily depends on the source of information about the alters is raised. The differences are present, although they are rather slight. The authors observe greater homophily when they rely on the responses of the ego. Based on the results, recommendations for future research on ego-centred networks are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recent research has shown that moral character judgments are prone to the liking bias—well-liked people are seen as morally superior to disliked or neutral ones. However, whether moral information about their past behavior would moderate the liking bias is still an open empirical question addressed in present studies. In Study 1 (N = 653), participants updated their biased moral character impressions when moral information about the target was introduced after the liking induction. In preregistered Study 2 (N = 601), when moral information about the target was presented before the liking induction, moral information had a stronger impact on moral character judgments than liking. Study 3 (N = 398) showed that moral character impression updating was three times greater when moral information was presented after (vs. before) the attitude induction. Further analyses of changes in participants’ moral judgments certainty revealed that moral information reduced their uncertainty stronger than attitudes. In effect, the latter were more amenable to updating than information-based judgments. Thus, we present evidence that moral information updates moral character impressions biased by liking. Nevertheless, liking also, but to a lesser extent, updates moral character impressions initially grounded on moral information. We propose that certainty about others’ moral character explains when and how moral information limits the impact of attitudinal influences on moral character judgments.

This study of digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Spheciformes) was carried out in the cultural landscape of the Drwęca, Lower Vistula, and Warta river valleys in northern Poland during 2011–2013. The study was undertaken on sites representing a succession gradient from dry grasslands to high levels of tree cover which we hypothesised would influence the structure of digger wasp communities. During our research additional information on flower use, insect prey, and phenology was also recorded and is reported here, revealing dependencies between woodland cover and both the prey and nesting types of digger wasps. A total of 136 species were recorded, i.e., nearly 56% of all Spheciformes species recorded from Poland. Among the species collected, 30 were on the Red List of Threatened Animals in Poland. Most endangered species were recorded in psammophilous grasslands, which are open habitats, and the least in mesic sites. These results significantly update the known distribution of the digger wasp in northern Poland. Knowledge on the biology of digger wasps in Poland is also supplemented by information on the feeding of larvae of 14 species and information on food plants visited by imago digger wasps. The results of our research confirm the correlations between the increase in forest cover and the number of digger wasp species.

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Abstract Background Mental healthcare is delivered across service sectors that differ in level of specialization and intervention modalities typically offered. Little is known about the perceived helpfulness of the combinations of service sectors that patients use. Methods Respondents 18 + years with 12-month DSM-IV mental or substance use disorders who saw a provider for mental health problems in the year before interview were identified from WHO World Mental Health surveys in 17 countries. Based upon the types of providers seen, patients were grouped into nine mutually exclusive single-sector or multi-sector ‘treatment profiles’. Perceived helpfulness was defined as the patient’s maximum rating of being helped (‘a lot’, ‘some’, ‘a little’ or ‘not at all’) of any type of provider seen in the profile. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the joint associations of sociodemographics, disorder types, and treatment profiles with being helped ‘a lot’. Results Across all surveys combined, 29.4% (S.E. 0.6) of respondents with a 12-month disorder saw a provider in the past year (N = 3221). Of these patients, 58.2% (S.E. 1.0) reported being helped ‘a lot’. Odds of being helped ‘a lot’ were significantly higher (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.50–1.89) among the 12.9% of patients who used specialized multi-sector profiles involving both psychiatrists and other mental health specialists, compared to other patients, despite their high comorbidities. Lower odds of being helped ‘a lot’ were found among patients who were seen only in the general medical, psychiatrist, or other mental health specialty sectors (ORs = 0.46–0.71). Female gender and older age were associated with increased odds of being helped ‘a lot’. In models stratified by country income group, having 3 or more disorders (high-income countries only) and state-funded health insurance (low/middle-income countries only) were associated with increased odds of being helped ‘a lot’. Conclusions Patients who received specialized, multi-sector care were more likely than other patients to report being helped ‘a lot’. This result is consistent with previous research suggesting that persistence in help-seeking is associated with receiving helpful treatment. Given the nonrandom sorting of patients by types of providers seen and persistence in help-seeking, we cannot discount that selection bias may play some role in this pattern.

Artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie potencjału kulturowego Spycimierza oraz wskazanie możliwości jego wykorzystania dla rozwoju turystyki. Biorąc pod uwagę zasoby miejscowości związane z dziedzictwem przyrodniczym, historycznym, zachowanymi i kultywowanymi tradycjami oraz zaangażowaniem wspólnoty mieszkańców, autorzy podejmują próbę stworzenia produktu turystycznego „Spycimierz ‒ kwiatowa wieś”, uzupełniającego i uatrakcyjniającego dotychczasową ofertę Uniejowa i okolic. Przygotowanie produktu turystycznego, będącego częścią tej oferty, nie tylko powinno przynieść lokalnej społeczności określone korzyści ekonomiczne, ale także dodatkowo zintegrować wspólnotę wokół innych działań niż wspólne przygotowywanie uroczystości religijnych.

The genera Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 and Chrysidea Bischoff, 1910 from India are reviewed. A new species, Trichrysis poseidonia sp. nov. from India and Nepal is described. Trichrysis bengalensis (Mocsáry, 1889) is revalidated from the previous synonymy with T. lusca (Fabricius, 1804). Trichrysis inops (Gribodo, 1884) is recorded from India for the first time. The lectotype of Chrysis spectrum Wickwar, 1908 is designated. Chrysis mendicalis Cameron, 1897 is transferred from the genus Trichrysis to the genus Chrysidea. Keys and illustrations are provided for the identification of the eleven species of Trichrysis and the four species of Chrysidea so far known in the country, including a Sri Lankan species.

The article discusses the problem of the migration phenomenon in Italy. The first part of the paper presents the analysis of the current migration events on the Italian territory. Next the author presents briefly the teaching of the Catholic Church about the problem of immigrants. The second part will be dedicated to qualitative research by analyzing the content of catholic-inspired scientific journals and popular magazines about the migratory phenomenon in Italy. The research was conducted in July-August of 2016. The research results are made based on the analysis of 100 articles found in journals published between the years 2011 and 2016.

Salesian educational work with street children has its origins in the educational practice of Fr. Bosco. Currently, hundreds of Salesians around the world are involved in education of street children. Salesians’ commitment to working with street children is a clear example of the continua­tion of Fr. Bosco’s practice of working with the poor and homeless children and with those without prospects for the future. In this article, the author seeks to look at the specificities of Salesian educa­tors’ influence on children and adolescents (methods of action while working with street children, goals). The theoretical part will be enriched with qualitative research conducted in May 2017. The research results are based on an analysis of the content of the available websites in dozens of countries in the world.

The laser surface modification of metallic implants presents a promising alternative to other surface modification techniques. A total of four alloyed metallic biomaterials were used for this study: medical steel (AISI 316L), cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb). Samples of metallic biomaterials after machining were subjected to polishing or laser modification in two different versions. The results of surface modification were documented using SEM imaging and roughness measurement. After modification, the samples were sterilized with dry hot air, then exposed to citrate blood, washed with PBS buffer, fixed with glutaraldehyde, sputtered with a layer of gold and imaged using SEM to enable the quantification of adhered, activated and aggregated platelets on the surface of biomaterial samples. The average total number, counted in the field of view, of adhered platelets on the surfaces of the four tested biomaterials, regardless of the type of modification, did not differ statistically significantly (66 ± 81, 67 ± 75, 61 ± 70 and 57 ± 61 for AISI 316L, CoCrMo, Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb, respectively) and the average number of platelet aggregates was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) on the surfaces of AISI 316L medical steel (42 ± 53) and of the CoCrMo alloy (42 ± 52) compared to the surfaces of the titanium alloys Ti6Al4V (33 ± 39) and Ti6Al7Nb (32 ± 37). Remaining blood after contact was used to assess spontaneous platelet activation and aggregation in whole blood by flow cytometry. An in-depth analysis conducted on the obtained results as a function of the type of modification indicates small but statistically significant differences in the interaction of platelets with the tested surfaces of metallic biomaterials.

The paper presents an evaluation of the surface quality and properties of multilayer coatings, obtained using cathodic arc evaporation, of the same structure, in which the top layer is a CrN chromium nitride layer. The second components of a double-layer module with a thickness of 400 nm and a thickness of each layer about 200 nm are two component TiN, Mo2N systems and three component TiAlN and CrCN systems. In studies using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, the surface density of the macroparticles of the coating and their dimensions were estimated. The largest amount of macroparticles was recorded on the surface of the TiAlN/CrN coatings and the lowest on CrCN/CrN and Mo2N/CrN coatings. Their adhesion to steel substrates using a scratch test and Rockwell test and wear were also investigated. The results indicated that the melting point of the cathode material directly affected the number and size of the macroparticles on the surface of the growing coating. The number of macroparticles increased with the lowering of the melting point of the cathode material. All the coatings showed good adhesion with the critical load Lc2, greater than 60 N with a hardness above 20 GPa. The Mo2N/CrN coating, despite its relatively low critical load compared to the other tested coatings, had the best wear-resistant properties, which was probably due to the Mo2N → MoO3 transformation.

In this article, the authors tackle the issue of Salesian social rehabilitation perceived from the point of view of the paradigmatic foundations of contemporary social rehabilitation. The scientific goal of this article is to look at the Salesian preventive system through the prism of the paradigmatic foundations in modern social rehabilitation. The article is based on the analysis of available literature on the subject. The analyzes undertaken allow to state that the Salesian preventive system fits into the paradigms of social rehabilitation in the Polish context. Therefore, the presented analyzes prove that this system correlates with paradigms functioning in contemporary social rehabilitation practiced in relation to socially maladjusted youth.