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Background Subcutaneous delivery of antibiotics is a practical alternative to IV administration. Meropenem is commonly used to treat infections caused by resistant Gram-negative organisms. Methods This was a prospective, crossover self-controlled study in 11 stable inpatients established on meropenem. Participants received a single dose of subcutaneous meropenem, in 50 mL normal saline via gravity feed. Venous blood sampling was performed at baseline, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h following the subcutaneous and IV doses. Antibiotic concentrations were measured using UPLC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic data were analysed using a non-linear mixed-effects modelling approach. Pain scores and infusion site reactions (oedema/erythema) were assessed. Results Subcutaneous meropenem was well tolerated. The bioavailability of subcutaneous administration was 81.5% (95% CI 71.6%–93.2%). Increasing BMI was associated with slower absorption from subcutaneous tissue. Compared with IV, subcutaneous administration resulted in lower peak and higher trough concentrations. Despite the lower bioavailability observed, the PTA for free drug concentrations greater than the MIC for more than 40% of the time between doses was higher for subcutaneous than IV administration at MIC values between 0.03 and 8 mg/L. Simulated subcutaneous doses of 1.5 g twice daily, or 3 g continuous 24 h infusion had improved PTA relative to standard IV dosing of 1 g three times daily. Conclusions Subcutaneous meropenem appears to be well tolerated and has a favourable pharmacokinetic profile. Either 1.5 g twice daily or 3 g as a 24 h subcutaneous infusion could be considered for future evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Effective management of drug–food interactions is crucial for enhancing antibiotics' efficacy/safety. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review to assess the impact of dietary interventions on the bioavailability of 15 macrolides and 10 tetracyclines. Methods We included studies examining the influence of food, beverages, antacids, and mineral supplements on the pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered macrolides and tetracyclines. We searched Medline (via PubMed), Embase and Cochrane Library databases up to December 2022. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane and NIH tools. Quantitative analyses were conducted if two or more comparable food-effect studies were available; otherwise, a qualitative summary was provided. Results We included 120 studies from 97 reports. Meta-analyses were conducted for 8 macrolides and 4 tetracyclines, with qualitative synthesis for 10 and 9, respectively. About 64% of the studies were open-label, crossover designs. Our assessment found that 37% of the studies had a high risk of bias, while only 6% had low risk. Food significantly affected 10 of 13 macrolides (77%) and 6 of 7 tetracyclines (86%). High positive effects on bioavailability were seen with extended-release azithromycin and clarithromycin, and erythromycin estolate. High negative impacts were observed with erythromycin propionate and stearate, azithromycin capsules, demeclocycline and omadacycline. Antacids and mineral supplements significantly decreased tetracyclines absorption. Milk and grapefruit juice showed variable impacts on absorption. Discussion Interactions depend on antibiotics' physicochemical characteristics, intervention type, drug formulation and potential patient factors. The quality of evidence was rated low due to outdated studies, methodological diversity and unequal data availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the technical scheme of high biological availability and increase efficiency by reducing costs of sucrose chelating trace elements in pigs A total of 600 000 commercial pigs were used to 4 initial tests, 2 final tests and 2 production application, to study biological utilization of sucrose chelating trace elements, by the measurement of the nutrients absorptivity, trace elements deposited and antioxidant indexes. The study were determined the biological utilization of sucrose chelatediron, copper, zinc and manganese was increased by 21%, 18%, 18% and 8%, respectively, compared to the corresponding sulfate. Through four net energy and nutrient utilization studies, provedsucrose chelating organic trace elements can reduce the pig digest ible energy 32-64 kcal/kg, crude protein 2.0%-3.0%, lysine 2.0%-3.0%, methionine 0.5%-1.0%, trypto phan 2.0%-4.0%, arginine 1.0%-2.0%, histidine 2.0%-5.0%, leucine 4.0%-5.0%, isoleucine 0.5%-1.0%, threonine 2.0%-3.0% and valine 3.0%-5.0%.The research determined the technical scheme of high biological availability and increase efficiency by reducing costs of sucrose chelating trace elements in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We characterized population pharmacokinetics in 42 African children receiving once-daily 25 mg (14 to <20 kg) or 50 mg (>20 kg) dolutegravir. Coadministration with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide reduced dolutegravir bioavailability by 19.6% (95% confidence interval: 8.13%–30.8%) compared with zidovudine or abacavir with lamivudine. Nevertheless, concentrations remained above efficacy targets, confirming current dosing recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands apart from other malignancies due to its pronounced association with dietary patterns. Approximately 70% of all CRC cases arise sporadically, and suboptimal dietary and lifestyle choices can override certain predisposing factors, including a family history of the disease. Hitherto, the most compelling evidence linking CRC risk has been attributed to heme iron, predominantly found in red and processed meats, although this form of iron constitutes a mere 20% of total dietary iron. The human organism maintains a remarkably intricate and tightly regulated iron homeostasis system owing to the deleterious consequences of both excessive and deficient serum iron levels. Dietary sources remain the sole means to replenish iron losses. Despite the abundant presence of iron in various food sources, its absorption, commonly referred to as bioavailability, is notably restricted due to an array of dietary inhibitors and homeostatic mechanisms.Consequently, a substantial 80% of ingested dietary iron is excreted in fecal matter, resulting in fecal iron concentrations that surpass those found in most body tissues by a tenfold margin. Prolonged exposure of the colorectum to excessive fecal iron, combined with concurrent physiological alterations, can instigate oncogenic processes leading to CRC. Notably, despite their recognized significance in CRC pathology, dietary habits, and lifestyle factors have been sporadically integrated into predictive models, primarily concerning CRC recurrence. Nonetheless, these models exhibit disparities in the dietary components, rendering them non-universally applicable. In light of these disparities, postulating that incorporating bioavailable iron, in conjunction with hepcidin levels, may offer superior predictive value for CRC risk assessment, and herein, elucidates the scientific foundation supporting this hypothesis.

Liver disease is a global health problem that affects the well-being of tens of thousands of people. Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) is a flavonoid compound derived from various plants. Furthermore, DHQ has shown excellent activity in the prevention and treatment of liver injury, such as the inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation after administration, the normalization of oxidative indices (like SOD, GSH) in this tissue, and the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory molecules (such as IL-6 and TNF-α). DHQ also exerts its therapeutic effects by affecting molecular pathways such as NF-κB and Nrf2. This paper discusses the latest research progress of DHQ in the treatment of various liver diseases (including viral liver injury, drug liver injury, alcoholic liver injury, non-alcoholic liver injury, fatty liver injury, and immune liver injury). It explores how to optimize the application of DHQ to improve its effectiveness in treating liver diseases, which is valuable for preparing potential therapeutic drugs for human liver diseases in conjunction with DHQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands apart from other malignancies due to its pronounced association with dietary patterns. Approximately 70% of all CRC cases arise sporadically, and suboptimal dietary and lifestyle choices can override certain predisposing factors, including a family history of the disease. Hitherto, the most compelling evidence linking CRC risk has been attributed to heme iron, predominantly found in red and processed meats, although this form of iron constitutes a mere 20% of total dietary iron. The human organism maintains a remarkably intricate and tightly regulated iron homeostasis system owing to the deleterious consequences of both excessive and deficient serum iron levels. Dietary sources remain the sole means to replenish iron losses. Despite the abundant presence of iron in various food sources, its absorption, commonly referred to as bioavailability, is notably restricted due to an array of dietary inhibitors and homeostatic mechanisms. Consequently, a substantial 80% of ingested dietary iron is excreted in fecal matter, resulting in fecal iron concentrations that surpass those found in most body tissues by a tenfold margin. Prolonged exposure of the colorectum to excessive fecal iron, combined with concurrent physiological alterations, can instigate oncogenic processes leading to CRC. Notably, despite their recognized significance in CRC pathology, dietary habits, and lifestyle factors have been sporadically integrated into predictive models, primarily concerning CRC recurrence. Nonetheless, these models exhibit disparities in the dietary components, rendering them non-universally applicable. In light of these disparities, postulating that incorporating bioavailable iron, in conjunction with hepcidin levels, may offer superior predictive value for CRC risk assessment, and herein, elucidates the scientific foundation supporting this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Twelve weekly doses of rifapentine and isoniazid (3HP regimen) are recommended for TB preventive therapy in children with TB infection. However, they present with variability in the pharmacokinetic profiles. The current study aimed to develop a pharmacokinetic model of rifapentine and isoniazid in 12 children with TB infection using NONMEM. Methods Ninety plasma and 41 urine samples were collected at Week 4 of treatment. Drug concentrations were measured using a validated HPLC–UV method. MassARRAY® SNP genotyping was used to investigate genetic factors, including P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), solute carrier organic anion transporter B1 (SLCO1B1), arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) and N -acetyl transferase (NAT2). Clinically relevant covariates were also analysed. Results A two-compartment model for isoniazid and a one-compartment model for rifapentine with transit compartment absorption and first-order elimination were the best models for describing plasma and urine data. The estimated (relative standard error, RSE) of isoniazid non-renal clearance was 3.52 L·h−1 (23.1%), 2.91 L·h−1 (19.6%), and 2.58 L·h−1 (20.0%) in NAT2 rapid, intermediate and slow acetylators. A significant proportion of the unchanged isoniazid was cleared renally (2.7 L·h−1; 8.0%), while the unchanged rifapentine was cleared primarily through non-renal routes (0.681 L·h−1; 3.6%). Participants with the ABCB1 mutant allele had lower bioavailability of rifapentine, while food prolonged the mean transit time of isoniazid. Conclusions ABCB1 mutant allele carriers may require higher rifapentine doses; however, this must be confirmed in larger trials. Food did not affect overall exposure to isoniazid and only delayed absorption time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Benzathine benzylpenicillin G is a drug present in the list of essential medicines of the World Health Organization and largely used in Brazil, where this antibiotic is used for treating pneumonias, pharyngitis, syphilis, and other infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, being one of the most prescribed antibiotics of the public healthcare system. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative bioavailability of two formulations of benzathine benzylpenicillin (Benzetacil®) 1,200,000 IU, both manufactured by Eurofarma Laboratórios S/A, by comparison of plasma levels of both drugs administered intramuscularly, evaluating the pharmacokinetic parameters: Cmax and AUC0-t, being t=672 h. Methods: A randomized, parallel, open-label study with one treatment and one period in 168 healthy male volunteers. Subjects received the test or reference formulations by intramuscular injection. A total of 20 blood samples were collected after administration for plasmatic quantification of the drug by LC-MS/MS along 672 h. Results: Both formulations were considered well tolerated, and no serious adverse event was reported during the trial. Cmax and AUC0-t were compared: the rate between test and reference formulations for Cmax was 97.75% with confidence interval (CI) (86.34–110.67%) and power 90.55%. The rate between test and reference formulations for AUC0-t was 91.15% CI (85.29–97.42%) and power of 99.99%. The rate between test and reference formulations for AUC0-inf was 87.98% with CI (81.29–95.23%) and power of 99.85%. Conclusion: Reference and test formulations were shown to be statistically bioequivalents according to their rate and extension of absorption, based on ANVISA criteria.

Background Managing drug–food interactions may help to achieve the optimal action and safety profile of β-lactam antibiotics. Methods We conducted a systematic review with meta-analyses in adherence to PRISMA guidelines for 32 β-lactams. We included 166 studies assessing the impact of food, beverages, antacids or mineral supplements on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters or PK/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices. Results Eighteen of 25 β-lactams for which data on food impact were available had clinically important interactions. We observed the highest negative influence of food (AUC or C max decreased by >40%) for ampicillin, cefaclor (immediate-release formulations), cefroxadine, cefradine, cloxacillin, oxacillin, penicillin V (liquid formulations and tablets) and sultamicillin, whereas the highest positive influence (AUC or C max increased by >45%) for cefditoren pivoxil, cefuroxime and tebipenem pivoxil (extended-release tablets). Significantly lower bioavailability in the presence of antacids or mineral supplements occurred for 4 of 13 analysed β-lactams, with the highest negative impact for cefdinir (with iron salts) and moderate for cefpodoxime proxetil (with antacids). Data on beverage impact were limited to 11 antibiotics. With milk, the extent of absorption was decreased by >40% for cefalexin, cefradine, penicillin G and penicillin V, whereas it was moderately increased for cefuroxime. No significant interaction occurred with cranberry juice for two tested drugs (amoxicillin and cefaclor). Conclusions Factors such as physicochemical features of antibiotics, drug formulation, type of intervention, and patient's health state may influence interactions. Due to the poor actuality and diverse methodology of included studies and unproportionate data availability for individual drugs, we judged the quality of evidence as low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce the harm of cadmium (Cd) in soil, the effects of biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizer (NO3−–N) on Cd enrichment in ryegrass were studied. In this study, soil contaminated with 0.3 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg Cd was subjected to 6 treatments (CK: Neither NO3−–N nor shell biochar; BC: 5% shell biochar; BNX: shell biochar + X mg/mL NaNO3 solution, X = 1, 2, 5, 10), the remediation effect of biochar combined with NO3−–N on Cd-contaminated soil was investigated. A single application of biochar can effectively fix free Cd in the soil. Under different concentrations of Cd pollution, the maximum removal rates of Cd under different NO3−–N levels could reach 30.23%, 36.06%, and 30.90%, respectively. In addition, it was found that the organic matter of medium and low Cd-polluted soil was positively correlated with the available Cd content. In contrast, in the case of higher Cd pollution, organic matter has less influence on the effective Cd content. Combined with correlation analysis, pH plays a key role in Cd morphological change and Cd enrichment. When the mass ratio of NO3−–N and biochar is about 5:1 ~ 10:1, Cd in soil can be reduced more effectively and quickly, the phytoremediation period can be shortened, and the biological removal rate and Cd enrichment can be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Invasive fungal disease (IFD) in the early post-allogeneic HSCT (alloHCT) period is associated with increased likelihood of catastrophic outcomes. The utility of oral modified release (MR) posaconazole tablets is limited by reduced drug absorption from gastrointestinal toxicity induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, necessitating a switch to the IV posaconazole formulation. Objectives To describe the population pharmacokinetics of posaconazole for oral MR and IV formulations in alloHCT patients and determine dosing regimens likely to achieve therapeutic exposures. Methods We performed a prospective observational pharmacokinetic study in adult patients in the early post-alloHCT period requiring a change in posaconazole formulation (oral to IV). Samples were analysed using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Population pharmacokinetic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations (n  = 1000) were performed using Pmetrics for R. Results Twenty patients aged between 21 and 70 years were included in the study. A two-compartment model, incorporating mucositis/diarrhoea to modify the bioavailability for oral administration best described the data. To achieve ≥90% PTA, simulations showed that higher than currently recommended doses of oral MR posaconazole were required for prophylaxis C min targets (≥0.5 and ≥0.7 mg/L), while increased doses of both formulations were required for IFD treatment PK/PD targets, with patients experiencing oral mucositis/diarrhoea unlikely to achieve these. Conclusions Increased doses of posaconazole should be considered for both prophylaxis and treatment of IFD to increase the proportion of alloHCT patients achieving therapeutic exposures, particularly the oral formulation in patients with mucositis and/or diarrhoea. Posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring should be considered for all formulations in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphine is a widely used opioid analgesic. However, standard morphine dosages and administration methods exhibit a short half-life and pose a risk of respiratory depression. Sustained-release microspheres can deliver prolonged efficacy and reduce side effects. We present a new controlled-release morphine gelatine microsphere (MGM) prepared using an emulsification-crosslinking strategy. The gelatine microsphere design improves the bioavailability of morphine. And it not only increases the clinical analgesic efficacy but also the safety of clinical medication through a gradual, sustained release. Besides, we describe MGMs’ preparation, release, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. And the drug metabolism pathway. We calculate the release rate of morphine by measuring plasma morphine concentration over time and pharmacokinetic parameters. It optimized the manufacturing process of MGMs, which makes the analgesic effect have a longer duration. MGMs analgesic effect shows dose dependence. After they were administrated, MGMs were released more slowly. Peak concentration was reduced, and the relative bioavailability improved. It even reached 88.84%. Its pharmacokinetic process was consistent with the two-component first-order absorption model. MGMs deliver sustained-release and long-action pharmacokinetics. It shows design goals of improving drug bioavailability, prolonging drug residence time in vivo, and maintaining stable blood drug concentration.

Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties but current evidence is limited to advocate its use in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We explored whether curcumin could maintain remission in patients with RA while tapering conventional synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (csDMARD). In this patient-and investigator-blinded trial, adults with RA in sustained remission for more than six months were randomized to oral curcumin (1 g) with piperine (5 mg) twice daily or matching placebo. Patients who had received biological DMARDs or curcumin supplements in the last 6 months were excluded. csDMARD were tapered and stopped sequentially as per a fixed protocol. The primary outcome was flare-free survival at 52 weeks. The secondary outcomes were flare rate, correlation of serum curcuminoid levels with flares and safety. 200 patients (100 per arm) entered the trial with comparable baseline characteristics. Per protocol analysis included 92 and 93 participants in the curcumin and the placebo group, respectively. Flare-free survival at week 52 was similar between both groups (60% versus 64%; p = 0.76). The median time to flare was similar [Curcumin: 219 days (IQR: 123) versus placebo: 214 days (95.8); p = 0.067]. Cox proportionate regression modelling showed that the flare-free survival was independent of serum curcuminoid levels [adjusted HR = 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97–1.0)]. The model showed that flare-free survival was not associated with age, gender, seropositivity, or csDMARD used at baseline. No serious adverse effects were noted. Curcumin did not impact the flare-free survival in patients with RA in remission during the tapering of csDMARDs despite achieving adequate serum levels. Trial registration: CTRI/2018/04/013279. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphine is a widely used opioid analgesic. However, standard morphine dosages and administration methods exhibit a short half-life and pose a risk of respiratory depression. Sustained-release microspheres can deliver prolonged efficacy and reduce side effects. We present a new controlled-release morphine gelatine microsphere (MGM) prepared using an emulsification-crosslinking strategy. The gelatine microsphere design improves the bioavailability of morphine. And it not only increases the clinical analgesic efficacy but also the safety of clinical medication through a gradual, sustained release. Besides, we describe MGMs' preparation, release, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. And the drug metabolism pathway. We calculate the release rate of morphine by measuring plasma morphine concentration over time and pharmacokinetic parameters. It optimized the manufacturing process of MGMs, which makes the analgesic effect have a longer duration. MGMs analgesic effect shows dose dependence. After they were administrated, MGMs were released more slowly. Peak concentration was reduced, and the relative bioavailability improved. It even reached 88.84%. Its pharmacokinetic process was consistent with the two-component first-order absorption model. MGMs deliver sustained-release and long-action pharmacokinetics. It shows design goals of improving drug bioavailability, prolonging drug residence time in vivo, and maintaining stable blood drug concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is primarily associated with reduced intracellular drug accumulation owing to overexpression of p-glycoprotein, an active efflux transporter. Competitive inhibition or allosteric modulation of p-glycoprotein may alter the pharmacokinetics of the drugs that serve as substrates, resulting in enhanced drug bioavailability and tissue penetration. This study endeavors to assess the efficacy of the components of reno-protective herbs in the inhibition of p-glycoprotein activity thereby enhancing the possibility of the retention of co-administered renal medications inside the target cells. Methods: Drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties were determined to ensure the safety and efficacy of herbal constituents. Molecular docking employing the CDOCKER module of Discovery Studio was performed to investigate the binding affinity between the active constituents and the p-glycoprotein receptor (6C0V). Molecular dynamics simulation was utilized to further assess the stability of the complex of receptors with the component bearing its maximal affinity. Results: The analyses suggested that the inhibitors viz., atisine, kutkin, and embelin from Aconitum heterophyllum, phylloquinone from Calendula officinalis, stigmasterol from Paederia foetida, and convallamarogenin from Convallaria majalis demonstrated maximum binding affinity towards p-glycoprotein. Conclusion: Atisine may thus be identified as the lead compound in the augmentation of drug bioavailability inside the cell, along with its reno-protective efficacy.

This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety profiles of 2 fenofibric acid formulations under fasting and fed conditions. The reference was a 135 mg capsule, while the test was a 110 mg enteric-coated tablet. This randomized, open-label, two-sequence, two-period crossover phase 1 clinical trial was conducted in healthy Korean men. Sixty participants were enrolled in each of the fasting and feeding groups. Blood samples were collected 72 hours after drug administration. PK parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental method with Phoenix WinNonlin®. A total of 53 and 51 participants from the fasting and feeding groups, respectively, completed the study. The geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence intervals of the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve to the last measurable plasma concentration were 0.9195 (0.8795-0.9614) and 0.8630 (0.8472-0.8791) in the fasting study and 1.0926 (1.0102-1.1818) and 0.9998 (0.9675-1.0332) in the fed study, respectively. The time to reach Cmax of the enteric-coated tablet compared to that of the capsule was extended by 1 and 3 hours under fasting and fed conditions, respectively. In conclusion, enteric-coated tablets have a higher bioavailability than capsules. In addition, the enteric-coated tablet was smaller than the capsule, making it easier for patients to swallow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cereals are the most staple foods in human diet and the main components of the daily diet. This work was designed to determine the level of essential and non-essential elements, the in vitro bioavailability, interrelationship, and associated health risk in consumed cereal grains in Nigeria to assess their safety and wholesomeness. Methods: The contents of phytate, oxalate, and some major-, trace- and potentially toxic elements were determined in 36 samples of barley, maize, millet, rice, sorghum, and wheat marketed in Nigeria. Results: The data showed variable significant (p

Nanoemulsion preparations of cholecalciferol available in the market claim to have better bioavailability than the conventional fat-soluble cholecalciferol. However, limited data are available in humans for such preparations. We, therefore, compared the relative bioavailability of two formulations of 60,000 IU cholecalciferol (nanoemulsion oral solution, water-miscible vitamin D3 [test] vs soft gelatin capsules [reference]) in healthy adult participants. In this randomized, open-label, two sequence, single-dose, two-way crossover study (CTRI/2018/05/013839), Indian participants aged 18–45 years received single dose of nanoemulsion and capsule formulations, under fasting conditions. Blood samples collected over 120 h were assessed to determine cholecalciferol concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the concentration-time curve up to 120 h [AUC 0–120h ], maximum observed drug concentration [C max ], time to reach maximum drug concentration [T max ], terminal half-life [T ½el ], and terminal elimination rate constant [K el ]) were estimated using baseline corrected data and analyzed using analysis of variance. Among the 24 eligible participants, the relative bioavailability of nanoemulsion was significantly higher than the capsules by 36% (p = 0.0001) based on AUC 0–120h. Similarly, C max of the nanoemulsion was significantly higher by 43% (p = 0.0001) than that of the capsules. The intra-participant variability for AUC 0–120h and C max were 23.22% and 26.51%, respectively. The T max , T ½el , and K el were comparable for both the formulations. No adverse effects were noted with either of the two formulations. Nanoemulsion oral solution of cholecalciferol showed a greater bioavailability compared with soft gelatin capsules, under fasting conditions, in healthy human participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cereals are the most staple foods in human diet and the main components of the daily diet. This work was designed to determine the level of essential and non - essential elements, the in vitro bioavailability, interrelationship, and associated health risk in consumed cereal grains in Nigeria to assess their safety and wholesomeness. Methods: The contents of phytate, oxalate, and some major -, trace - and potentially toxic elements were determined in 36 samples of barley, maize, millet, rice, sorghum, and wheat marketed in Nigeria. Results: The data showed variable significant (p<0.05) levels of elements, phytate, and oxalate in the cereals but they were below European commission maximum permissible limits. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of elements in the cereals were all below maximum permissible limits set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values, though higher in children than adults, were less than one except in wheat and sorghum. The incremental lifetime Cancer Risk (CR) and Total Cancer Risk (TCR) values were below the threshold limit. Conclusion: This study revealed that barley, maize, millet, rice, sorghum, and wheat available in Nigeria markets contain varying quantities of essential elements, potentially toxic elements, and antinutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fiber is a kind of carbohydrate that cannot be digested and absorbed by the small intestine of humans but can be fermented in all or part of the large intestine and is significantly healthy for the human body. With the improvement in living standards, people pay more attention to their intestinal health, and the relationship between dietary fiber, intestinal microecological and body physiological balances, and their molecular connection mechanism has become a research hot spot. In this study, we reviewed its mediated bioavailability to provide a basis for the rational classification of dietary fiber and to guide the development of new healthy foods and the deep processing of food and its application.

Summary: Introduction: Experimental studies have shown that the albedo of Tahiti lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) is rich in calcium, but little is known about its bioavailability. Objective: Produce flour from the albedo of Tahiti lime, characterizing it and assessing the bioavailability of calcium. Methods: Centesimal composition, mineral calcium content, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and physical analysis were performed. Female rats were divided in groups: OVX (ovariectomized) and SHAM (sham-operated). After surgery, the animals were redivided and treated for 60 days: SHAMc: control diet (CD); SHAMa: CD+130 mg of albedo flour/kg body weight (BW); OVXc: CD; OVXa: CD+130 mg of albedo flour/kg BW. Serum biochemical and radiological analysis were performed. Results: Albedo flour of Tahiti lime showed a product with low moisture (9.39%), abundant calcium content (0.66%) and moderate antioxidant power (0.89 μg/ml). The results in vivo point towards a positive interference of the albedo in the studied groups. Hepatosomatic index showed that OVXa (3.16±0.56) did not differ from the SHAMc (3.86±0.84) and SHAMa (3.85±0.52), which may indicate that the administration of albedo contributed to the development of the group. The cortical region of femoral medial diaphysis and the medullar region of tibial medial diaphysis were higher (p≤0.05) in the OVXa group when compared to OVXc, the latter being also higher than SHAM groups, suggesting efficacy in preventing dysfunctions related to bone changes. Conclusion: The albedo of Tahiti lime showed relevant characteristics and the results from the in vivo experiment are suggestive of effectiveness in preventing dysfunctions related to bone changes.

Simple Summary: This is a comprehensive review containing the most up-to-date information on the relative bioavailability of selected trace minerals (copper, iron, manganese and zinc) used in ruminant, poultry and swine nutrition. Inorganic and organic forms of the trace minerals are included, and the differences between the product types are highlighted. Building on previously published tables and data, this review incorporates studies on newly developed products and concepts not previously discussed. Extensive data tables are included, providing a valuable reference guide. Methods to calculated relative bioavailability of the minerals are discussed and reasons for potential variance are noted. Detailed background information on uptake mechanisms to aid understanding of mineral transport is also contained in the current review. The importance of dietary supplementation of animal feeds with trace minerals is irrefutable, with various forms of both organic and inorganic products commercially available. With advances in research techniques, and data obtained from both in-vitro and in-vivo studies in recent years, differences between inorganic and organic trace minerals have become more apparent. Furthermore, differences between specific organic mineral types can now be identified. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, we carried out an extensive literature search on previously published studies detailing performance responses to trace minerals, in addition to their corresponding relative bioavailability values. This review covers four of the main trace minerals included in feed: copper, iron, manganese and zinc, and encompasses the different types of organic and inorganic products commercially available. Their impact from environmental, economic, and nutritional perspectives are discussed, along with the biological availability of various mineral forms in production animals. Species-specific sections cover ruminants, poultry, and swine. Extensive relative bioavailability tables cover values for all trace mineral products commercially available, including those not previously reviewed in earlier studies, thereby providing a comprehensive industry reference guide. Additionally, we examine reasons for variance in reported relative bioavailability values, with an emphasis on accounting for data misinterpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The nasal route of drug administration offers an alternative way for oral drug delivery and has the benefit of avoiding first-pass metabolism through drug delivery directly into the systemic circulation. The drug absorption enhancing effects of selected aloe leaf materials have been shown across various delivery routes, but their efficacies in this regard across nasal epithelia have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gel and whole leaf extract materials from three selected aloe species (Aloe vera, Aloe ferox and Aloe muth-muth) on FITC-dextran 4400 permeation across two nasal epithelial models. Methods: Permeation of FITC-dextran 4400 and histological studies were conducted on both RPMI 2650 cell layers and excised sheep nasal mucosa, while toxicity studies were conducted using a neutral red assay on the RPMI 2650 cell model. Results: Significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) values of FITC-dextran 4400 in the presence of the aloe materials as compared to the control were found with all three aloe species at the highest concentrations (1.5% and 3% w/v) in the RPMI 2650 cell line, while only Aloe muth-muth at the highest concentration exhibited significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher Papp values across the excised tissue model. Histological and neutral red analysis showed that Aloe vera materials exhibited detrimental effects, Aloe muth-muth only showed slight effects on cell viability and Aloe ferox exhibited no effect on the nasal epithelium. Conclusion: This in vitro study showed for the first time the potential of Aloe ferox and Aloe muth-muth leaf materials to enhance nasal drug delivery without causing damaging effects on the epithelium, while Aloe vera enhanced nasal drug delivery with detrimental effects as determined by means of cytotoxicity assays and histological analysis.

Nanoclays (NC) are aluminosilicates that consist of layers (nano-plates) being 1–2 nanometers thick and having a diameter over 1 µm, nanotubes, and nano-disks. Due to such structure and their ion-exchange and sorption properties as well as gas permeability NC are widely used in industries, agriculture, and medicine. Gas-barrier composite packages are made from hydrophobic NC modified with cation-active surface-active substances. A person can be orally exposed to NC due to their migration from packages into food products and drinks, when NC are applied in medicine as enteric sorbents and anti-bacterial preparations, they can be introduced with food additives and residual quantities of technological auxiliaries as well as in case when food products and agricultural raw materials are accidentally contaminated with clays. Multiple research works dwell on experiments with NC performed with model systems in vitro when NC turned out to be cytotoxic for various cell types, and it was more apparent for hydrophobic NC than for their non-modified analogues. Minimum effective NC dose varied from 0.001 to 1 mg/ml in various in vitro tests. In vitro research on NC toxicity yielded somewhat contradictory results. Though NC didn’t seem to have apparent acute toxicity (IV hazard category, LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg), results obtained via sub-acute and chronic experiments with their duration being up to 196 days and single clinical observations revealed a number of both toxic and non-toxic effects. Organic NC modifiers were highly toxic in vitro. Besides, NC produce anti-microbe effects and it may result in dysbiotic disorders when they are introduced orally. Model experiments revealed that NC and their organic modifiers could possibly migrate from packages into food products. NC are able to free silicon and aluminum that are partly biologically available. A contribution made by NC that are contained in packages into overall exposure to toxic aluminum should be examined profoundly given an adverse situation caused by clay minerals being introduced into a human body as components contained in food additives. Assessment of aluminum consumption with food rations in Russia and several foreign countries revealed it was necessary to exclude potassium and calcium aluminosilicates, bentonite, and kaolin (Е555, Е556, Е558, and Е559) from the list of additives that are permitted for use in food industry.

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Vitamin B12 is one of the most important B vitamins. This vitamin has an important role in cellular metabolism and is also associated with folate and vitamin B6 metabolism. Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs as a result of some diseases, the use of certain medications, or inadequate nutrition. It primarily affects the elderly and women, but is also common among the pediatric population. The B12 deficiency mostly affects the functions of the nervous and hematopoietic systems but it can also affect the skin, heart, bones, and eyes. The treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency includes oral or intramuscular vitamin B12 supplementation according to different treatment regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenytoin is a classical anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is a Biopharmaceutics classification system class II drug that has poor aqueous solubility, which affects dissolution rate. The main objective of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate of phenytoin and formulate the optimized chewable tablet. The phenytoin sodium was chemically synthesized and its solubility was enhanced with inclusion complexation by the kneading method using beta-cyclodextrin. This results in increased solubility of phenytoin sodium from 0.0150 to 0.0171 g/ml and solubility was found to be directly proportional to concentration beta-cyclodextrin. Further, 22 factorial design was used to optimize phenytoin sodium chewable tablet with enhanced solubility. In vitro evaluations were done for all 12 formulations to find out the optimized formulation. We found the significant increase in the percentage of drug release, at the end of 2 h, for formulation B6 (81.66 %) and C12 (92.76 %). Also, the pre-compressional and post-compressional properties of B6 and C12 formulations were found to be within the acceptable range of chewable tablets. In conclusion, the solubility of phenytoin sodium was enhanced and we successfully developed two (B6 and C12) optimized formulation of phenytoin sodium chewable tablet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review focuses on exposure values, biological availability, toxic effects, and risks caused by nanoparticles of TiO2 under their oral introduction into a body as a food coloring agent or E171 food additive, or as a significant component in its structure. According to toxicological assessment performed by JECFA in 1969, TiO2 is considered to be insignificantly hazardous. However, at present experts employed by several foreign and international organizations that deal with food safety believe that the assessment should be reviewed as there are new scientific data on adverse effects produced by nano-sized TiO2 on a human body. Overall intake of TiO2 by people with food products, cosmetics (tooth pastes) and medications can vary from 0.5 to 5 mg a day; children aged 3–9 and teenagers aged 10–17 are the most exposed population groups. Despite insignificant intestinal absorption of TiO2 nano- and micro-sized particles, a lot of scientific works revealed their overall toxic effects produced on a body under oral and intragastric introduction. Detected effects produced by TiO2 include organotoxic (mostly hepatotoxic) ones, genotoxicity, immune toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Still, there haven't been any data on carcinogenic effects produced by TiO2 when it is introduced into the gastrointestinal tract. Presumably, some effects produced by TiO2 nanoparticles are mediated by their local impacts on the lymphoid tissue associated with an intestinal mucosa as well as on the structure and activity of intestinal microbiocenosis, and nanoparticles are not necessarily absorbed in the intestines in the process. We performed meta-analysis of 64 articles (published over 2007–2019) which complied with criteria related to scientific authenticity and completeness; the meta-analysis revealed that a probable NOAEL for nano-sized TiO2 amounted to less than 10 mg/kg of body weight a day, and a daily reference safe dose of the substance is estimated as being equal to 0.1 mg/kg of body weight. Given all the above-mentioned, a risk caused by TiO2 intake as E171 food additive depends on nanoparticles fracture in its composition and it can be unacceptably high if this fracture exceeds 10 % of the overall TiO2 mass. Therefore, it is necessary to control and regulate TiO2 nanoparticles contents in the structure of E171 food additive that is applied in food industry.

Objective(s): Curcuminoids, comprising curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), are bioactive phytochemicals with numerous pharmacological effects. Oral biological availability of curcuminoids is low due to the low aqueous solubility and rapid metabolism. This study aimed at fabricating a nanomicellar curcuminoid formula with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Materials and Methods: Curcuminoids nanomicelles were prepared and characterized regarding particle properties, stability, release profile and pharmacokinetic parameters.Results: Encapsulation efficiency of curcuminoids in nanomicelles were 100%. Particle size analysis demonstrated a mean size of around 10 nm that remained stable for 24 months. Dissolution test showed the complete dissolution of encapsulated curcuminoids from nanomicelles within 20 min while the free curcuminoids were poorly dissolved (approximately 7% after 60 min). The results of long-term (24 months) and accelerated (6 months) stability studies showed no changes in the size and content of nanomicelles. The release studies in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) showed no release of curcuminoids for at least 4 hours. In vivo study in BALB/c mice showed improved pharmacokinetic parameters including maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax) with nanomicelles as compared to free curcuminoids and two other commercial products. Tmax for all the three curcuminoid components was observed 30 min following oral administration. AUC of nanomicellar curcuminoids was 59.2 times more than free curcuminoids. Conclusion: These data indicated that nanomicelles could improve solubility, oral bioavailability and also the stability of curcuminoids. Thus, they merit further investigation for enhancing pharmacological effects of curcuminoids.

Проблематика. Бор визнаний важливим мікроелементом для процесів функціонування вищих рослин. Роль бору специфічна – він є незамінним елементом живлення, без якого життєдіяльність рослин неможлива. Основним джерелом бору для живлення рослин є борна кислота, яка в ґрунтовому розчині перебуває у вигляді недисоційованих молекул і характеризується досить низькою розчинністю та біодоступністю. Для транспортування борної кислоти в рослину може бути використаний пектин, що утворює з борною кислотою комплекси з молярним співвідношенням 1:1 і 2:1. Визначення біодоступ­ності кожного з цих комплексів дасть можливість оптимізувати процес введення борвмісних добрив. Мета. Введення бору в рослини у формі супрамолекулярних комплексів борної кислоти з пектином для дослідження біоактивності таких комплексів залежно від їх складу. Методика реалізації. Пектин екстрагували з листя гідробіонта Зостери морської (Zostera marina). Ареал поширення цієї вищої рослини в Україні – узбережжя Чорного моря Одеської області. Об’єктами дослідження впливу біологічної активності зостеран-борних супрамолекулярних комплексів на функції росту кореневої та наземної частин були використані тест-культури кукурудзи та пшениці. Маса кореневої системи і наземної частини рослини вимірювалася за оригінальною методикою через 96 год після закладення експерименту (24 год замочування насіння в дистильованій воді та 72 год у розчині супрамолекулярного комплексу зостеран–борна кислота). Результати. У результаті пророщування насіння на розчинах супрамолекулярних комплексів різного складу було виявлено, що на ростові процеси наземної частини рослин комплекси чинять значний активуючий вплив. Показано, що біологічна активність розчинів суттєво залежить від природи культури. Кукурудза показала більш високу загальну біологічну активність супрамолекулярних комплексів (до 108 %) порівняно з пшеницею (60 %). При цьому розчин супрамолекулярного комплексу зостеран–борна кислота у мольному співвідношенні 1:1 виявився ефективним для обох культур. Комплекси зостеран–борна кислота в мольному співвідношенні 2:1 не показали високої біологічної активності. Висновки. Високу біологічну активність (107,87 % для кукурудзи і 60,35 % для пшениці) показав комплекс із масовим співвідношенням зостеран–борна кислота 1:20. За такого масового співвідношення найбільш імовірне утворення комплексів зостеран–борна кислота з молярним співвідношенням 1:1, що пов’язано з меншими розмірами і тому більшою біодоступністю таких комплексів. Комплекси пектин–борна кислота 2:1 показали нижчу біологічну активність (103,33 % для кукурудзи і 11,18 % для пшениці), що можна пояснити стеричними обмеженнями при проникненні їх у рослину.

To describe the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in dogs following administration of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine. Prospective, randomized, crossover study. A total of six healthy male intact Beagle dogs, aged 9–13 months and weighing 10.3 ± 1.4 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Dogs were randomized to be administered buprenorphine (0.12 mg kg–1; Simbadol, 1.8 mg mL–1) via the intravenous (lateral saphenous) or subcutaneous (dorsal interscapular) route followed by the alternative route of administration after a 14 day interval. Blood was sampled before administration and at set times up to 72 hours after injection. Plasma buprenorphine concentration was measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A three-compartment model with zero or biphasic rapid and slow first-order input in (intravenous or subcutaneous data, respectively) and first-order elimination from the central compartment best fitted the data. The rapid first-order input accounted for 63% of the dosage absorption. Typical values (% interindividual variability) for the three compartment volumes were 900 (33), 2425 (not estimated) and 6360 (28) mL kg–1. The metabolic and two distribution clearances were 25.7 (21), 107.5 (74) and 5.7 (61) mL minute–1 kg–1. The absorption half-life for the fast absorption phase was 8.9 minutes with a 0.7 (103) minute delay. The absorption half-life for the slow absorption phase was 347 minutes with a 226 (42) minute delay. Median (range) bioavailability calculated from noncompartmental analysis was 143 (80–239)%. Calculated terminal half-life was 963 minutes. The high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine administered subcutaneously had a large volume of distribution and a rapid absorption phase followed by slower, delayed absorption. The high estimate of bioavailability should be interpreted with caution as values above 100% are most commonly related to experimental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Inverse associations have been reported between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and circulating cholesterol concentrations in observational studies. Postulated mechanisms include reduced bioavailability of intestinal cholesterol and alterations in endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Objective To explore the effect of daily supplementation with 4000 IU/d vitamin D3 for 24 wk on surrogate biomarkers of cholesterol absorption (campesterol and β-sitosterol) and endogenous synthesis (lathosterol and desmosterol). Methods Ancillary study of The Vitamin D for Established Type 2 Diabetes (DDM2) trial. Patients with established type 2 diabetes (N = 127, 25–75 y, BMI 23–42 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to receive either 4000 IU vitamin D3 or placebo daily for 24 wk. Of participants without changes in cholesterol-lowering medications (n  = 114), plasma surrogate cholesterol absorption and endogenous synthesis biomarker concentrations were measured and merged with available measures of serum LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations. Results At week 24, vitamin D3 supplementation significantly increased 25(OH)D concentrations (+21.5 ± 13.4 ng/mL) but not insulin secretion rates (primary outcome of the parent study) as reported previously. In this ancillary study there was no significant effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum cholesterol profile or surrogate biomarkers of cholesterol absorption and endogenous synthesis. Compared with participants not treated with cholesterol-lowering medications, those who were treated exhibited a greater reduction in plasma campesterol concentrations in the vitamin D3 but not placebo group (P- interaction = 0.011). Analyzing the data on the basis of cholesterol absorption status (hypo- versus hyperabsorbers) or cholesterol synthesis status (hypo- versus hypersynthesizers) did not alter these results. Conclusions Vitamin D3 supplementation for 24 wk had no significant effect on surrogate biomarkers of cholesterol absorption or endogenous synthesis, consistent with the lack of effect on serum cholesterol profile. Vitamin D3 supplementation resulted in greater reduction in campesterol concentrations in participants not using compared with those using cholesterol-lowering medications. Further studies are required. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01736865. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling the evolution of bone density is relevant for understanding, simulation and possible prediction of bone response to external and internal influences. In this work we present a formulation for the bone density evolution process that takes into account not only the commonly considered mechanical stimulus, but, as novelty, also the influence of the availability of nutrients and hormones, with its implementation pursued within the finite element method. A simple uni-axial extension test is used to illustrate and compare our novel model against the classical approach. The results of the proposed modified model are promising for application to real-life problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) have high mortality rates. It is uncertain whether the pharmacokinetics of first-line TB drugs in ICU patients are different from outpatients. This study aims to compare the pharmacokinetics of oral ethambutol in TB patients in ICU versus TB outpatients and to determine whether contemporary dosing regimens achieve therapeutic exposures. Methods: A prospective population pharmacokinetic study of ethambutol was performed in Amazonas State, Brazil. Probability of target attainment was determined using AUC/MIC > 11.9 and Cmax/MIC > 0.48 values. Optimized dosing regimens were simulated at steady state. Results: Ten ICU patients and 20 outpatients were recruited. Ethambutol pharmacokinetics were best described using a two-compartment model with first-order oral absorption. Neither ICU patients nor outpatients consistently achieved optimal ethambutol exposures. The absorption rate for ethambutol was 2-times higher in ICU patients (p < 0.05). Mean bioavailability for ICU patients was >5-times higher than outpatients (p < 0.0001). Clearance and volume of distribution were 93% (p < 0.0001) and 53% (p = 0.002) lower in ICU patients, respectively. Conclusions: ICU patients displayed significantly different pharmacokinetics for an oral fixed-dose combination administration of ethambutol compared to outpatients, and neither patient group consistently achieved pre-defined therapeutic exposures.

Neuroinflammation is a common element involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. We recently reported that repeated alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) activations by a potent agonist such as PHA 543613 in quinolinic acid-injured rats exhibited protective effects on neurons. To further investigate the underlying mechanism, we established rat models of early-stage Huntington's disease by injection of quinolinic acid into the right striatum and then intraperitoneally injected 12 mg/kg PHA 543613 or sterile water, twice a day during 4 days. Western blot assay results showed that the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the key component of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, in the right striatum of rat models of Huntington's disease subjected to intraperitoneal injection of PHA 543613 for 4 days was significantly increased compared to the control rats receiving intraperitoneal injection of sterile water, and that the increase in HO-1 expression was independent of change in α7nAChR expression. These findings suggest that HO-1 expression is unrelated to α7nAChR density and the increase in HO-1 expression likely contributes to α7nAChR activation-related neuroprotective effect in early-stage Huntington's disease.

This review summarizes and describes the use of curcumin in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. For diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β and highly phosphorylated tau protein are the major biomarkers. Curcumin was developed as an early diagnostic probe based on its natural fluorescence and high binding affinity to amyloid-β. Because of its multi-target effects, curcumin has protective and preventive effects on many chronic diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. For prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, curcumin has been shown to effectively maintain the normal structure and function of cerebral vessels, mitochondria, and synapses, reduce risk factors for a variety of chronic diseases, and decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The effect of curcumin on Alzheimer's disease involves multiple signaling pathways: anti-amyloid and metal iron chelating properties, antioxidation and anti-inflammatory activities. Indeed, there is a scientific basis for the rational application of curcumin in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Background & Objective: Curcumin is a tropical plant in the ginger (Zingiberaceae) family. Three curcuminoids were from turmeric: Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and Bisdemethoxycurcumin. The potential health benefits of curcumin are limited by their poor solubility, hydrophobic property, and low absorption from the gut, rapid metabolism and rapid systemic elimination. Materials & Methods: Scholarly articles were selected using valid keywords and searching on the SID, Google Scholar, PubMed and Elsevier databases. The aim of this paper is to introduce Nano-technological techniques for increasing the oral bioavailability of curcumin. Results: Increase in the drug bioavailability is one of the goals of nanotechnology. Nano-scale materials increase the drug bioavailability due to their unique features. The bioavailability of a drug is defined as a percentage of the initial dose that is independent of the administration route of the drug entering the bloodstream. To improve the bioavailability of curcumin, numerous techniques are used such as curcumin liposome complex, curcumin phospholipid nanoparticles and structural analogues of curcumin. Conclusion: Curcumin has a unique biological and pharmaceutical property. Of course, one of the major limitations of curcumin is its instability and its low solubility. Thus, it is useful to provide a method that can increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs in water and protect them to achieve the target site. Nanotechnology has provided many ways to improve the solubility and transport of these drugs.