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Background: Coffee leaves are a major source of bioactive components and are used as ethnomedicine. However, despite their traditional medicinal use, information about their effects on antihyperlipidemia remains limited. Methods: The aims of this study were to evaluate the main components of leaf extracts from Arabica and Robusta coffees and to examine the potential of these coffee leaves in reducing lipid digestion and absorption in vitro. Results: Coffee leaf extracts from Arabica coffee contain a high amount of caffeine, whereas extracts from Robusta coffee contain high amounts of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and caffeine. Additionally, leaf extracts from Arabica and Robusta coffee demonstrated the inhibition of pancreatic lipase, decreased micellar cholesterol solubility, and reduced bile acid binding. Furthermore, these extracts resulted in a reduction in cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cells. Molecular docking experiments supported this discovery, showing CGA and caffeine binding to Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), a key protein in cholesterol absorption. The results indicated that CGA and caffeine can competitively bind to NPC1L1 at the cholesterol binding pocket, reducing its cholesterol binding rate. These findings suggest that coffee leaves might help suppress lipid absorption and digestion, highlighting their potential use in preventing and treating hyperlipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coffee leaves are a major source of bioactive components and are used as ethnomedicine. However, despite their traditional medicinal use, information about their effects on antihyperlipidemia remains limited. Methods: The aims of this study were to evaluate the main components of leaf extracts from Arabica and Robusta coffees and to examine the potential of these coffee leaves in reducing lipid digestion and absorption in vitro. Results: Coffee leaf extracts from Arabica coffee contain a high amount of caffeine, whereas extracts from Robusta coffee contain high amounts of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and caffeine. Additionally, leaf extracts from Arabica and Robusta coffee demonstrated the inhibition of pancreatic lipase, decreased micellar cholesterol solubility, and reduced bile acid binding. Furthermore, these extracts resulted in a reduction in cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cells. Molecular docking experiments supported this discovery, showing CGA and caffeine binding to Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), a key protein in cholesterol absorption. The results indicated that CGA and caffeine can competitively bind to NPC1L1 at the cholesterol binding pocket, reducing its cholesterol binding rate. These findings suggest that coffee leaves might help suppress lipid absorption and digestion, highlighting their potential use in preventing and treating hyperlipidemia.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are bioactive polysaccharides or glycoconjugates found in the fish waste having significant health impacts. In the present study it has been attempted to extract GAGs from mackerel fish waste through chemical and enzymatic methods. Further, the extracted GAGs (e-GAGs) were analyzed for their composition (uronic acid, total sugar & sulfate), chemical characterization was carried out through techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) & Proton NMR. Further, probable major GAGs present was identified by enzymatic digestion. The biological potential of the extracted glycoconjugate was assessed further through in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In-vitro biological activity showed good lipase inhibition (IC50, 2.6 mg/mL) and bile acid binding properties (dose-dependent). Lipid accumulation lowered in the e-GAGs differentiated 3T3L1 preadipocyte cells have also been observed. The high fat fed animal (in-vivo) study showed ameliorative effect via reducing blood sugar∼1.28↓, lipid profile↓, plasma insulin∼3.5↓, improved glucose tolerance, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, ∼3.0↓). Furthermore, elimination of bile acid (BA) due to GAG-BA binding properties resultant in removal of elevated fecal triglyceride and cholesterol suggesting its lipid lowering activity. Regulation of various proteins linked to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism including fatty acid synthase (FAS), low density lipoproteins receptor (LDL-R), 7α-hydroxylase, glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) were significant (p < 0.05) with e-GAGs treatment when compared to HFD group. Thus, the e-GAGs showed potential hypolipidemic activity through elimination of bile acid binding property together with regulating the specific protein related to obesity and its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fate of β-glucan (BG) health promoting properties during food production is crucial, but not predictable yet. Therefore, high molar mass BG (hBG) and control BG (cBG) were extracted from two barley varieties, characterized and added to wheat breads at levels of 3% and 6%. Bread quality criteria, carbohydrate contents and BG content and structural properties were determined. Additionally, breads were subjected to an in vitro digestion. The BG content in the chyme, molar mass, molar ratio, viscosity and bile acid retention were determined. The hBG and the cBG decreased loaf volume and increased crumb hardness with increasing BG content. The reduction in BG content during bread making was similar for hBG and cBG, but the molar mass of cBG decreased to a greater extent. As a result, only 10% of cBG entering in vitro digestion were found in the chyme afterwards, while 40% of the ingested hBG were detected. Molar mass reduction was much more severe for cBG compared to hBG. The use of hBG showed higher viscosity and better bile acid retention, indicating cholesterol lowering properties, compared to similar or higher amounts of cBG. These results provide valuable knowledge on the criteria to select BG-rich raw materials for ideal health promoting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • The food hydrogels were obtained from gelatin and alginate by IPN technique. • The incorporation of TG and Ca2+ increased the elastic modulus (G′) significantly. • IPN improved mechanical properties and resistance to pH changes. • The IPN gels presented an obviously enhanced bile acid binding capacity. Abstract Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) is an effective method to improve functional properties of hydrogels by forming cross-linking networks. In this study, the gelatin-alginate gels formed by the combination of enzymatic and ionic cross-linking were called IPN gels. Meanwhile, the gels with the treatment of only transglutaminase (TG) or Ca2+ were named as G-semi-IPN and A-semi-IPN, respectively. The formation of semi-IPN and IPN was confirmed by studies on rheology, thermodynamics and micro-morphology. The results showed that the IPN gels had improved gelling properties and structural stability. The functional properties of different gelatin-alginate gels were also investigated. It was firstly found that the IPN gels could enhance mechanical properties, decrease swelling capacity and had better bile acid binding capacity. These results of gelatin-alginate gels provide references and novel prospects of IPN for the application in the field of food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spirogyra neglecta (SN) has many nutritional benefits and it is commonly used to ameliorate different human conditions including inflammation, gastric ulcer, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. However, the mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic effect of SN still remains unclear. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of SN extract particularly on cholesterol absorption and synthesis mechanisms. Methods: For cholesterol absorption, the uptake of cholesterol was measured by using tritium radiolabeling of cholesterol in Caco-2 cells. Bile acid binding, micelles size, and cholesterol solubility were analyzed in in vitro assays, while cholesterol synthesis was evaluated by using a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase assay kit. Results: SN extract was found to decrease cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cells and decreased the solubility of cholesterol in micelles. The SN extract bound to taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, and glycodeoxycholate bile acids, and increased micelles size. SN has also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) enzymatic activity. For further experimentation, the treatment combination of SN and ezetimibe (0.04 mg/mL) showed a greater significant reduction in cholesterol uptake than the extract alone. Conclusion: These observations suggested that inhibitory cholesterol absorption effects of SN could be mediated through the modulation of size and solubility of cholesterol micelles, resulting in interference of cholesterol uptake. In addition, SN inhibited the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis. This study provides supporting evidence for the potential usage of SN as a cholesterol lowering agent.

The increased use of a new rice cultivar is the result of increasing consumer demands for healthier choices. In this study, physicochemical, thermal, pasting, and functional properties of flour from RD43 rice, a new rice variety, and its food application were investigated. RD43 rice flour demonstrated an irregular and polyhedral shape with a volume mean diameter of 103 ± 0.15 µm. In addition, the amylose content of RD43 rice and Hom Mali rice flour was 19.04% and 16.38%, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) confirmed the presence of a V-type crystalline structure and less crystallinity in RD43 rice flour, which resulted in a significant reduction of the water absorption index (WAI), swelling power (SP), water solubility index (WSI), gelatinization temperature, and pasting properties. Comparing with Hom Mali rice flour, RD43 rice flour had greater ability to disrupt cholesterol micellization and bind bile acid. Furthermore, it had lower starch digestibility, with a lower percentage of rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and higher percentage of undigestible starch than Hom Mali rice flour. Moreover, steamed muffins based on RD43 rice flour had lower starch digestibility than Hom Mali steamed muffins. The sensory analysis showed no significant differences between Hom Mali and RD43 steamed muffins. The findings suggest that RD43 rice flour could be an alternative ingredient for lowering the glycemic index of food products.

The soluble dietary fiber (SDF) extracted from black bean coats was used to produce a novel composite gel with gelatin by forming an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). The gel prepared by the cross-linking of transglutaminase (TG) and Ca 2+ was called IPN gel, and the gel prepared only by TG or Ca 2+ was named as G-semi-IPN and F-semi-IPN, respectively. The rheology and micro-morphology were observed to confirm the formation of semi-IPN and IPN. The thermodynamic, mechanical and hydration properties of gelatin-SDF composite gels with different cross-linking conditions were determined. It was found that the IPN gel had enhanced mechanical properties, better freeze-thaw stability and lower swelling capacity. Bile acid binding assays showed that both semi-IPNs and IPN had certain ability of binding bile acids. These studies on gelatin-SDF composite gels suggested a new strategy to increase the gelling ability of dietary fibers. In addition, it could improve the utilization of bean coats during the food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dietary fiber (DF) can promote human health through its specific physicochemical functions. For instance, bile acid binding of DF may lower cholesterol level. Ultrafine grinding, a new equipment for making micro-powders, can pulverize DF into small scales. The objective of this study is to explore the effects of ultrafine grinding on bile acid binding capacity and physicochemical properties (water retention properties, swelling power, water solubility index, light transmittance, turbidity, syneresis, viscosity and pasting properties) of DFs (Konjac glucomannan, β-glucan, guar gum, inulin). The study also aimed to study the correlation between bile acid binding capacity and physicochemical properties of DFs. Bile acid binding capacity was determined by ELISA method. The results showed that ultrafine grinding could effectively pulverize particle size, significantly increase sample bile acid binding capacity and change the pasting properties. The transmittance was found to be gradually decreased. Water retention capacity and turbidity were increased by ultrafine grinding. This study indicated that ultrafine grinding could improve sample bile acid binding capacity and dramatically change some properties of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The muscles of freshwater clams were extracted separately using hot water. Subsequently, the edible muscle part was freeze-dried, hydrolyzed at 50°C using Protamex to obtain the freshwater clam hydrolysate (PX), and then digested with pepsin. The bile-acid-binding capacity and inhibition of cholesterol micelle formation were subsequently investigated using pepsin-digested PX (PXP) through ultrafiltration (UF) fractionation or size exclusion chromatography. After the UF treatment, soluble protein (171.0 mg/g) and peptide (109.4 mg/g) contents in fraction III were found to be higher than those of all other membrane fractions. Assuming that bile acid binds to PXP at 100%, the relative bile-acid-binding capacities of fractions I, II, and III were 161.2%, 64.3%, and 55.1%, respectively. Fraction f showed the highest inhibitory efficiency ratio (IER), and its inhibition-peptide content percentage was 831.5% mg/mL. The amino acid sequences of two hypocholesterolemic peptides were Val-Lys-Pro and Val-Lys-Lys, with IERs of 64.8% and 10.2% mg/mL, respectively. Practical applications The edible muscle part of freshwater clam after hot water extraction can be recovered as value-added by-product. After hydrolysis by commercial and digestive proteases, the edible muscle part of clams, including the viscera, showed higher bile acid binding capacity and exhibited in vitro inhibition percentages of cholesterol micellar solubility. Novel hypocholesterlemic peptides (Val-Lys-Pro and Val-Lys-Lys) were identified from the freshwater clam hydrolysate. Notably, this hydrolysate was confirmed to have hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects in vivo. Additionally, in vivo antihypertensive effects were confirmed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. This freshwater clam hydrolysate is expected to be a useful ingredient in physiologically functional foods for the prevention of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea is the second most consumed legume in the world. In this study, the effects of seed coat on chemical composition and also on the nutritional properties of whole chickpea seed were studied. In this context some physical and chemical analysis were conducted on both seed coat and coatless chickpea flour. Phenolic content, antioxidant activity and bile acid binding capacity of the samples were also determined, in order to specify the nutritional benefits of the samples. The results showed that seed coat constitute approximately 5% of the whole chickpea seed and the seed coat thickness was found to be thinner than most of the other legumes. Chickpea seed coat was found to be rich in dietary fiber and minerals. However, the contribution of the seed coat on nutritional benefits of the whole seed were determined to be limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main risk of cardiovascular diseases comes from incorrect eating habits. Restricting unhealthy diets is hard for most people; an alternative dietary intervention is necessary. Dietary products aiding in lipid digestion and absorption inhibitory activities may be beneficial for human health. The potential of juices from 20 vegetables as they affected lipid digestion/absorption processes was investigated. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicumL.) juice was the most effective pancreatic lipase inhibitor, IC501.5 mg·mL−1, and wildbetal leafbush (Piper sarmentosumRoxb.) juice effectively inhibited cholesterol esterase (94% inhibition at 2 mg·mL−1). Juice of green eggplant (Solanum aculeatissimumJacq.) and carrot (Daucus carotaL.) could effectively inhibit cholesterol solubility in lipid micelles due to reduction of cholesterol dispersed in micelles. Fiber from green cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL. var.capitata) exhibited bile acid binding activity as high as that of cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant. Climbing wattle (Acacia pennata(L.) Willd.) juice, and green cabbage fiber exhibited good inhibition on lipid digestion in vitro. Consumption of these vegetables may inhibit intestinal lipid digestion and delay lipid absorption and might be helpful for weight control and/or lowering of serum lipid levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) was investigated to enhance the content and functionality of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) extracted from black bean coats. Compared with the content of SDF of original black bean coats 7.8%, the content of SDF of modified black bean coats was 16.9% after treated by 15% H 2 O 2 (v/v) at pH 11 and 1:18 (w/v) as liquid-to-solid ratio for 0.5 h. Monosaccharide composition confirmed that the ratio of galacturonic acid in modified SDF (M-SDF) was higher than that of original SDF (O-SDF), and M-SDF was also with smaller molecular weight (Mw) of 1.24 × 10 6 Da and lower ζ-potential of −42.3 mV. Other structural characters were determined by FT-IR and TEM. In the range of 2–6% (w/v), both O-SDF and M-SDF showed a shear thinning behavior. The latter showed stronger gelation ability at the presence of Ca 2+ evaluated by dynamic oscillatory rheometry. Moreover, M-SDF exhibited good abilities of binding bile acids in vitro . It could be concluded that M-SDF had a great potential to be applied as a novel kind of functional ingredient or additive in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beneficial effect of cholesterol-lowering proteins and/or peptides derived from various dietary sources is continuously reported. A non-dietary protein from silk cocoon, sericin, has also demonstrated cholesterol-lowering activity. A sericin hydrolysate prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis was also expected to posses this effect. The present study was aimed at investigating the cholesterol-lowering effect of sericin peptides, so called 'sericin-derived oligopeptides' (SDO) both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that SDO at all three doses tested (10 mg kg day, 50 mg kg day, and 200 mg kg day) suppressed serum total and non-HDL cholesterol levels in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels were not significantly changed among all groups. The fecal contents of bile acids and cholesterol did not differ among high-cholesterol fed rats. SDO dose-dependently reduced cholesterol solubility in lipid micelles, and inhibited cholesterol uptake in monolayer Caco-2 cells. SDO also effectively bound to all three types of bile salts including taurocholate, deoxytaurocholate, and glycodeoxycholate. Direct interaction with bile acids of SDO may disrupt micellar cholesterol solubility, and subsequently reduce the absorption of dietary cholesterol in intestines. Taking all data together, SDO or sericin peptides exhibit a beneficial effect on blood cholesterol levels and could be potentially used as a health-promoting dietary supplement or nutraceutical product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of edible plants with more effective ability to inhibit fat digestion and absorption has recently been explored for possible treatment of hyperlipidaemia. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of nine edible plants on the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and pancreatic cholesterol esterase activities, as well as the inhibition of cholesterol micelle formation, and bile acid binding. Our findings have shown strong pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity and the inhibition of cholesterol micellization by mulberry leaf extract. Safflower extract was the most potent inhibitor of pancreatic cholesterol esterase. In addition, cat’s whiskers and safflower extracts had a potent bile acid binding activity. It is suggested that a daily intake of these edible plants may delay postprandial hypertriacylglycerolaemia and hypercholesterolaemia, and therefore may be applied for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidaemia.

Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains have been isolated from spontaneously fermented soymilk which showing proteolytic activity. These isolated were expected could producing bioactive peptides that could lowering cholesterol content when they used for soymilk fermentation. This research was aimed to determine the proteolytic activity of Lactobacillus plantarum 1 R.1.3.2 and L. plantarum 1 R.11.1.2 comparing with L. acidophilus FNCC 0051 as a control. Furthermore soymilk fermented with these isolates were monitored for their ability to bind bile acid and these results were compared with the control of soymilk with no fermentation. Proteolytic activities (U/mL) were measured spectrophotometrically using tyrosin as a standard product, while bile acid binding capacity (µM/100 mg protein) using Total bile Acid Binding Kit. The results show that all isolates use in this study had no different proteolytic activity nor bile acid binding capability to that of control strain. The fermentation process could increased their ability to bind with the bile acid.

The correlation of physical and physicochemical characteristics of five different chitosan on their fat-binding capacities was studied using in vitro model of gastrointestinal conditions. Increasing molecular weight (Mw) and tap density of chitosan could significantly increase their fat-binding ability. Higher Mw chitosan (2100 and 890 kDa) show significantly higher fat binding capacity than 30 kDa. When tested at chitosan to fat 1:40, the ratio often used as dietary supplement, higher tap density chitosan showed an improved fat-binding capacity at around 2-fold increase. Interestingly, 2100 kDa high density (HD1P) could maintain the highest oil entrapment, ranging between 0.77 and 27.50 g oil/g chitosan depending on the interaction ratios. In addition, HD1P already maximized its fat-binding capacity since 30 min under in vitro gastric condition. In vitro cholesterol- and bile acids-binding experiments were also performed with HD1P and found to bind cholesterol at 820.9 ± 21.43 mg/g chitosan, deoxycholic acid at 17.50 ± 0.18 mg/g chitosan, and cholic acid at 5.28 ± 0.57 mg/g chitosan. Therefore, this study shows that the ability of HD1P for binding high amount of fat at short dissolution time might be due to the combination characteristics of having high Mw and being in a high density form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present work consisted in the production of egg white hydrolysates with multiple biological activities that would allow the control of some pathologies related to the metabolic syndrome. Eight food-grade enzymes from different sources and specificities were used, and the hydrolysates were analysed for in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bile acid-binding, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and dipeptidyl peptidase IV-inhibitory activities. The hydrolysate of egg white with Bc Pepsin for 8 h presented a high ACE-inhibitory activity with an IC equivalent to, approximately, 50 µg protein/mL, as well as important peroxyl radical-scavenging and bile acid-binding capacities. The hydrolysate with Peptidase 433P for 24 h stood out for its peroxyl radical-scavenging capacity, equivalent to 900-1100 μmol Trolox/g of protein, and its potential hypocholesterolaemic activity. Both hydrolysates also exhibited a moderate DDP IV-inhibitory activity and prevented oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 macrophages, while that with Peptidase 433P also inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in this cell line, in particular, that of IL-6. The multiple properties exerted by these hydrolysates suggest that they could target several symptoms of a complex disease, such as the metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alperujo, a semi-solid by-product from the olive oil industry, is currently subjected to a novel industrial treatment, which consisted of gentle heating at 50–80 °C for 1–2 h, followed by a new three-phase centrifugation system that gave alperujo oil, olive pomace and aqueous by-products. This process is a prerequisite to reduce the humidity of the resulting solid to enable its use as biomass, and allows for the recovery of a new olive mill wastewater, which was used in this work for the isolation of water-soluble polysaccharides. Two polysaccharide-enriched extracts were obtained by ethyl alcohol precipitation with 40 and 80% (v/v) EtOH from the new aqueous by-product and purified. The pectic material presented a high molecular size and a low percentage of methyl esterification and acetylation. In comparison with commercial pectins, the extracts had better oil holding capacity and similar emulsifying activity to that of citrus pectin. For the first time, bile-acid binding and glucose retardation activity were considered for the pectic material isolated from olive by-products, which showed better results than commercial pectins. In addition, the antioxidant activities of these extracts were investigated using various in vitro assays and the two raw polysaccharide extracts, rich in associated polyphenol compounds, exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than that observed for citrus and apple pectins. Thus, polysaccharide-enriched extracts from gentle heat treated alperujo have suitable emulsifying properties for commercial uses and the important bioactive properties of antioxidant dietary fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydrated peels from ash gourd (Benincasa hispida), ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula), and cho-chow marrow (Sechium edule) were analyzed for chemical composition and bioactive potential. The range of constituents per 100g dry peels were protein, 3 to 15 g; insoluble fiber, 45 to 58 g; ether extractives, 2.3 to 3.3 g; iron, 5.1 to 17.4 mg; calcium, 307 to 704 mg; tannins, 580 to 848 mg; carotenoids, 1,712 to 35,663 μg; and ascorbic acid, 37 to 51 mg. Polyphenols, total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), and reducing power of peel were highest in aqueous extracts. FRSA of cho-chow marrow peel was the highest (87.32%) followed by ridge gourd (85.4%) and ash gourd (63.31%) peels that correlated well with bioactive components. Methanol and aqueous extracts of the peel exhibited bile acid binding (61%–98%) and α-amylase inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The pectin fraction released from steam-treated alperujo at 160 °C for 30, 45, and 60 min was purified and characterized. Differences were observed in the composition, and physical and biological activities of the pectin extracts, depending on the length of the thermal treatment. The extracts presented a low molecular weight in the range of 2–40 KDa, a high content of neutral sugars, and a high percentage of acetylation. In comparison with commercial pectins, the extracts had low water and high oil holding capacities, a normal emulsifying activity and a similar emulsion stability to that of apple pectin. For the three pectin extracts studied, the in vitro analyses showed considerable bile-acid binding activity and a glucose retardation index similar to the values obtained for citrus pectins. Thus, the pectins isolated from olive oil waste have suitable physical and biological properties for commercial use. Pectin extraction from alperujo, a sizeable by-product of the olive oil manufacturing process, would facilitate the use and subsequent reduction of this environmentally damaging organic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the study was the production of resistant starch from taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) corm and determination of its effects on health by in vitro methods. Starch was isolated from taro corms with 98% purity, and 10.4±0.5% amylose content. By application of heating, autoclaving, enzymatic debranching, retrogradation, and drying processes to taro starch for two times, resistant starch (RS) content was increased 16 fold (35.1±1.9%, dry basis). The expected glycemic index (eGI) of taro starch and taro resistant starch was determined as 60.6±0.5 and 51.9±0.9, respectively and the decrease in the glycemic index of taro resistant starch was found as statistically significant (P <0.05). The in vitro binding of bile acids by taro starch and taro resistant starch relative to cholesterol decreasing drug cholestyramine were 5.2±0.2% and 7.6±1.7%, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To elucidate whether the alkali treatment, which is a common process for rice protein extraction, is responsible for the regulation of digestibility and bile acid binding of rice protein, the effects of different degree of alkali treatment (from 0.1% to 0.3% of NaOH), as well as different ratio of arginine (Arg) to lysine (Lys) by 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0, which was induced by the addition of Arg to rice protein, on the in vitro digestibility and the bile acid binding activity were investigated. The present study clearly demonstrates the alkali treatment plays a major role in controlling the digestibility and the bile acid binding of rice protein through the modification of amino acid composition. Results indicate that the digestibility and the bile acid binding activity of rice protein are closely varying with the ratio of Arg to Lys. This shows the inhibition of digestibility and stimulation of bile acid binding are enhanced by the increase Arg/Lys ratio through the addition of Arg to rice protein. The present study suggests the Arg/Lys ratio controlled by the concentration of Arg and the alkali treatment may be the main modulator responsible for the physiological function of rice protein involved in cholesterol metabolism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The application of edible plants with more effective ability to inhibit fat digestion and absorption has recently been explored for possible treatment of hyperlipidaemia. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of nine edible plants on the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and pancreatic cholesterol esterase activities, as well as the inhibition of cholesterol micelle formation, and bile acid binding. Our findings have shown strong pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity and the inhibition of cholesterol micellization by mulberry leaf extract. Safflower extract was the most potent inhibitor of pancreatic cholesterol esterase. In addition, cat's whiskers and safflower extracts had a potent bile acid binding activity. It is suggested that a daily intake of these edible plants may delay postprandial hypertriacylglycerolaemia and hypercholesterolaemia, and therefore may be applied for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) was extracted and purified from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, and characterised for its chemical structure and potential health properties. The APS was composed of α-d-glc residues with the estimated equivalent dextran molecular weight of 2.07×104 Da. Periodate oxidation analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that APS has repeating (1→4)-linked backbone with a (1→6)-linked branch every 10 residues. The APS possessed scavenging activities against hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, and showed chelating effect on ferrous ions. The APS was also able to bind cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in vitro. In addition, APS was able to stimulate activity of purified mouse B cells without promoting T cell proliferation. These data provided information for future development of APS as a nutraceutical. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives and Materials and Methods: Medicinal plants constitute an important source of potential therapeutic agents for diabetes and hyperlipidemia. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on inhibition of α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase related to diabetes mellitus. Moreover, the study was also determined in vitro bile acid binding capacity as well as inhibition of cholesterol micellization, pancreatic lipase, and cholesterol esterase activity. Results: The phytochemical analysis indicated that total phenolic, flavonoid, and condensed tannin contents in the extract were 45.21±0.96 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract, 15.39±0.58 mg catechin equivalents/g extract, and 4.90±0.20 catechin equivalents/g extract, respectively. In addition, the extract contained a specific inhibitor of intestinal sucrase than intestinal maltase with IC50 value of 0.78±0.21 mg/ml, whereas it slightly inhibited pancreatic α-amylase and pancreatic cholesterol esterase. However, the extract had no inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase. Furthermore, taurodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, and glycodeoxycholic acid were bound to the extract (1 mg/ml) with a degree of 26.90±0.37%, 21.78±0.68%, and 22.59±1.02%, respectively. Finally, the extract (10 mg/ml) markedly inhibited the formation of cholesterol micelle about 40.22±2.64%. Conclusion: Our results indicated that the leaf extract of Moringa oleifera may be used for the control of blood glucose and lipid concentration and prevention of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bile acid binding capacity has been related to the cholesterol-lowering potential of foods and food fractions. Lowered recirculation of bile acids results in utilization of cholesterol to synthesize bile acid and reduced fat absorption. Secondary bile acids have been associated with increased risk of cancer. Bile acid binding potential has been related to lowering the risk of heart disease and that of cancer. Previously, we have reported bile acid binding by several uncooked vegetables. However, most vegetables are consumed after cooking. How cooking would influence in vitro bile acid binding of various vegetables was investigated using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile under physiological conditions. Eight replicate incubations were conducted for each treatment simulating gastric and intestinal digestion, which included a substrate only, a bile acid mixture only, and 6 with substrate and bile acid mixture. Cholestyramine (a cholesterol-lowering, bile acid binding drug) was the positive control treatment and cellulose was the negative control. Relative to cholestyramine, in vitro bile acid binding on dry matter basis was for the collard greens, kale, and mustard greens, 13%; broccoli, 10%; Brussels sprouts and spinach, 8%; green bell pepper, 7%; and cabbage, 5%. These results point to the significantly different (P ≤ .05) health-promoting potential of collard greens = kale = mustard greens > broccoli > Brussels sprouts = spinach = green bell pepper > cabbage as indicated by their bile acid binding on dry matter basis. Steam cooking significantly improved the in vitro bile acid binding of collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage compared with previously observed bile acid binding values for these vegetables raw (uncooked). Inclusion of steam-cooked collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage in our daily diet as health-promoting vegetables should be emphasized. These green/leafy vegetables, when consumed regularly after steam cooking, would lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, advance human nutrition research, and improve public health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cholesterol-lowering potential of foods and food fractions have been evaluated by determining their bile acid–binding potential. Reducing bile acid recirculation lowers cholesterol by reducing fat absorption and use of cholesterol to synthesize bile acid. Secondary bile acids increase the risk of cancer. Bile acid–binding potential is related to lowering the risk of heart disease as well as cancer prevention. Previously, we have reported bile acid binding by several uncooked vegetables. However, most vegetables are consumed after cooking. How cooking would influence in vitro bile acid binding of various vegetables was investigated using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile under physiologic conditions. Eight replicate incubations were conducted for each treatment simulating gastric and intestinal digestion, which included a substrate only, a bile acid mixture only, and 6 with a substrate and bile acid mixture. Cholestyramine (a cholesterol-lowering, bile acid–binding drug) was the positive control treatment, and cellulose was the negative control. Relative to cholestyramine, in vitro bile acid binding on a dry matter basis was, for beets, 18%; okra, 16%; eggplant, 14%; asparagus, 10%; carrots, 8%; green beans, 7%; cauliflower, 6%; and turnips, 1%. These results point to the significantly different (P ≤ .05) health-promoting potential of these vegetables (from highest to lowest, beets, okra, eggplant, asparagus, carrots and green beans, cauliflower, turnips) as indicated by their bile acid binding on a dry matter basis. Steam cooking significantly improved in vitro bile acid binding of beets, eggplant, asparagus, carrots, green beans, and cauliflower compared with previously observed bile acid–binding values for these vegetables uncooked. Inclusion of steam-cooked beets, okra, eggplant, asparagus, carrots, green beans, and cauliflower in our daily diet as health-promoting vegetables should be encouraged. These vegetables, when consumed regularly, may lower the risk of premature degenerative diseases (heart disease and cancer), improve public health, and advance human nutrition research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Binding in small intestine and excretion of bile acids constitute a major hypocholesterolemic pathway. Interactions between different types of commercial and laboratory-made dietary fibres and glycoconjugated bile acids were investigated in vitro at pH 5.0 and 6.5. The interactions were greater at the lower pH and with dihydroxy-bile acids. Digested cereal products (barley, oat, rye and wheat flour; oat bran), alcohol-insoluble substances from apples, strawberries, rowan berries, carrots, white cabbage, red beets and sugar beet pulp, as well as arabinoxylan, bound 1.21–1.77μmol bile acids/100mg of preparation at pH 5.0. Novelose bound approximately 0.65μmol bile acids/100mg. Carob fibre had the highest binding capacity (1.83–1.96μmol bile acids/100mg) whereas cellulose had no effect. Besides the source and chemical composition, the bile acid binding correlated especially well with the presence of three-dimensional cell wall structures of the tested preparations but less well with the proportions of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The in vitro binding of bile acids by okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), beets (Beta vulgaris), asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), eggplant (Solanum malongena), turnips (Brassica rapa rapifera), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), carrots (Daucus carota), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis) was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted, testing various fresh raw vegetables on an equal dry matter basis. Considering cholestyramine (bile acid-binding, cholesterol-lowering drug) as 100% bound, the relative in vitro bile acid binding on dry matter (DM) and total dietary fibre (TDF) basis was 1–16% and 2–54%, respectively. Bile acid binding for okra was significantly higher than for all the other vegetables tested. For beets, binding values were significantly higher than for asparagus. Binding values for asparagus were significantly higher than for eggplant, turnips, beans green, carrots and cauliflower. These results point to the health promoting potential of okra>beets>asparagus>eggplant=turnips=green beans=carrots=cauliflower, as indicated by their bile acid binding, on a dry matter basis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The in vitro binding of bile acids by bananas (Musa ×paradisiaca), peaches (Prunus persica), pineapple (Ananus comosus), grapes (Vitis spp.), pears (Pyrus communis), apricots (Prunus armeniaca) and nectarines (Prunus persica, nectarina) was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted, testing various fresh fruits on an equal dry matter basis. Considering cholestyramine (bile acid binding, cholesterol lowering drug) as 100% bound, the relative in vitro bile acid binding percentages on dry matter (DM), total dietary fibre and total polysaccharides basis were 2–9%, 15–101% and 10–101%, respectively. Bile acid binding, on a DM basis, for bananas was significantly (P ⩽0.05) higher and that for nectarines significantly lower than those for peaches, pineapple, grapes, pears and apricots. The bile acid bindings for peaches and pineapple were similar and significantly higher than those for grapes, pears and apricots. Binding values for grapes and pears were significantly higher than apricots. These results point to the relative health promoting potential of bananas>peaches=pineapple>grapes=pears>apricots>nectarines, as indicated by their bile acid binding on a DM basis. The variability in bile acid binding between the fruits tested maybe related to their phytonutrients, antioxidants, polyphenols, flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins), structure, hydrophobicity of undigested fractions, anionic or cationic nature of the metabolites produced during digestion or their interaction with active binding sites. Animal studies are planned to validate in vitro bile acid binding of fruits, observed herein, to their healthful potential, atherosclerosis amelioration and cancer prevention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The in vitro binding of bile acids by spinach (Spinacia oleracea), kale (Brassica oleracea acephala), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea gemmifera), broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica), mustard greens (Brassica juncea), green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum), cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitala) and collards (Brassica oleracea acephala) was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted testing various fresh raw green vegetables on an equal dry matter basis. Considering cholestyramine (bile acid binding, cholesterol lowering drug) as 100% bound, the relative in vitro bile acid binding of various vegetables tested on equal dry matter and total dietary fibre basis was 2–9% and 6–32%, respectively. Bile acid binding for spinach, kale and brussels sprouts was significantly higher than for broccoli and mustard greens. For broccoli and mustard greens binding values were significantly higher those for cabbage, bell pepper and collards. These results point to the health promoting potential of spinach=kale=brussels sprouts>broccoli=mustard greens>cabbage= green bell peppers= collards, as indicated by their bile acid binding on dry matter basis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The in vitro binding of bile acids by blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), plums (Prunus spp.), prunes (Prunus spp.), strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa), cherries (Malpighia punicifolia) cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and apples (Malus sylvestris) was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted to testing various fresh raw fruits on an equal dry matter basis. Considering cholestyramine (bile acid binding, cholesterol lowering drug) as 100% bound, the relative in vitro bile acid binding on dry matter (DM), total dietary fiber (TDF) and total polysaccharides (PCH) basis was for blueberries 7%, 47% and 25%; plums 6%, 53% and 50%; prunes 5%, 50% and 14%; strawberries 5%, 23% and 15%; cherries 5%, 37% and 5%; cranberries 4%, 12% and 7%; and apple 1%, 7% and 5%, respectively. Bile acid binding on DM basis for blueberries was significantly (P ⩽0.05) higher than all the fruits tested. The bile acid binding for plums was similar to that for prunes and strawberries and significantly higher than cherries, cranberries and apples. Binding values for cherries and cranberries were significantly higher than those for apples. These results point to the relative health promoting potential of blueberries>plums=prunes=strawberries=cherries=cranberries>apples as indicated by their bile acid binding on DM basis. The variability in bile acid binding between the fruits tested maybe related to their phytonutrients (antioxidants, polyphenols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, catechins), structure, hydrophobicity of undigested fractions, anionic or cationic nature of the metabolites produced during digestion or their interaction with active binding sites. Inclusion of blueberries, plums, prunes, strawberries, cherries and cranberries in our daily diet as health promoting fruits should be encouraged. Animal studies are planned to validate in vitro bile acid binding of fruits observed herein to their potential of atherosclerosis amelioration (lipid and lipoprotein lowering) and cancer prevention (excretion of toxic metabolites). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A series of extrudates was prepared from oat meal, oat bran and Novelose 330®, differing in concentrations of individual dietary fibre (DF) components, such as β-glucan and resistant starch, as well as total DF. After simulated digestion, the digested DF-rich oat-based extrudates were used to evaluate their physiological effects in vitro. A strong interaction occurred between the digested extrudates and bile acids (BA). The binding of BA increased with increasing proportions of oat bran, total DF, insoluble DF and β-glucan in the extrudates. Dihydroxy-BA was more strongly bound to the extrudates than trihydroxy-BA. Interactions at pH 5.0 were greater than at pH 6.5. During fermentation of digested extrudates with human faecal samples, concentrations of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) formed and the molar proportion of butyrate increased continuously. Higher SCFA concentrations were found when extrudates contained more oat bran, soluble and insoluble DF and β-glucan. Extrudates, on the basis of oat, have several beneficial nutritional and protective effects in vitro. Therefore, physiological effects occurring in the small and large intestine are also related to the DF composition of the cereal products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVE: Antacids are used worldwide for the treatment of acid-related conditions such as heartburn and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. The present study investigated the in vitro acid neutralization and bile acid binding capacities of hydrotalcite compared with other antacids that are available in Germany and China. It has been reported that hydrotalcite is effective in the treatment of bile reflux gastritis because of its binding capacity to bile acids. METHODS: Hydrotalcite and other preparations of antacids were tested in a comparative in vitro study. The neutralization properties were determined with static and dynamic tests (preliminary antacid test, acid neutralization capacity (ANC) test, Rossett-Rice (RR) test) and the bile acid binding test with a standardized commercial test kit (Merckotest[sup ] bile acids). RESULTS: In the static and dynamic tests hydrotalcite 500 mg and some other antacids, such as magaldrate, almasilate, algedrate Mg hydroxide, Ca/Mg carbonate and calcium carbonate, demonstrated favorable ANC reflected by rapid onset and long duration of action, and high buffering capacity. In the RR test, a hydrotalcite dose of 1000 mg was able to keep the pH level above 3 for 76.9 min. The bile acid binding capacity test yielded that hydrotalcite had the highest binding potential to taurodeoxycholic acid, a lipophilic bile acid associated with cell and mucosa toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrotalcite has a rapid onset of action, a high buffering capacity and a long duration of action. In particular, hydrotalcite binds cytotoxic bile acids. These pharmacochemical properties make hydrotalcite a most suitable antacid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in vitro bile acid binding by soy protein, pinto beans, black beans and wheat gluten was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted, testing substrates on an equal protein basis. Considering cholestyramine as 100 bound, the relative in vitro bile acid bindings for the soy protein, pinto beans, black beans and wheat gluten, on equal protein basis, were 17, 23, 30 and 12%, respectively. Bile acid binding by soy protein, pinto beans and black beans may influence cholesterol lowering, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and reduction of plaque formation in the aortic arch. Higher bile acid binding by black beans and pinto beans than soy protein is encouraging; it suggests that there may be components, other than the bean protein, with the desired health-promoting properties. As for wheat gluten, bile acid binding may relate to its potential for improving gastrointestinal health and reduction of the risk of cancer. These results point to bile acid binding by soy protein, pinto beans, black beans and wheat gluten as indicative of their health-promoting potential. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ileal lipid binding protein (ILBP) is a cytosolic lipid-binding protein that binds both bile acids and fatty acids. We have determined the solution structure of porcine ILBP in complex with glycocholate by homonuclear and heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The conformation of the protein–ligand complex was determined by restrained energy minimization and simulated annealing calculations after docking the glycocholate ligand into the protein structure. The overall tertiary structure of ILBP is highly analogous to the three-dimensional structures of several other intracellular lipid binding proteins (LBPs). Like the apo-structure, the bile-acid complex of ILBP is composed of 10 anti-parallel β-strands that form a water-filled clam-shell structure, and two short α-helices. Chemical shift data indicated that the bile acid ligand is bound inside the protein cavity. Furthermore, 13C-edited heteronuclear single-quantum correlation-NOESY experiments showed NOE contacts between several aromatic residues located in the proposed bile acid portal region and the 13C-labeled ligand. A single bile acid molecule is bound inside the protein, with the steroid moiety penetrating deep into the water-accessible internal cavity, such that ring A is located right above the plane of the Trp49 indole ring. The carboxylate tail of the ligand is protruding from the proposed bile acid portal into the surrounding aqueous solution. The body of the steroid moiety is oriented with the nonpolar face in contact with the mostly hydrophobic residues of β-strands C, D and E, while the polar face shows contacts with the side-chains of Tyr97, His99, Glu110 and Arg121 in β-strands H, I and J. Thus, the conformational arrangement of the ligand complex suggests that the binding affinity of ILBP for bile acid molecules is based mainly on strong hydrophobic interactions inside the protein cavity. Furthermore, this binding mode explains how ILBP... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Viscosity of the soluble β-glucan had the main effect on bile acid binding. • Gelation of β-glucan was suggested to influence the binding in the oat bran model. • Phytate did not increase the bile acid-binding of β-glucan. There is controversy about the role of viscosity and co-migrating molecules on the bile acid binding of beta-glucan. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impact of β-glucan molecular weight and the content of both β-glucan and phytate on the mobility of bile acids by modelling intestinal conditions in vitro. Two approaches were used to evaluate factors underlying this binding effect. The first studied bile acid binding capacity of soluble β-glucan using purified compounds. Viscosity of the β-glucan solution governed mainly the mobility of bile acid since both a decrease in β-glucan concentration and degradation of β-glucan by enzyme hydrolysis resulted in decreased binding. The second approach investigated the trapping of bile acids in the oat bran matrix. Results suggested trapping of bile acids by the β-glucan gel network. Additionally, hydrolysis of phytate was shown to increase bile acid binding, probably due to better extractability of β-glucan in this sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional hydrocolloids made by materials of soybeans is mainly composed by soy protein isolated (SPI) with ions. Another main component of the resource of soybean coats, the soluble dietary fiber (SDF), was firstly added to SPI gels to form double cross-linked network by using calcium ions and transglutaminase (TGase), which was called as M-TG-Ca. Rheological, microstructure, mechanical, thermodynamic and hydration properties of composite gels were investigated. Rheological studies proved that the addition of SDF, Ca2+ and TGase could significantly improve the G′ value of SPI gel. M-TG-Ca had the highest hardness value and the densest network. The thermal analysis found that gels cross-linked by TGase showed different thermodynamic properties compared to those only added with Ca2+. In addition, M-TG-Ca exhibited the lowest pH sensitivity and the highest bile acid binding capacity, which was indicated that it had potential to prevent the chronic disease. The research on novel double cross-linked gels may provide an idea to the utilization of soybean resources. In addition, the composite gels of protein and soluble dietary fibers of soybeans can be developed as functional additives in food industry. Image 1 • The SPI and soluble dietary fiber of soybeans was composited to form gels. • The composite gels had novel double cross-linked structure by adding Ca2+ and TGase. • Novel composite gels had improved mechanical properties. • Novel composite gels exhibited enhanced bile acid binding capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupin kernel fibre is an underutilised by-product of lupin protein isolation rich in insoluble dietary fibre. By means of extrusion technology, insoluble fibres can be converted in soluble fibres, which are considered the most effective dietary fibre fraction for human health. Lupin kernel fibre was processed at various barrel temperatures, feed moistures and screw speeds. The physiochemical (dietary fibre composition, colour, water and oil binding capacities) and functional (viscosity and bile acid interactions) properties of the lupin fibres after extrusion were evaluated compared to the non-extruded fibre. Due to extrusion processing, the soluble fraction of dietary fibre was increased from 1.9 g/100 g DM to up to 37.7 g/100 g DM, water binding capacity was increased by up to 95%, while oil binding capacity significantly decreased. Moisture content, followed by barrel temperature were identified as the most relevant extrusion parameters to influence physiochemical properties. To estimate effects of extrusion on fibre functionality, extrudates were digested under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions. Viscosity of in vitro digesta was increased for most extruded fibres. Accordingly, diffusion of bile acids was decreased, which may improve cholesterol lowering properties. Molecular interactions of lupin compounds with bile acids were not affected by the extrusion treatment. The results indicate that extrusion caused solubilisation of hydrophilic pectin-like polymers, which exhibit high hydration properties and thus increase the viscosity at physiological conditions. These findings suggest that extrusion could be a practical technology to enhance health benefits of lupin kernel fibre. Image 1 • Extrusion significantly improved solubility of lupin fibre. • Water binding capacity of extruded lupin fibre was increased by up to 95%. • Extrusion increased viscosity in vitro under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. • Bile acid diffusion in extruded lupin fibre digested in vitro was slowed down. • Extrusion is a promising technology to improve lupin fibre functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased use of a new rice cultivar is the result of increasing consumer demands for healthier choices. In this study, physicochemical, thermal, pasting, and functional properties of flour from RD43 rice, a new rice variety, and its food application were investigated. RD43 rice flour demonstrated an irregular and polyhedral shape with a volume mean diameter of 103 ± 0.15 µm. In addition, the amylose content of RD43 rice and Hom Mali rice flour was 19.04% and 16.38%, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) confirmed the presence of a V-type crystalline structure and less crystallinity in RD43 rice flour, which resulted in a significant reduction of the water absorption index (WAI), swelling power (SP), water solubility index (WSI), gelatinization temperature, and pasting properties. Comparing with Hom Mali rice flour, RD43 rice flour had greater ability to disrupt cholesterol micellization and bind bile acid. Furthermore, it had lower starch digestibility, with a lower percentage of rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and higher percentage of undigestible starch than Hom Mali rice flour. Moreover, steamed muffins based on RD43 rice flour had lower starch digestibility than Hom Mali steamed muffins. The sensory analysis showed no significant differences between Hom Mali and RD43 steamed muffins. The findings suggest that RD43 rice flour could be an alternative ingredient for lowering the glycemic index of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant compounds are described to interact with bile acids during small intestinal digestion. This review will summarise mechanisms of interaction between bile acids and plant compounds, challenges in in vivo and in vitro analyses, and possible consequences on health. The main mechanisms of interaction assume that increased viscosity during digestion results in reduced micellar mobility of bile acids, or that bile acids and plant compounds are associated or complexed at the molecular level. Increasing viscosity during digestion due to specific dietary fibres is considered a central reason for bile acid retention. Furthermore, hydrophobic interactions are proposed to contribute to bile acid retention in the small intestine. Although frequently hypothesised, no mechanism of permanent binding of bile acids by dietary fibres or indigestible protein fractions has yet been demonstrated. Otherwise, various polyphenolic structures were recently associated with reduced micellar solubility and modification of steroid and bile acid excretion but underlying molecular mechanisms of interaction are not yet fully understood. Therefore, future research activities need to consider the complex composition and cell-wall structures as influenced by processing when investigating bile acid interactions. Furthermore, influences of bile acid interactions on gut microbiota need to be addressed to clarify their role in bile acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lupin cotyledon significantly adsorbed primary bile acids. • A hydrophobic interaction between bile acids and lupin cotyledons was indicated. • Bile acid adsorption was independent of lupin protein and dietary fibre. • Lupin cotyledon alcohol extracts were rich in flavonoids. • Alcohol extracts showed strong molecular interaction with bile acids. Interactions between bile acids and plant-based materials, and the related feedback mechanisms in enterohepatic circulation, have been considered targets for lowering cholesterol. This study aimed to identify lupin compounds that interact with primary bile acids on molecular level. Lupin cotyledons were fractionated and bile acid adsorbing activities were investigated using in vitro digestion, equilibrium dialysis and kinetic analyses. Protein- and fibre-enriched fractions significantly (p ≤ 0.05) adsorbed chenodesoxycholic acids (up to 2.33 µmol/100 g DM). Alcohol purification showed that bile acid adsorption is independent of protein and fibre structures. Moreover, high adsorption was observed with an alcohol extract (6.97 µmol chenodesoxycholic acids/100 g DM) that was rich in phytochemicals, such as flavonoids (1842 mg/100 g DM). These results suggest the formation of hydrophobic interactions between polyphenols and bile acids. Further studies of molecular mechanisms are required to define the contributions of polyphenols to the cholesterol-lowering actions of lupins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interference of dietary fibres with the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is proposed as a mechanism for lowering cholesterol. We investigated how lupin hull and cotyledon dietary fibres interact with primary bile acids using an in vitro model under simulated upper gastrointestinal conditions. Cell wall polysaccharides were isolated and extracted to separate pectin-like, hemicellulosic, and lignocellulosic structures. Lupin hull consisted mainly of structural components rich in cellulose. The viscosity of the in vitro digesta of lupin hull was low, showing predominantly liquid-like viscoelastic properties. On the other hand, lupin cotyledon fibre retarded bile acid release due to increased viscosity of the in vitro digesta, which was linked with high contents of pectic polymers forming an entangled network. Molecular interactions with bile acids were not measured for the hull but for the cotyledon, as follows: A total of 1.29 µmol/100 mg DM of chenodesoxycholic acids were adsorbed. Molecular interactions of cholic and chenodesoxycholic acids were evident for lignin reference material but did not account for the adsorption of the lupin cotyledon. Furthermore, none of the isolated and fractionated cell wall materials showed a significant adsorptive capacity, thus disproving a major role of lupin cell wall polysaccharides in bile acid adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fibres are reported to interact with bile acids, preventing their reabsorption and promoting their excretion into the colon. We used a method based on in vitro digestion, dialysis, and kinetic analysis to investigate how dietary fibre enriched food ingredients affect the release of primary and secondary bile acids as related to viscosity and adsorption. As the main bile acids abundant in humans interactions with glyco- and tauroconjugated cholic acid, chenodesoxycholic acid and desoxycholic acid were analysed. Viscous interactions were detected for apple, barley, citrus, lupin, pea, and potato derived ingredients, which slowed the bile acid release rate by up to 80%. Adsorptive interactions of up to 4.7 μmol/100 mg DM were significant in barley, oat, lupin, and maize preparations. As adsorption directly correlated to the hydrophobicity of the bile acids the hypothesis of a hydrophobic linkage between bile acids and dietary fibre is supported. Delayed diffusion in viscous fibre matrices was further associated with the micellar properties of the bile acids. As our results indicate changes in the bile acid pool size and composition due to interactions with dietary fibre rich ingredients, the presented method and results could add to recent fields of bile acid research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explain the cholesterol-reducing effects of dietary fibres, one of the major mechanisms proposed is the reduced reabsorption of bile acids in the ileum. The interaction of dietary fibres with bile acids is associated with their viscous or adsorptive effects. Since these fibre characteristics are difficult to investigate in vivo, suitable in vitro methodologies can contribute to understanding the mechanistic principles. We compared the commonly used centrifugal approach with a modified dialysis method using dietary fibre-rich materials from different sources (i.e., barley, citrus, lupin, and potato). Digestion was simulated in vitro with oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion environments. The chyme was dialysed and released bile acids were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The centrifugation method showed adsorptive effects only for cholestyramine (reference material) and a high-fibre barley product (1.4 µmol taurocholic acid/100 mg dry matter). Alternatively, the dialysis approach showed higher values of bile acid adsorption (2.3 µmol taurocholic acid/100 mg dry matter) for the high-fibre barley product. This indicated an underestimated adsorption when using the centrifugation method. The results also confirmed that the dialysis method can be used to understand the influence of viscosity on bile acid release. This may be due to entrapment of bile acids in the viscous chyme matrix. Further studies on fibre structure and mechanisms responsible for viscous effects are required to understand the formation of entangled networks responsible for the entrapment of the bile acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]