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Abstract Individuals who consume alcohol have a higher chance of contracting tuberculosis (TB) due to their social mixing patterns. We aimed to study the social mixing patterns of TB patients who consume alcohol on a regular basis using a quantitative social network approach. In a high-TB prevalence context in India, a social network survey of 300 newly diagnosed pulmonary drug-sensitive TB patients was done. The survey found 52 (17%) male TB patients who shared alcohol on a regular basis with 106 (4%) of their first-degree social contacts. Alcohol sharing happened in 16 neighborhood venues. When compared to contacts who did not use alcohol, a higher proportion of contacts with regular alcohol use were diagnosed with TB (12.3%; 95% CI: 6.6–20.00 vs. 3.5%; 95% CI: 2.8–4.3). Social network analysis showed that the network consisting of patients and contacts was less dense and less connected (with density ratio of 0.009, and degree centrality of 1.3, and betweenness centrality of 0.5), indicating weaker transmission potential of the network. Comparatively the network consisting of patients, contacts and their alcohol sharing venues was more dense and more connected (with density ratio of 0.018, higher degree centrality of 3.1 and betweenness centrality of 154.2) indicating stronger transmission potential of the network. Regular alcohol sharing in four venues created a giant network component, that linked a higher proportion of contacts without TB (72.3%) to a higher proportion of TB patients (67.3%) and their contacts with TB (38.4%). When examined from a network perspective, the pooled TB transmission exposure of contacts with regular alcohol use grew by a factor of 10, which helped explain the unfavorable social mixing of patients and contacts with regular alcohol use.

Background: Surgeries involving the proximal third of the fibula are associated with the risk of common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury. Hence, a safe corridor using palpable anatomical landmarks is necessary to avoid injury to the CPN. Methodology: Sixty lower limbs (30 fresh cadavers) were in our study group. The distance between the Gerdy's tubercle (GT) and the CPN behind the fibular head (FH), distance from GT to the superficial branch of the CPN (superficial peroneal nerve [SPN]), and distance from GT to the anterior recurrent branch of the CPN (anterior tibial recurrent nerve [ATRN]) were measured, and a safe zone to avoid CPN injury was identified. Results: The distance between the GT and the CPN behind the FH was 45.52 ± 2.4 mm, distance from GT to the origin of the SPN was 46.44 ± 2.4 mm, and distance from GT to the ATRN was 45.59 ± 2.9 mm. Conclusion: The safe corridor to avoid CPN injury is identified by an arc trajectory with a radius of 45.85 mm with the GT as the center, which will be useful during surgical procedures to avoid injury to the CPN.

BackgroundDisclosure of tuberculosis (TB) status by patients is a critical step in their treatment cascade of care. There is a lack of systematic assessment of TB disclosure patterns and its positive outcomes which happens dynamically over the disease period of individual patients with their family and wider social network relations.MethodsThis prospective observational study was conducted in Chennai Corporation treatment units during 2019-2021. TB patients were recruited and followed-up from treatment initiation to completion. Information on disease disclosures made to different social members at different time points, and outcomes were collected and compared. Bivariate and multi variate analysis were used to identify the patients and contact characteristics predictive of TB disclosure status.ResultsA total of 466 TB patients were followed-up, who listed a total of 4039 family, extra familial and social network contacts of them. Maximum disclosures were made with family members (93%) and half of the relatives, occupational contacts and friendship contacts (44-58%) were disclosed within 15 days of treatment initiation. Incremental disclosures made during the 150-180 days of treatment were highest among neighbourhood contacts (12%), and was significantly different between treatment initiation and completion period. Middle aged TB patients (31 years and 46-55 years) were found less likely to disclose (AOR 0.56 and 0.46 respectively; p71%).ConclusionFindings explain that family level disclosures were predominant and disclosures made to extra familial network contacts significantly increased during the latter part of treatment. Emotional support was predominantly received by TB patients from all their contacts post disclosure. Findings could inform in developing interventions to facilitate disclosure of disease status in a beneficial way for TB patients.

Abstract Background Contact tracing data of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is used to estimate basic epidemiological parameters. Contact tracing data could also be potentially used for assessing the heterogeneity of transmission at the individual patient level. Characterization of individuals based on different levels of infectiousness could better inform the contact tracing interventions at field levels. Methods Standard social network analysis methods used for exploring infectious disease transmission dynamics was employed to analyze contact tracing data of 1959 diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 patients from a large state of India. Relational network data set with diagnosed patients as “nodes” and their epidemiological contact as “edges” was created. Directed network perspective was utilized in which directionality of infection emanated from a “source patient” towards a “target patient”. Network measures of “ degree centrality” and “betweenness centrality” were calculated to identify influential patients in the transmission of infection. Components analysis was conducted to identify patients connected as sub- groups. Descriptive statistics was used to summarise network measures and percentile ranks were used to categorize influencers. Results Out-degree centrality measures identified that of the total 1959 patients, 11.27% (221) patients have acted as a source of infection to 40.19% (787) other patients. Among these source patients, 0.65% (12) patients had a higher out-degree centrality (> = 10) and have collectively infected 37.61% (296 of 787), secondary patients. Betweenness centrality measures highlighted that 7.50% (93) patients had a non-zero betweenness (range 0.5 to 135) and thus have bridged the transmission between other patients. Network component analysis identified nineteen connected components comprising of influential patient’s which have overall accounted for 26.95% of total patients (1959) and 68.74% of epidemiological contacts in the network. Conclusions Social network analysis method for SARS-CoV-2 contact tracing data would be of use in measuring individual patient level variations in disease transmission. The network metrics identified individual patients and patient components who have disproportionately contributed to transmission. The network measures and graphical tools could complement the existing contact tracing indicators and could help improve the contact tracing activities.

Key Clinical Message: Neuroendocrine tumors, rare and slow‐growing, primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract, causing symptoms due to hormone secretion or mass effect. This case image described postprandial abdominal pain as an atypical initial presentation of abdominal neuroendocrine tumor recurrence in a middle‐aged male. Neuroendocrine tumors are a group of rare, slow‐growing neoplasms, most commonly affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical presentations include symptoms related to the mass or hypersecretion of hormones, such as flushing, diarrhea, or bronchoconstriction. Postprandial abdominal pain is most commonly related to chronic mesenteric ischemia from atherosclerotic changes but is rarely linked to external mass compression, including gastrointestinal tumors. Hereby, the authors highlight an uncommon presentation of NET, which is very challenging to diagnose and demands a high index of suspicion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Lymphadenopathy following recent immunization is usually regional. Generalized lymphadenopathy should arouse suspicion for alternative underlying pathology. Prostate adenocarcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis for malignancy in an elderly male patient. Metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma can have good prognostic outcomes if treatment is started promptly, even in the setting of widespread disease. Generalized lymphadenopathy is commonly attributed to infectious causes or malignancy, often lymphoproliferative disorders. We present a rare case of metastatic prostate cancer diagnosed after initially presenting as generalized lymphadenopathy following a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID) booster vaccination. A 70‐year‐old Hispanic male presented with left lower quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, headache, myalgia, severe constipation, and a right‐sided neck swelling that had been increasing in size since the day of his vaccination. Computed tomography (CT) scans of soft tissue neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis with contrast showed extensive lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound‐guided biopsy results of the enlarged right supraclavicular node and prostate revealed histopathology consistent with that of prostate acinar adenocarcinoma. He started on bicalutamide for 4 weeks, transitioned to gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (leuprolide) injections every 3 months and oral androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (abiraterone with prednisone daily). PSA level declined from 121 ng/mL at diagnosis to 1.3 ng/mL after 3 months of therapy, and repeat imaging showed marked improvement in the size of his mediastinal, retroperitoneal, and pelvic lymphadenopathy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported of a COVID vaccine booster uncovering lymphadenopathy leading to the diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to existing cryptographic systems, watermarking technologies have been developed to add extra security. Digital watermarking utilizes embedding or hiding techniques to protect multimedia files from copyright violations. Fundamental procedures of digital watermarking techniques are embedding and extraction. Singular value decomposition (SVD) based Image watermarking schemes become popular owing to its better trade-off among robustness and imperceptibility. Nevertheless, false positive problem (FPP) is a major issue of SVD-based watermarking schemes. The singular value that is a fixed value and does not contain structural information about image is the primary cause of FPP problem. Therefore, Message Digest algorithm image watermarking scheme based on Funk Singular Value Decomposition and Fractional-Order Polar Harmonic Transform (FSVD-FOPHT) is proposed in this paper to address this problem. The MD-5 algorithm is used to extract data from the host and watermark imageries and then create secret key. The FSVD-FOPHT method is utilized to hide watermark information in host image. The secret keys are extracted from hided image using inverse process of Fractional-Order Polar Harmonic Transforms with Funk Singular Value Decomposition algorithm. By using the extraction procedure, watermark image is extracted, and then reconstructs original watermarked image. During extraction procedure, the secret key is used for authentication to address FPP. Then, the proposed method is implemented in MATLAB and performance is analyzed with evaluation metrics, such as Embedding capacity, MSE, PSNR, and NC. The proposed method provide 14.6%, 17.34%, 19.53%, 21.46% and 23.89% high PSNR for cold-snow-landscape-water test image, 14.29%, 16.47%, 18.39%, 20.16% and 21.93% high PSNR for landscape-nature-sky-blue Test image, 16.85%, 19.99%, 22.70%, 27.22% and 29.16% high Embedding Capacity for cold-snow-landscape-water test image 22.83%, 24.64%, 27.92%, 29.60% and 31.77% high Embedding Capacity for landscape-nature-sky-blue Test image 35.38%, 32.63%, 30.95%, 28.61% and 26.08% low extraction time compared with existing methods SVD-CMSF-SIW, FE-IWS-DNN, AR-IWS-DNN, BBET-SHA1-SIW and LSB-DWT-SIW respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]