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1. Pediatric Rash Illness Outbreak with Initial Positive Measles Immunoglobulin M Antibody Test Results -- American Samoa, March--July 2023.

Author

Stefanos, Ruth, Schatzman, Sabrina, Wakeman, Brian, Raines, Kelley, Radhakrishnan, Lakshmi, Filardo, Thomas D., Crooke, Stephen N., Bankamp, Bettina, Beard, R. Suzanne, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Marine, Rachel L., Tong, Suxiang, Konrote, Adam, Johansson, Astrid M., Fa'alevao Ilimaleota, Annette, Tuileama Nua, Motusa, Kemble, Sarah K., Desmond, Edward, Rota, Paul A., and Routh, Janell A.

Subjects
MEASLES, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M, PUBLIC health, VACCINATION, IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Abstract

On April 24, 2023, the American Samoa Department of Health (ASDoH) declared a public health emergency amid concern about a possible measles outbreak given low 2-dose vaccination coverage at the time. ASDoH had received two positive measles immunoglobulin (Ig) M test results after Flag Day festivities 1 week earlier from vaccinated children. ASDoH performed active case finding, took actions to mitigate transmission, and requested technical assistance from CDC. ASDoH implemented a vaccination campaign to improve suboptimal coverage. Confirmatory molecular testing of specimens from these initial persons under investigation (PUIs) was not possible, but subsequent testing of specimens from additional PUIs by Hawaii State Laboratories Division and CDC ruled out measles. In settings with low measles prevalence, measles antibody testing results have low positive predictive value and can lead to difficulties with interpreting results. Testing for additional pathogens revealed a variety of viruses known to cause common childhood viral exanthems. Both molecular and serologic testing should be performed for all suspected measles cases. To decrease the probability of false-positive IgM results, testing should be reserved for cases that meet the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists measles case definition, especially those in persons with no evidence of immunity and with a history of recent international travel. In addition, maintaining high measles vaccination coverage can prevent future outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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2. Neutralization of Rubella Vaccine Virus and Immunodeficiency-Related Vaccine-Derived Rubella Viruses by Intravenous Immunoglobulins.

Author

Chen, Min-hsin, Perelygina, Ludmila, Hao, LiJuan, Beard, R Suzanne, Lackner, Cornelia, Farcet, Maria R, Karbiener, Michael, Icenogle, Joseph, and Kreil, Thomas R

Subjects
RUBELLA vaccines, RUBELLA virus, PRIMARY immunodeficiency diseases, INTRAVENOUS immunoglobulins, VIRUS diseases
Abstract

The association between granulomas and vaccine-derived rubella virus (VDRV) in people with primary immunodeficiencies has raised concerns about the ability of immunoglobulin preparations to neutralize VDRVs. We investigated the capacity of immunoglobulin to neutralize rubella vaccine virus and 4 VDRV strains. As expected, the rubella vaccine virus itself was potently neutralized by immunoglobulin preparations, but the VDRV isolates from patients after intrahost evolution, 2–6 times less so. Diagnosis of immune deficiencies before possible live-virus vaccination is thus of critical importance, while immunoglobulin replacement therapy can be expected to provide protection from rubella virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. The Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network Supports High-Quality Surveillance.

Author

Rota, Paul A., Evans, Roger, Ben Mamou, Myriam Corinne, Rey-Benito, Gloria, Sangal, Lucky, Dosseh, Annick, Ghoniem, Amany, Byabamazima, Charles R., Demanou, Maurice, Anderson, Raydel, Kim, Gimin, Bankamp, Bettina, Beard, R. Suzanne, Crooke, Stephen N., Ramachandran, Sumathi, Penedos, Ana, Stambos, Vicki, Nicholson, Suellen, Featherstone, David, and Mulders, Mick N.

Subjects
RUBELLA, GOVERNMENT laboratories, MEASLES, COVID-19 pandemic, QUALITY control
Abstract

With 762 laboratories, the Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) is the largest laboratory network coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Global Polio Laboratory Network, the GMRLN has multiple tiers, including global specialized laboratories, regional reference laboratories, national laboratories, and, in some countries, subnational laboratories. Regional networks are supervised by regional laboratory coordinators reporting to a global coordinator at WHO headquarters. Laboratories in the GMRLN have strong links to national disease control and vaccination programs. The GMRLN's goal is to support member states in obtaining timely, complete, and reliable laboratory-based surveillance data for measles and rubella as part of the strategy for achieving measles and rubella elimination. Surveillance data are reported to the national program and are included in annual reports on the status of measles and rubella elimination to national verification committees for review by regional verification commissions. Quality within the GMRLN is ensured by monitoring performance through external quality assurance programs, confirmatory and quality control testing, accreditation, and coordination of corrective action and training where needed. The overall performance of the laboratories has remained high over the years despite many challenges, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic. The GMRLN is well-positioned to support high-quality laboratory-based surveillance for measles and rubella and to transition to supporting laboratory testing for other pathogens, including vaccine-preventable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Building Quality Control for Molecular Assays in the Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network.

Author

Bankamp, Bettina, Anderson, Raydel, Hao, Lijuan, Lopareva, Elena, Chen, Min-hsin, Kim, Gimin, Beard, R. Suzanne, Mori, Yoshio, Otsuki, Noriyuki, Ryo, Akihido, and Rota, Paul A.

Subjects
RUBELLA, RUBELLA virus, MEASLES virus, MEASLES, QUALITY control
Abstract

More than 100 laboratories in the World Health Organization Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) perform nucleic acid-based methods for case confirmation of measles or rubella infections and/or strain surveillance (genotyping). The quality of laboratory data is critical to ensure that diagnostic results and country reports to regional verification committees are based on accurate data. A molecular External Quality Assurance (mEQA) program was initiated by the US-CDC in 2014 to evaluate the performance of laboratories in the network. The inclusion of testing for measles and rubella viruses, with a focus on detection and genotyping, plus the diversity of assays and platforms employed required a flexible and comprehensive proficiency testing program. A stepwise introduction of new evaluation criteria gradually increased the stringency of the proficiency testing program, while giving laboratories time to implement the required changes. The mEQA program plays an important role in many processes in the GMRLN, including informing plans for the training of laboratory staff, access to reagents, and the submission of sequence data to global databases. The EQA program for Local Public Health Institutes in Japan is described as an example for national mEQA programs. As more laboratories initiate molecular testing, the mEQA will need to continue to expand and to adapt to the changing landscape for molecular testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. Measles and Rubella Diagnostic and Classification Challenges in Near- and Post-Elimination Countries.

Author

Filardo, Thomas D., Crooke, Stephen N., Bankamp, Bettina, Raines, Kelley, Mathis, Adria D., Lanzieri, Tatiana M., Beard, R. Suzanne, Perelygina, Ludmila, Sugerman, David E., and Rota, Paul A.

Subjects
RUBELLA, MEASLES, VIRUS diseases, CLASSIFICATION, DISEASE incidence
Abstract

Measles and rubella are vaccine-preventable viral diseases and can be prevented by safe, highly effective vaccination with measles- and rubella-containing vaccines. Given the myriad causes of febrile exanthems, laboratory surveillance for both measles and rubella is important to document the incidence of these diseases and to track the progress and maintenance of elimination in near- and post-elimination settings. Diagnostic challenges can hinder effective surveillance and classification challenges can hinder efforts to demonstrate achievement or maintenance of elimination. In this report, we review diagnostic and classification challenges for measles and rubella in near- and post-elimination settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Early Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Infants — One Caribbean and Six Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2011–2015

Author

Diallo, Karidia, Kim, Andrea A., Lecher, Shirley, Ellenberger, Dennis, Beard, R. Suzanne, Dale, Helen, Hurlston, Mackenzie, Rivadeneira, Molly, Fonjungo, Peter N., Broyles, Laura N., Zhang, Guoqing, Sleeman, Katrina, Nguyen, Shon, Jadczak, Steve, Abiola, Nadine, Ewetola, Raimi, Muwonga, Jérémie, Fwamba, Franck, Mwangi, Christina, Naluguza, Mary, Kiyaga, Charles, Ssewanyana, Isaac, Varough, Deyde, Wysler, Domercant, Lowrance, David, Louis, Frantz Jean, Desinor, Olbeg, Buteau, Josiane, Kesner, Francois, Rouzier, Vanessa, Segaren, Nat, Lewis, Tessa, Sarr, Abdoulaye, Chipungu, Geoffrey, Gupta, Sundeep, Singer, Daniel, Mwenda, Reuben, Kapoteza, Hilary, Chipeta, Zawadi, Knight, Nancy, Carmona, Sergio, MacLeod, William, Sherman, Gayle, Pillay, Yogan, Ndongmo, Clement B., Mugisa, Bridget, Mwila, Annie, McAuley, James, Chipimo, Peter J., Kaonga, Wezi, Nsofwa, Dailess, Nsama, Davy, Mwamba, Fales Zulu, Moyo, Crispin, Phiri, Clement, Borget, Marie-Yolande, Ya-Kouadio, Leonard, Kouame, Abo, Adje-Toure, Christiane A., and Nkengasong, John

Published
2016

11. The Etiology of Severe Acute Gastroenteritis Among Adults Visiting Emergency Departments in the United States

Author

US Acute Gastroenteritis Etiology (AGE) Study Team, Bresee, Joseph S., Marcus, Ruthanee, Venezia, Richard A., Keene, William E., Morse, Dale, Thanassi, Mark, Brunett, Patrick, Bulens, Sandra, Beard, R. Suzanne, Dauphin, Leslie A., Slutsker, Laurence, Bopp, Cheryl, Eberhard, Mark, Hall, Aron, Vinje, Jan, Monroe, Stephan S., and Glass, Roger I.

Published
2012
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15. A Waterbome Outbreak of NorwalkLike Virus among Snowmobilers-Wyoming, 2001

Author

Anderson, Alicia D., Heryford, Annette G., Sarisky, John P., Higgins, Charles, Monroe, Stephan S., Beard, R. Suzanne, Newport, Christina M., Cashdollar, Jennifer L., Fout, G. Shay, Bobbins, David E., Seys, Scott A., Musgrave, Karl J., Medus, Carlota, Vinjé, Jan, Bresee, Joseph S., Mainzer, Hugh M., and Glass, Roger I.

Published
2003

18. Norovirus transmission on cruise ship

Author

Isakbaeva, Elmira T., Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Beard, R. Suzanne, Bulens, Sandra N., Mullins, James, Monroe, Stephan S., Bresee, Joseph, Sassano, Patricia, Cramer, Elaine H., and Glass, Roger I.

Subjects
Gastroenteritis -- Development and progression, Gastrointestinal diseases -- Development and progression, Cruise ships
Abstract

An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis affected passengers on two consecutive cruises of ship X and continued on 4 subsequent cruises despite a 1-week sanitization. We documented virus transmission by food [...]

Published
2005

19. Norovirus and foodborne disease, United States, 1991-2000

Author

Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Sulka, Alana, Bulens, Sandra N., Beard, R. Suzanne, Chaves, Sandra S., Hammond, Roberta, Salehi, Ellen D.P., Swanson, Ellen, Totaro, Jessica, Woron, Ray, Mead, Paul S., Bresee, Joseph S., Monroe, Stephan S., and Glass, Roger I.

Subjects
Foodborne diseases -- Health aspects, Foodborne diseases -- Casualties, Foodborne diseases -- Statistics, Foodborne diseases -- Research
Abstract

Efforts to prevent foodborne illness target bacterial pathogens, yet noroviruses (NOV) are suspected to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis. New molecular assays allow for better estimation of the [...]

Published
2005

20. SARS-associated coronavirus transmission, United States

Author

Isakbaeva, Elmira T., Khetsuriani, Nino, Beard, R. Suzanne, Peck, Angela, Erdman, Dean, Monroe, Stephan S., Tong, Suxiang, Ksiazek, Thomas G., Lowther, Sara, Pandya-Smith, Indra, Anderson, Larry J., Lingappa, Jairam, and Widdowson, Marc-Alain

Abstract

To better assess the risk for transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), we obtained serial specimens and clinical and exposure data from seven confirmed U.S. SARS patients [...]

Published
2004

35. Distribution And Supervision Of Oral Contraceptives

Author

Smith, Michael, Backett, E. M., Baird, Dugald, Beard, R. W., Bishop, Peter, Bottomley, Janet, Clayton, Stanley, Cooke, Ian D., Curtis, G. C., Fairweather, Denys V. I., Gregson, Elizabeth H., Huntingford, Peter J., Kroll, Una L., Loraine, John A., Mears, Eleanor, Medawar, P. B., Newton, J., Peberdy, Mary, Potts, Malcolm, Reid, K. M., Smith, Alwyn, Swyer, G. I. M., Turnbull, A. C., and Watkinson, Margaret C.

Published
1974

49. Help For Parents After Stillbirth

Author

Beard, R. W., Beckley, Janet, Black, Dora, Brewer, Colin, Craig, Yvonne, Hill, Avril M., Jolly, Hugh, Lewis, Emmanuel, Lewis, Hazlanne, Limerick, Sylvia, Liston, Judy, Morris, David, Scriven, Dan, and Wilson, Richard

Published
1978

50. Pelvic Pain In Women

Author

Beard, R. W., Reginald, Philip, and Pearce, Shirley

Published
1987

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