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Mangrove‐dominated coastlines have high carbon sequestration capacity, but it remains unclear whether tidally outwelled carbon is transformed within the coastal ocean or exported offshore. Here, we used radium isotopes (224Ra and 223Ra) to investigate carbon outwelling in two mangrove seascapes in Brazil across multiple spatial scales. We sampled porewaters to define the source composition, mangrove creek waters to resolve tidal cycles, and cross‐shelf transects to trace outwelling in coastal seascapes. Radium isotopes were positively correlated with dissolved inorganic (DIC), organic (DOC) and particulate organic (POC) carbon across the seascapes. DIC was the primary form of carbon (mean ± SD), representing 85% of the total carbon pool as bicarbonate (75 ± 11%), carbonate (6 ± 5%), and CO2 (4 ± 9%). DOC and POC accounted for 10 ± 6% and 5 ± 6% of total carbon, respectively. Although mangrove waters emitted CO2 to the atmosphere (38–143 mmol m−2 d−1), both bays and continental shelves were a CO2 sink (−2.5 to −0.5 mmol m−2 d−1) associated to chlorophyll‐a enrichments (r2 = 0.86). Total carbon outwelled from mangroves were 3–4 times higher than soil carbon burial at both mangrove sites. Bicarbonate export (27–72 mmol m−2 d−1) to the continental shelf was the major fate of carbon outwelling, more than doubling the perceived capacity of mangrove soil to sequester carbon. Hence, disregarding outwelling as a blue carbon sink mechanism would lead to underestimated assessments of how mangroves capture CO2 and help to mitigate climate change. Plain Language Summary: Mangrove forests effectively store large amounts of carbon within their muddy soils due to their complex root systems, high sedimentation rates, and high productivity. Mangroves also play a crucial role in exporting carbon to the ocean through tidal flushing and climate change mitigation. Here, we measured overlooked lateral carbon fluxes using geochemical tracers. Our findings demonstrated that mangroves could sequester 3–4 times more CO2 if total carbon exports to ocean are accounted in addition to soil carbon burial. Most of the carbon is exported as bicarbonate, with the potential to remain in seawater for millennia. We argue that a fraction of mangrove carbon is not lost during transport offshore, but rather stored in the ocean, the largest global carbon reservoir. Key Points: Porewater exchange is a pivotal component of the carbon budget within mangrove seascapesMangrove carbon outwelling oscillates between tidal cycles and reaches the continental shelf within 1–3 weeksCarbon sequestration via outwelling to the ocean was 3–4 times greater than soil burial [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are an Heritage of the Lord...! - Psalms 127: 3 This paper interrogates the phenomenon of the insurgency of Boko Haram with a view to understanding its implication on children. The goal is to explore models for rehabilitating 'wanderer-children' as the phenomenon, coupled with the incidence of out of school children in the Sahel portends great danger for the survival of Nigeria and even the integration thrust of the West African Sub-region. The manuscript argues that Nigerian authorities need to strengthen their 'Complex Emergency' policies otherwise the threat against the region may worsen. In the effort to fashion-out these models, the paper takes a voyage to the nineteenth and early twentieth Centuries, and precisely to the colonial state where it discovered a classical model that if authorities would imbibe, the possibility for resolving the complex question of wanderer-children can be achieved. To weave its perspectives, the study depended on the qualitative research methodology. Finally, the paper recommends that governmental authorities need to combat poverty and reduce the rate of unemployment if the goal of curtailing conflict with its propensity for displacing children is to be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most abundant species of bivalves found on modern beaches and Quaternary deposits in the San Matías Gulf (Argentinian Patagonia, SW Atlantic Ocean) is Glycymeris longior. Its high abundance and broad geographical distribution turn G. longior into a target species for taphonomical studies. Here, we described the taphonomic signature registered on its shells from San Antonio Bay (San Matías Gulf, Río Negro). This study will contribute to future taphonomic comparisons in the SW Atlantic Ocean, as well as in other Quaternary deposits, and provide insight into the spatial variation of the taphonomic processes influenced by the environment. Glycymeris longior valves from the Holocene Punta Delgado deposits showed two taphonomic signatures whose shell assemblages were differentiated by fragmentation, rounding and cementation intensities. Shells from PD2018A and PD2018B (two sampling localities representing similar environments) were subject to continuous and low-energy water flow. Those remained in a low-intensity hydrodynamic sediment-water interface that would favor high shell cementation. On the other hand, shells from PD2016 were also subject to continuous but more energetic water flow. Those would remain in the taphonomic active zone for enough time to confer smooth edges and to be colonized by clionid sponges but not favorable enough for carbonate precipitation. The Punta Delgado site was interpreted as a protected area during the Holocene (last 4200 yrs.), similar to the modern one, but with differences in carbonate precipitation as the product of differences in water flow intensities. Finally, the high mechanical resistance of G. longior shells, together with its abundance and broad geographical distribution, turn this species into a suitable target taxon for further taphonomic and ecologic analyses and comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of industry, aquaculture and shipping in coastal city, large amounts of heavy metals had been released to the bay and transferred to sediment, the heavy metal pollution of sediment in bay had become a prominent environmental question. The heavy metal pollution would not only cause serious damage to the marine sedimentary environment, but also endanger human health because of the enrichment along the food chain. In this paper, the concentration, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, occurrence forms, sources and pollution assessment of heavy metals in sediment of China's bays were compared, and the development of heavy metal research in sediments from the bays of China was prospected, which would provide research direction for the comprehensive understanding of the pollution status, development trend, pollution control and ecological restoration of heavy metal pollution of sediment in the bay.

During online learning children have low learning motivation, this is seen from the decline in learning outcomes in children. Interpersonal communication between parents and children has a role in increasing learning motivation. This study aims to explain interpersonal communication between parents and children in increasing the learning motivation of grade 2 children at SD Negeri Teluk Pucung I North Bekasi. This study used the concept of interpersonal communication. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Researchers conducted interviews with 5 informants including parents, teachers, and students. The results of this study show that children's learning motivation increases due to interpersonal communication between parents and children. Increased learning motivation seen from the tasks that are done and collected on time, understanding the material delivered, and increasing learning outcomes in children. Interpersonal communication between parents and children involves 5 aspects of interpersonal communication such as aspects of openness where parents and children always tell the truth during the process communication, an aspect of empathy where parents and children have a great sense of empathy for each other, aspects of support where parents always provide support in the form of support Moral and material but the support given by children to parents is less visible, aspects of positive attitudes where parents and children have a positive view of Each other so that two-way communication occurs, and aspects of equality where parents and children have similar functions such as being listeners and speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the molecular chemical markers used to identify anthropogenic inputs is linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) that cause serious impacts in the bays and coastal ecosystems. The surface sediments samples collected from the East Malaysia, including Brunei bay to estimate the LABs concentration and distribution as molecular markers of anthropogenic indicators. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used after purification, fractionation the hydrocarbons in the sediment samples to identify the sources of LABs. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation coefficient were applied to analyze the difference between sampling stations' significance at p < 0.05. Long to short chains L/S, homologs C13/C12, and internal to external (I/E) congeners have used to assess the LABs degradation rates as well as the effectiveness of sewage treatment. Results of this study showed that the LABs concentration ranged between 7.1 to 41.3 ng g−1 dw, in the investigated stations. The majority of sample sites exhibited a considerable input of C13-LABs homologs, and LABs homologs differed significantly. The estimated LABs ratios (I/E), which ranged between 0.6 and 2.2, demonstrated the effluents with primary and less secondary sources are released into the bay waters. The degradation of LABs were up to 42% in the interrogated locations. The conclusion is that the wastewater treatment system needs to be improved, and that LABs molecular markers are highly effective in tracing anthropogenic sewage contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoplankton communities, showing significant spatiotemporal variation within bay areas, play an important role in the structure and function of nearshore marine ecosystems. However, the absence of long-term high-resolution datasets has hindered our understanding of the effect of ENSO-driven environmental changes on phytoplankton communities in coastal ecosystems. Herein, by performing biomarker inversion analyses on two centuries' worth of sedimentary organisms in the Sanmen Bay area, we observed a marked El Niño/La Niña-related succession; specifically, that El Niño-induced warming had increased the biomass of phytoplankton by 57.89%, while also increasing the proportion of diatoms by 76.40%. In contrast, La Niña years exhibited a decrease in the biomass of phytoplankton by 54.23%. Further, over three decades of observational data from the Sanmen Bay suggest that La Niña years can promote occasional blooms through monsoonal mixing and land-based inputs. Consequently, the nearshore marine ecosystem of the bay area, being subject to intense anthropogenic activity and land–sea interactions, can be said to be influenced by global-scale ocean–atmosphere processes. Going forward, the connection between short-term extreme events and long-term changes in the nearshore marine ecosystem should receive greater attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is an important factor that affects nitrogen (N) transformations in an aquatic ecosystem. In this study, the surface sediments (0 to − 2 cm) from both outer and inner Meiliang Bay (OMB; IMB) were collected. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted at different temperatures (10 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C) by the 15N tracing technique. Gross N transformation rates, including nitrification and denitrification, and NH4+ (ia) and NO3− (in) immobilization rates were estimated by the FLUAZ model. The results showed that both nitrification and denitrification rates of sediments were significantly higher in IMB than in OMB at any temperature (p < 0.05). The ia reached the highest value and was of significant difference between the bays at 20 °C (p < 0.05) with in less than 0.4 mg kg−1 dry weight sediment (d.w.s.) per day. Increasing temperature caused increased gross N transformation rates in each bay, and the temperature significantly affected nitrification, denitrification and ia rates (p < 0.05). The N transformation rates differed among different sampling sites, mainly due to their significantly different total organic carbon values (p < 0.05). In both bay sediments, microbial immobilization assimilated more NH4+ at 20 °C. The consumption of NH4+ was more by nitrification (55–77%) than by immobilization in the surface sediments of the IMB; likewise 38–73% of NH4+ was consumed by nitrification in the OMB. These findings suggested that temperature dramatically affected the N transformations in surface sediments of Taihu Lake, and the destination of inorganic N varied with temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although mariculture contributes significantly to regional/local economic development, it also promotes environmental degradation. Therefore, it is essential to understand mariculture dynamics before taking adaptive measures to deal with it. In the present study, a framework that integrates the Google Earth Engine (GEE) based methods and GeoDetector software was developed to identify patterns and drivers of mariculture dynamics. This framework was then applied to Zhao'an Bay, which is an intensive aquaculture bay in Coastal China, based on Landsat 8 OLI (2013–2022) and Sentinel-2 (December 2015–May 2022) data. The results show that the GEE-based method produces acceptable classification accuracy. The overall accuracy values for the interpretation are >85%, where the kappa coefficients are >0.9 for all years, excluding 2015 (0.83). Mariculture increased in the study area from 2013 to 2022, and this is characterised by distinct spatiotemporal variations. Cage mariculture is primarily concentrated around islands, whereas raft mariculture is dominant in bay areas, and pond and mudflat mariculture types are mostly in nearshore areas. The growth of mariculture in Zhao'an Bay is attributed to a combination of geographic and human factors. The initial area associated with mariculture in a grid significantly impacted the expansion of the raft, cage, and mudflat mariculture. The distance to an island, spatial proximity to similar types of mariculture and types of mariculture are the main drivers of change in mariculture. Human activities greatly contribute to the dynamics of mudflat mariculture; regulation regarding the clearing of waterways directly impacts the dynamics of mariculture. The present study demonstrates that the proposed framework facilitates the effective monitoring of the mariculture dynamics and identification of driving factors. These findings can be exploited for the local planning and management of mariculture in similar coastal bays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine fish have been decreasing in abundance over the last few decades due to environmental destruction and human exploitation. The aim of this study was to produce an inventory of the fish in Pusong Bay, Lhokseumawe City, Aceh Province, Indonesia by means of an exploratory survey of the area. The data was analysed descriptively using tables and graphs. A total of 71 species of fish were identified belonging to 54 genera, 37 families and 15 orders. Fish belonging to the Perciformes dominated the area with 33 species or 46.48% of the total number of fish identified. Based on the IUCN red list status, 62% of the species recorded in this study are categorized as of Least Concern, 35% Not Evaluated and 3% Data Deficient. Based on CITES, 71 species of the fish in Pusong Bay are categorized as Not Evaluated. Current data on these fish is important for future evaluations of their status.

One of the consequences of climate change is an increase in the temperature of the oceans, which is considered to be one of the greatest impacts on biodiversity. Fish may respond to this impact in several ways, including shifts in their patterns of occurrence. The present study investigated the variation in the structure of a H. reidi population between 2015 and 2017 in the northern Guaíba Island area, highlighting a possible relationship to thermal anomaly associated with the El Niño phenomenon. The seahorse population monitoring was performed monthly, recording sex ratio, abundance, juvenile and adult proportion, depth of occurrence, total length and the holdfast which the seahorse were found attached. The influence of the El Niño event on the study population was evaluated by the correlation of the thermal anomaly data reported for the Tropical South Atlantic Index. Seahorse density on northern Guaíba island was positively and significantly correlated with water temperature, but the sex ratio and number of juveniles were not. The diversity of holdfasts used increased over the study period and was inversely proportional to the thermal anomaly. These results suggest that the thermal anomalies caused by the El Niño in the South Atlantic might trigger migration behaviour in the study species, providing a large aggregation during that period in Guaíba island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Agrakhan Bay of the Caspian Sea is a unique hydrographic and environmentally valuable object at the mouth of the Terek River. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was a typical sea bay; however, by the 21st century, it lost the features of a marine area and a single water body and was divided into two parts with their specific hydrographic network, water regime, landscapes, biota, and anthropogenic load. Rehabilitation of the wetlands of the former sea bay requires urgent and scientifically grounded measures, as well as good knowledge of the causes and features of its rapid degradation and data on its current hydrological-morphological and hydroecological state. In 2018–2020, the authors carried out a series of field reconnaissance, geodetic, hydrometric, botanical, and hydrochemical works in this part of the mouth, created a network of stations, took numerous water samples and bottom soil samples, and analyzed them in laboratories. A vast array of data from Roshydromet (Russian Hydrometeorological Service) stations, as well as multi-temporal cartographic materials and satellite images, have been accumulated and studied; a multilayer GIS and various maps, empirical dependencies, diagrams, and graphs have been constructed; the results of studies by outside specialists have been considered. This study has made it possible to comprehensively describe the current state of the former Agrakhan Bay, build a depth map, a landscape map, a map of bottom sediments, a map of macrophytes, and a map of hydrochemical parameters, describe the water regime and water balance of the main water bodies of the former bay, determine the relationships between the main hydrological and morphological characteristics, etc. Patterns, causes, long-term stages, and parameters of the unfavorable morphodynamics of the Agrakhan Bay in the 20th century and at the very beginning of the 21st century have been studied. This has made it possible to justify measures for partial restoration of the hydrological and ecological potential of the water bodies of the former Agrakhan Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The words used for addressing are one of the most basic language elements of daily social life. For a healthy communication, first of all, it is necessary to choose the right addressing expression. When expressions that are not suitable for the addressee and the environment, often purpose of the communication take a backseat. In addition to this, the use of address expressions and gender-declaring words interchangeably poses a problem. In recent years, verbal or written reactions have been shown on social media, websites and among the public to the use of the word lady when addressing or talking about women. However, in order to give a scientific direction to the discussions, it has become a necessity to deal with the subject with an academic examination. In this study, under the leadership of male-female (kadın-erkek) and mr.-mrs./miss (baybayan) words, the dictionary definitions and usage purposes of words expressing gender or address such as boy-girl (oğlan-kız), gentleman-lady (bey-hanım), gentleman-lady (beyefendi-hanımefendi), female (dişi), slang word for woman (karı), guy, hatun, virility-maiden were evaluated; the correct use of words is explained with examples. As a result of the evaluation, it has been concluded that the above-mentioned words have changed depending on the purpose of addressing or specifying gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contamination of heavy metals due to human activities has attracted great attention and may lead to serious environmental problems. This research was performed on seawater, sediments, and organisms in Jieshi Bay, China. The level of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, and As, respectively, was measured in each environment to acquire a comprehensive understanding of their sources and distribution and to accomplish a risk assessment. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in autumn was higher than those in spring, and surface water has a higher heavy metal content than bottom water. The main sources of these heavy metals could be surface runoff and industrial wastewater discharge in the said bay. Hg was the main pollutant in the seawater. Hg, Cu, Zn, and Cd could easily accumulate in organisms than other heavy metal contents. In addition, even though the concentration of Pb did not exceed the Seawater Quality Standard, decision-makers should still be attentive to the Pb content in fish because of bioaccumulation from seafood product consumption.

In this paper, the spatial distribution maps of Sanmen Bay’s landscape genres between 1995 and 2020 were drawn based on spectra, GPS data, and the genres’ information extracted through remote-sensing imagery, in a way to fundamentally evaluate the region’s coupling and coordinated development. Moreover, to provide a science-based reference point for protecting and utilizing the Bay’s wetlands, changes of landscape genres were examined through a transition matrix, and the drivers of these dynamics were analyzed on a Logistic regression model. In addition, a theoretical and appraisal system compatible with the comprehensive evaluation of a bay’s ecosystem was built upon the analysis of Sanmen Bay’s land and sea areas. This would provide a scientific basis for bay ecosystem preservation by complementing the theoretical architecture of comprehensively evaluating a bay’s environment and keeping the evaluation more timely and complete. Beyond that, we investigated the region’s social development and its spatial improvement over the marine economy from the perspective of a bay’s coupled society-economy-ecology system, which took into account manifest and latent environmental factors that have been absent in conventional bay development planning. Finally, through empirical analysis, to improve the social and economic landscape of Sanmen Bay provides effective policy recommendations, the study also made new efforts to explore and promote the sustainability of China’s Gulf ecosystem.

Laurus nobilis L. is an aromatic medicinal plant widely cultivated in many world regions. L. nobilis has been increasingly acknowledged over the years as it provides an essential contribution to the food and pharmaceutical industries and cultural integrity. The commercial value of this species derives from its essential oil, whose application might be extended to various industries. The chemical composition of the essential oil depends on environmental conditions, location, and season during which the plants are collected, drying methods, extraction, and analytical conditions. The characterization and chemotyping of L. nobilis essential oil are extremely important because the changes in composition can affect biological activities. Several aspects of the plant's secondary metabolism, particularly volatile production in L. nobilis, are still unknown. However, understanding the molecular basis of flavor and aroma production is not an easy task to accomplish. Nevertheless, the time-limited efforts for conservation and the unavailability of knowledge about genetic diversity are probably the major reasons for the lack of breeding programs in L. nobilis. The present review gathers the scientific evidence on the research carried out on Laurus nobilis L., considering its cultivation, volatile composition, biochemical and molecular aspects, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a watershed to river basin scale model widely used to simulate the quality and quantity of surface water and groundwater. SWAT has been applied in a wide variety of geographical landscapes around the world. This review presents a comprehensive summary of SWAT applications for coastal watersheds. Thirty-four articles were identified as coastal applications of SWAT, which account for 3% of the total published studies using SWAT. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) was the most common metric used to evaluate SWAT simulations. The SWAT model calibration and validation studies in coastal watersheds reported higher NSE values for monthly flow simulation (NSE up to 0.95) than for daily flow simulation (NSE up to 0.89). Among all the studies, 34% of the reported NSE values (flow and water quality combined) were >0.75. The majority (58%) of flow values were reported daily, while the majority (81%) of water quality values were reported monthly. Only two studies combined SWAT with a hydrodynamic model to account for tide-storm surge processes. SWAT may be applied more readily and successfully to coastal watersheds if a userfriendly method is developed for coupling SWAT with hydrodynamic models to simulate the tidal influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the intensive human activities and rapid economic development during the past few decades, the anthropogenic sourced nitrogen (N) input into coastal waters has increased dramatically. In this study, the net anthropogenic nitrogen input (NANI), including the deposition of atmospheric N, the application of N fertiliser, the fixation of biological N, and the net N inputs from food and feed, into the Zhanjiang Bay watershed from 1978 to 2018 were estimated using statistical data, and the driving forces were analysed using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) factor decomposition approach. The results show that the NANI dramatically increased from 5269 to 20 639 kg N km−2. The cause of this increase was related to high input from N fertilisers and the net food and feed N input (with average contributions of 56.45% and 41.42%, respectively), which was accompanied by rapid economic development in Zhanjiang Bay. The output from the LMDI illustrates that the cause of the changes in the NANI was a shift in the dietary structure instead of an increase in the human population, which suggests that the impact of human population on the increase in the NANI using simple relational analysis may be overestimated. Remarkably, we found that the N from aquatic protein and animal protein comprised a significant proportion of the total N consumption in this coastal city, which differs from previous studies of inland cities. This is likely due to the fact that aquaculture is significantly developed in this coastal city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although mariculture contributes significantly to regional/local economic development, it also promotes environmental degradation. Therefore, it is essential to understand mariculture dynamics before taking adaptive measures to deal with it. In the present study, a framework that integrates the Google Earth Engine (GEE) based methods and GeoDetector software was developed to identify patterns and drivers of mariculture dynamics. This framework was then applied to Zhao’an Bay, which is an intensive aquaculture bay in Coastal China, based on Landsat 8 OLI (2013–2022) and Sentinel-2 (December 2015–May 2022) data. The results show that the GEE-based method produces acceptable classification accuracy. The overall accuracy values for the interpretation are >85%, where the kappa coefficients are >0.9 for all years, excluding 2015 (0.83). Mariculture increased in the study area from 2013 to 2022, and this is characterised by distinct spatiotemporal variations. Cage mariculture is primarily concentrated around islands, whereas raft mariculture is dominant in bay areas, and pond and mudflat mariculture types are mostly in nearshore areas. The growth of mariculture in Zhao’an Bay is attributed to a combination of geographic and human factors. The initial area associated with mariculture in a grid significantly impacted the expansion of the raft, cage, and mudflat mariculture. The distance to an island, spatial proximity to similar types of mariculture and types of mariculture are the main drivers of change in mariculture. Human activities greatly contribute to the dynamics of mudflat mariculture; regulation regarding the clearing of waterways directly impacts the dynamics of mariculture. The present study demonstrates that the proposed framework facilitates the effective monitoring of the mariculture dynamics and identification of driving factors. These findings can be exploited for the local planning and management of mariculture in similar coastal bays.

Coastal habitats have great ecological importance with estuarine environments providing feeding sites for many fish species, especially during juvenile life stages. This study investigates the diet composition and trophic guild organization of the common and abundant ichthyofauna in shallow areas of the Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), Bahia, Brazil, and their relationships with environmental parameters. Six fish sampling campaigns were carried out in the shallow zones (infralittoral) of the Paraguaçu River estuary which encompasses the inner and outer (marine exposure) reaches of the TSB. The stomach contents of 1231 individuals belonging to common and abundant species were examined. A total of 32 food items were identified and fish were into four trophic guilds: detritivores, zoobenthivores I, zoobenthivores II, and zooplanktivores. The relationship between the guilds and environmental parameters showed that zoobenthivores II and zooplanktivores guilds had a positive relationship with salinity and pH, explaining 86% of data variability, though only the salinity variable was significant. This study provides basic information about the diet composition of common and abundant species in the TSB and their organization into trophic guilds. In addition, demonstrates that shallow waters fish across all guilds have broadly similar diets, comprising food items that are usually associated with bottom waters.

The role of heat fluxes in phytoplankton production during the summer heating of the Barguzin Bay of Lake Baikal was studied using mathematical simulation. The results of numerical experiments showed effects of longwave radiation and latent and sensible heat fluxes on phytoplankton growth in the upper layers. This study found that the largest concentrations of phytoplankton biomass are localized at some distance from the mouth of the Barguzin River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove forests are dynamic ecosystems found along low-lying coastal plains along tropical, subtropical, and some warm-temperate coasts, predominantly on tidal flats fringing deltas, estuaries, bays, and oceanic atolls. These landforms present varied hydrodynamic and geomorphological settings for mangroves to persist and could influence the extent of within-site propagule transport and subsequent local regeneration. In this study, we examined how different landform characteristics may influence local genetic diversity, kinship, and neighborhood structure of mangrove populations. To do so, we considered independent populations of Avicennia marina, one of the most abundant and widespread mangrove species, located in estuarine and coastal bay environments spread across the Western Indian Ocean region. A transect approach was considered to estimate kinship-based fine-scale spatial genetic structure using 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers in 475 adult A. marina trees from 14 populations. Elevated kinship values and significant fine-scale structure up to 30, 60, or 90 m distances were detected in sheltered systems void of river discharge, suggesting a setting suitable for very local propagule retention and establishment within a neighborhood. Slopes of a linear regression over restricted distance within 150 m were significantly declining in each sheltered transect. Contrastingly, such a spatial structure has not been detected for A. marina transects bordering rivers in the estuarine systems considered, or alongside partially sheltered creeks, suggesting that recruitment here is governed by unrelated carried-away mixed-origin propagules. South African populations showed strong inbreeding levels. In general, we have shown that A. marina populations can locally experience different modes of propagule movement, explained from their position in different coastal landforms. Thus, the resilience of mangroves through natural regeneration is achieved by different responses in coastal landforms characterized by different hydrodynamic conditions, which can be important information for their management and protection within the variety of coastal environments.

The article defines and describes the tsunami phenomenon and its impact on hydraulic structures using the example of the Great East Japan Tsunami 2011, which was the most massive phenomenon of this kind. The article also touches upon the influence of various factors on the tsunami height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The housefly (Musca domestica) is incriminated as a vector of many detrimental diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, etc. To combat its population below threshold levels many types of insecticides including essential oils (EOs) have been tested from time to time. However the insect has often shown some resistance to proliferate and reproduce continuously. In view of this objective, present study highlights the antioxidative responses of M. domestica larvae to Bay, Lemongrass and Tea tree EOs during a short-term exposure (24 h) to respective compounds. After treatment with EOs, the housefly larvae showed increased levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) indicating increased lipid peroxidation due to tested oils. The Tea tree essential oil induced substantial increase in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities as compared to lemongrass and bay EOs. Moreover, Lemongrass EO was found to significantly affect the catalase activity depicting a value of 0.0733 ± 0.006 units per milligram of protein (U/mg protein). In case of glutathione reductase activity, higher effect was induced by bay EO exhibiting 0.0150 ± 0.001 U/mg protein which was preceded by tea tree compound. The observations of the present study signpost that M. domestica has evolved antioxidant defence mechanism to combat reactive oxygen species generated by short term exposure of LC50 concentration of tested EOs. Therefore proper optimization of EO concentration together with time of exposure of the insect becomes imperative for formulating organic insecticides against house fly populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laurus nobilis L. is an aromatic medicinal plant widely cultivated in many world regions. L. nobilis has been increasingly acknowledged over the years as it provides an essential contribution to the food and pharmaceutical industries and cultural integrity. The commercial value of this species derives from its essential oil, whose application might be extended to various industries. The chemical composition of the essential oil depends on environmental conditions, location, and season during which the plants are collected, drying methods, extraction, and analytical conditions. The characterization and chemotyping of L. nobilis essential oil are extremely important because the changes in composition can affect biological activities. Several aspects of the plant’s secondary metabolism, particularly volatile production in L. nobilis, are still unknown. However, understanding the molecular basis of flavor and aroma production is not an easy task to accomplish. Nevertheless, the time-limited efforts for conservation and the unavailability of knowledge about genetic diversity are probably the major reasons for the lack of breeding programs in L. nobilis. The present review gathers the scientific evidence on the research carried out on Laurus nobilis L., considering its cultivation, volatile composition, biochemical and molecular aspects, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Coastal habitats have great ecological importance with estuarine environments providing feeding sites for many fish species, especially during juvenile life stages. This study investigates the diet composition and trophic guild organization of the common and abundant ichthyofauna in shallow areas of the Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), Bahia, Brazil, and their relationships with environmental parameters. Six fish sampling campaigns were carried out in the shallow zones (infralittoral) of the Paraguaçu River estuary which encompasses the inner and outer (marine exposure) reaches of the TSB. The stomach contents of 1231 individuals belonging to common and abundant species were examined. A total of 32 food items were identified and fish were into four trophic guilds: detritivores, zoobenthivores I, zoobenthivores II, and zooplanktivores. The relationship between the guilds and environmental parameters showed that zoobenthivores II and zooplanktivores guilds had a positive relationship with salinity and pH, explaining 86% of data variability, though only the salinity variable was significant. This study provides basic information about the diet composition of common and abundant species in the TSB and their organization into trophic guilds. In addition, demonstrates that shallow waters fish across all guilds have broadly similar diets, comprising food items that are usually associated with bottom waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modelling of tides and tsunami waves propagation is important problem for the hydraulic engineering practice since it allows to predict characteristics of these phenomena (load, values of run up and flooding zones, propagation times to structures and so on) and to make reasonable choice of design solution for coastal structures. Numerical modeling is effective way to simulate tides and tsunami waves propagation. Results of simulations of tides and tsunami waves propagation on the basis of shallow water model are presented and analyzed in the article. It was considered explicit and implicit numerical scheme for solution of shallow water model equations, which were verified on the number of experimental results including experimental data on distribution of dam-break wave propagation on a dry and sloping bottom. It is shown that the numerical data of tides in Persian Gulf are well co-ordinated with the data of tidal tables, both on time and on level of tides in various points. Numerical results of tsunami waves propagation in the Krasheninnikov Bay and Kozmino Bay are presented at various angles of tsunami at open boundary of computed area. Numerical results of tide currents for Krasheninnikov Bay are presented for various velocities of a wind. Developed programs may be used, particular, for numerical calculations of impact characteristics of tsunami waves on structures in coastal and offshore zones according requirements of Russian normative documents.

Cette étude rapporte la présence d'Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto, 2004 dans les récifs rocheux peu profonds. Nous avons trouvé deux individus sur deux plages différentes de l'île de Guaíba, baie de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brésil. Nous avons enregistré deux adultes de dimensions similaires aux individus étudiés dans d'autres études. Ils ne sont généralement pas trouvés dans les eaux peu profondes, mais la présente étude les rapporte associés à des récifs rocheux de moins d'un mètre de profondeur. Il s'agit du premier rapport de l'espèce dans cet environnement et dans la baie de Sepetiba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzzy comprehensive assessment was applied, for the first time, to investigate the sediment environmental quality and compare the historical variations of heavy metal pollution in Daya Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, which are representative for sub-tropical and temperate zone of China, respectively. Results shown the Daya Bay had undergone three contrasting stages in the past 100 years. Before 1980s, the sediment was not contaminated by metals and its quality generally conformed to class I of China National Standard for marine sediment quality. During from 1980s to 2000s, however, Daya Bay's environment had experienced significant deterioration. The metal concentrations were significantly higher than the background values, suggesting that there was a sharp increase of metal input. The category of sediment quality fell to class II and class III. Copper was the dominant pollutant during that time. The good thing is sediment quality of Daya Bay has improved to class I since 2000s, and chromium turned to be the major pollutant. As for the Jiaozhou Bay, enrichment of heavy metal was generally not detected and the sediment quality strictly conformed to class I during the recent 90 years. Chromium and zinc were the major pollutants in this bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine fish have been decreasing in abundance over the last few decades due to environmental destruction and human exploitation. The aim of this study was to produce an inventory of the fish in Pusong Bay, Lhokseumawe City, Aceh Province, Indonesia by means of an exploratory survey of the area. The data was analysed descriptively using tables and graphs. A total of 71 species of fish were identified belonging to 54 genera, 37 families and 15 orders. Fish belonging to the Perciformes dominated the area with 33 species or 46.48% of the total number of fish identified. Based on the IUCN red list status, 62% of the species recorded in this study are categorized as of Least Concern, 35% Not Evaluated and 3% Data Deficient. Based on CITES, 71 species of the fish in Pusong Bay are categorized as Not Evaluated. Current data on these fish is important for future evaluations of their status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem service values (ESVs) of bays and their response to sea reclamation are of great practical importance for forming bay eco-compensation policy and extension of blue economic space. Based on land use information of bays collected during the period of 1990–2015, the spatiotemporal evolution of ESVs of 12 main bays in East China Sea and their response to sea reclamation activities over the past 25 years were quantitatively analyzed. The analysis results indicate that ESVs of bays in East China Sea showed a continuous downward trend and the whole ecosystem was continuously degraded, in which the degradation degree of ESV in the southern bays was higher than that in the northern bays. Spatial zoning of ESVs of bays in East China Sea was remarkable, showing a continuous downward trend from low-value to high-value zone. Spatial variation of ESVs of each bay was also significant, expanding from a city and from inland to the coast, which suggests that human activities, mainly reclamation, have become main agents for ESV evolution of bays in East China Sea. ESVs of bays have a significant response to sea reclamation, manifested as a significant negative correlation between ESV and reclamation intensity. The correlation in the southern bays was stronger than that in the northern bays, which was caused by different effects of sea reclamation modes on ESV evolution of muddy and bedrock bays. A negative effect of sea reclamation activities on bay ecosystem was hysteretic. Therefore, an attention should be paid to dynamic monitoring and early warning of development status in offshore areas, ecosystem-level reclamation control policy, and coastal wetland reserves planning. Moreover, the spatial coupling mechanism study between bay ecosystem service demand and its service supply capacity should be strengthened to realize systematic regulation of bay ecological security pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: An 8‐year‐old bay mule was presented with moderate right forelimb lameness and dark discolouration of the white line. Histopathology of the dark material indicated a melanoma. Extensive resection and debridement were not curative and the mule was subjected to euthanasia 70 days after presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was, inter alia, an attempt to create an integral system of rules governing passage through straits. Nevertheless, straits that are entryways into pluri-state bays remain a controversial issue. An interesting example of this situation is the Kerch Strait leading into the Sea of Azov. These areas received more attention from the international community after 25 November 2018, when three Ukrainian vessels were prevented from passing through the Kerch Strait by the authorities of the Russian Federation. The Sea of Azov is wide enough to accommodate maritime areas in which freedom of navigation exists. However, in 2003 its coastal states, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, concluded the Agreement on Cooperation on the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait. In this Agreement, the coastal states proclaimed that the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait form part of their internal waters, citing historical reasons for doing so. Regulation concerning navigation rights contained in the Agreement is stricter than the rules governing transit passage, which would be applicable as general law. This paper addresses the question of the admissibility of applying the 2003 Agreement to its target maritime areas. Some aspects of the rights and duties of ships in passage according to the regimes of both the 2003 Agreement and transit passage contained in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention are also considered. The reason for this examination is that both the Russian Federation and Ukraine claim that the other side failed to comply with its duties. Finally, conclusions are drawn as to which regime seems to be applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ars Adriatica is the property of Sveuciliste u Zadru (University of Zadar) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are several possible bus stop locations and configurations. A bus stop can be located before or after the intersection as curb-side stop, bus bay or bus bulb. Determining the proper configuration and location of bus stop represents an important planning decision. While previous research efforts in literature have suggested some advantages and disadvantages regarding bus stop locations and configurations, little effort has been made towards understanding the joint impact of bus stop location and configuration on the transit and other vehicle traffic performance on the intersection. So, this paper analyses the joint impact of bus stop location and configuration on the operational characteristics of traffic flow in terms of average bus trip time and control delay. These operational performance measures for various intersection layouts, volume distributions, movement splits, average bus dwell times and bus departure frequencies have been obtained using calibrated microsimulation traffic software.

Türkiye’nin güney batısında ve Datça Yarımadası’nın güneyinde yer alan Datça ve Hisarönü Körfezlerinde Holosen sedimantasyon süreçlerini ve kontrol eden faktörleri araştırmak amacı ile 2013 yılında MTA-SELEN Araştırma Gemisi ile Datça ve Hisarönü Körfezlerinin tabanından 71 nokta istasyonda kepçe ile yüzeysel (üst 30 cm) sediman örnekleri alınmıştır. Sedimanlarda tane boyu, toplam ağır mineral ve ana element analizleri yapılmıştır. Kıyıya dik alınan sismik kesitte sismik fasiyes analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizlerde bilinen ve yaygın uygulanan yöntem ve teknikler kullanılmıştır. Sismik kesite göre, kıtasal şelf kenarı ya da eşiği günümüzde -90/-120 m su derinliklerinde bulunmakta ve Kuvaterner dönemine ait deniz seviyesi değişimlerini gösterir sismik fasiyes özelliklerini sergilemektedir. Radyokarbon yaşlandırma hesaplamaları, sediman örneklerinin günümüzden 2694-14700 yıl önce çökelmeye başladıklarını işaret etmektedir.Deniz tabanı sedimanları %1-18 arasında çakıl, %7-85 kum, %2-30 silt ve %6-69 kil boyu kırıntılı malzemeden oluşmaktadır. Silt ve kil karışımı çamur en bol bulunan sediman türü olmasına rağmen yer yer kum ve çakıl oranları da önem teşkil etmektedir. Alansal tane boyu dağılımlarında bölgesel farklılıklar olduğu gibi, kalıntı (relik) sedimanların varlığı da tartışılmaktadır. Siyah kumca zengin toplam ağır mineral miktarları çoğunlukla %2’nin altında olup, ofiyolit ve kromitçe zengin orta ve doğu bölgelerde %13’e kadar yükselmektedir. Sedimanların inorganik jeokimyası göreceli olarak yüksek ve ofiyolitik kökenli Mg, Cr, Ni ve Fe miktarları ile belirgindir. Bölgedeki akarsu drenaj sistemleri, körfez morfolojisi, kaynak alan kayaçlarının litolojisi ve denizel dalga ve akıntılar sedimanlardaki tane boyu dağılımını, toplam ağır mineral oranlarını ve ana element bileşimini etkileyen faktörlerdir.

The movement of fish eggs and larvae in bay and estuarine systems is affected by freshwater discharge. In this study, the assemblage structures of ichthyoplankton eggs and larvae were assessed for the first time in Jinju Bay, South Korea, to identify the spawning and nursery functions of the bay. Fish eggs and larvae and several environmental parameters were sampled monthly from April 2015 to March 2016 inside and outside of the bay. Within the bay we collected eggs and larvae from 25 and 35 species, respectively, indicating greater diversity than outside the bay, where we collected eggs and larvae of 20 and 28 species, respectively. Fluctuations in water temperature and salinity were larger inside than outside of the bay, and chlorophyll-a concentration was higher within the bay, likely due to discharge from the Namgang Dam, which causes water to flow from the inside to the outside of the bay. This process influences fish larva abundance, such that more larvae are found outside than inside the bay. We also found that 28 fish species use Jinju Bay as a spawning ground. For some species, the timing of egg and larva appearance differed inside and outside of the bay, suggesting that the timing of spawning may differ between the two environments.

Bay (laurel nobilis L.) is a popular culinary herb in many parts of the world. It has been suggested that the addition of bay leaves to a dish during (prolonged) cooking delivers a pungent (some would say strong) combination of pine, clove (spicy), floral (lavender), and eucalyptus notes. Often, chefs say that bay leaves add depth to a dish and that something is missing if the leaves are left out, thus suggesting that it may act as a kind of 'flavour enhancer'. At the same, time, however, other commentators, including a number of chefs and spice experts question what, if anything, bay leaves add to a dish, suggesting that it has no taste/flavour whatsoever. Chefs and recipes also appear divided on the question of whether fresh or dry leaves impart a better, or more intense, flavour. Drying and storage conditions, as well as age, terroir, and seasonal effects (i.e., where, and at what time of year, the leaves were picked) all contribute to the volatile essential oils associated with this ubiquitous herb/spice. Adding to the confusion, in North America, California bay leaf (Umbellularia californica) is often used in place of the European variety (Laurus nobilis L.) despite having a distinct aroma/flavour profile. Any one of these factors may help to explain the marked differences concerning the perceived culinary value of bay in cooking. The point remains, however, that despite being a ubiquitous culinary herb, bay appears to divide popular opinion more than seemingly any other herb/spice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bays are some of the core areas for marine economic development. The South China Sea coast is one of the most developed and dynamic places in the Asia-Pacific. In this study, we focused on the large bays surrounding the South China Sea. The techniques of image segmentation and supervised classification as well as image interpretation were used to acquire land-use data of 41 bays from 1988 to 2018. Then, we quantified the intensity and pattern of land-use and land-cover change during the two periods. Plantation land was the dominant agriculture land type as well as the second land use type after natural forest. Agriculture land cover increased from 29.8% to 40.9% and the growth was driven by plantation expansion. Deforestation was serious, including both natural forests and mangroves. Natural forest cover decreased by 31.6% and mangrove cover decreased by 16.2%. The vast majority of forest loss occurred in Sumatra and western Kalimantan. Commodity-driven deforestation for plantations was the major reason for forest loss.

Abstract The structure and functioning of coastal ecosystems are shifting worldwide as a result of natural changes and, even more important, consequences of intense human intervention, of which habitat destruction, overexploitation of resources and environmental pollution are among the most serious. In this context, the 56th Conference of the Estuarine Coastal Sciences Association was held in Bremen, Germany, in September 2016 under the umbrella topic ‘Coastal Systems in Transition: From a natural to an anthropogenically-modified state’. The objective of this Special Issue is to demonstrate and synthesize the effects of both, natural variations and human intervention in estuaries and other coastal ecosystems. The 22 articles originate from various disciplines and cover a wide range of ecosystems, including temperate and tropical estuaries, hypersaline lagoons, mangrove forests, coral reefs and coastal dunes. The articles are categorized under four main topics, (1) drivers and dynamics of coastal systems, (2) impacts on estuarine biodiversity and community structure, (3) impacts on estuarine and bay functioning, and (4) management options for protecting estuarine diversity, functions and services. Several of the studies clearly show that estuarine systems are affected by multiple pressures, of which changes in salinity, hydrology, trophic state and habitat complexity as a consequence of human intervention are most frequently addressed. One of the main challenges remains distinguishing between natural and human-induced changes in biological, geochemical and physical processes and the interactions between them. A number of studies provide excellent examples of how biological indicators (e.g., benthic and fish diversity and community structure) are suitable for assessing the effects of stressors on ecosystems. It remains an important task to standardize these indicators for easier application in other locations and for evaluating the success of management measures. The high variability of coastal systems, the complex process interactions, and increasing pressure require interdisciplinary studies on a deeper understanding of processes as well as scenario experiments by model applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article suggests taking some measures to clarify the ecological situation and mitigate microclimate in recreational areas in the historical part of Baku. For this, the positive and negative aspects of the climate are explained, the impact on greening or habitat construction, the temperature regime in the relief of the Gulf of Baku is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake on the north-eastern coast of South Island, New Zealand induced a tsunami, which affected many north-facing bays in Banks Peninsula. The V-shaped Little Pigeon Bay experienced pronounced inundation compared to adjacent bays, causing heavy damage to a cottage at the head of the bay. In order to investigate the characteristics of the tsunami flow in the bay, a numerical model based on nonlinear shallow water theory was established, using tidal levels from the neighbouring Sumner sea level gauge. Three incident wave angles were tested, ranging from due north to 30° east of north. The simulated maximum run-up heights were validated with surveyed results. For all the wave directions, a resonance with a period of 6.3 min was found from 50 to 100 min in the simulation. Based on the physical dimensions of Little Pigeon Bay, idealised models were set-up to analyse the influence of V-shaped embayment on maximum water level, maximum velocity and maximum momentum flux. Bays with sand bars of different crest heights were also investigated. A sand bar with a relatively low crest height ( d w /d ≥ 0.5) did not significantly reduce the maximum velocity and the maximum momentum flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the major geographic features of the modern Huang He delta, which ranks among the most rapidly varying in the world. The structure of the hydrographic network and the combination of the natural and anthropogenic geosystems of the delta are characterized. The major external riverine and marine, as well as local anthropogenic factors that have affected the development of the Huang He delta in the recent half century are identified. The regularities of the jump-like development of the Huang He delta in the XIX-early XXI centuries are considered. Special attention is paid to the development of the delta after the artificial redistribution of flow in its boundaries in 1996. Satellite images and methods of their interpretation improved by the authors were used. The trends in Huang He delta development are shown to have changed since the last quarter of the XX century under the effect of an abrupt decrease in river sediment load and the growing impact of marine factors. The active progradation of the delta into the sea slowed down significantly, accompanied by erosion and retreat in many segments of its coastline. Huang He delta was used to establish the conditions of changes in the development trends of other deltas under the effect of changes in the climate and economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Documenting distribution patterns of juvenile Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ) can clarify habitat preferences and provide insight into ecological factors influencing early life survival. However, few analyses relating juvenile Pacific herring density to habitat characteristics have been conducted. We sampled age-0 Pacific herring in nine bays and fjords distributed throughout Alaska's Prince William Sound during November over a 3-year period (2013–2015) and investigated associations between catch rate and habitat covariates using generalized linear mixed models. Our results indicated that the night-time distribution of age-0 Pacific herring in the pelagic environment was influenced by proximity to eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) beds, salinity, and water depth. Age-0 Pacific herring catch rate was negatively associated with tow depth, with herring favoring shallower water across the range of depths sampled (7.2–35.4 m). In addition, Pacific herring distribution was positively associated with fresher water within the sampled salinity gradient (24.1–32.3 psu) and proximity to eelgrass beds. Seasonal changes in juvenile Pacific herring distribution were investigated by sampling one bay over a seven month period (October-April). Age-0 Pacific herring tended to remain in the inner bay region throughout the seven months, while age-1 Pacific herring had shifted from the inner to the outer bay by spring (March-April). Additionally, catch rate of age-0 Pacific herring in areas where ice breakup had just occurred was higher than in open water, suggesting that age-0 herring preferentially select ice-covered habitats when available. Based on our results we recommend that habitat preferences of age-0 Pacific herring should be considered in the development of Pacific herring year-class strength indices from catch data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An idea was carried out on an open cavity having a free stream Mach number of 0.8. The main objective of the present study is to design a passive venting that connects the high pressure region on the rear wall to a low pressure region downstream of the cavity. The baseline condition shows that the cavity flow oscillate with the total amplitude of 155 m. The vortex clipping which is responsible for the self-sustained nature of the cavity flow and the corresponding time history of the pressure on the cavity rear wall is discussed. A cross correlation analysis was carried out between the pressure history at the points on the rear wall of the cavity and the ones on the wall downstream of the cavity. Two points that defines the passive venting were identified based on the rear wall Overall Sound Pressure Level (OASPL) and the minimum time lag computed by cross correlation. The venting is shown to reduce the cavity oscillations and the rear wall pressure is shown to reach a steady state value which is desired in the perception of low cavity noise that can be used to reduce the structural loads and the acoustic loads on electronic components kept near the cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]